Prof. Dr.-Ing. G.

Schmitz
Thermodynamics I
Formulary,
Exercises and Solutions
accompanying the textbook
Schmitz, G.:
Technical Thermodynamics, 2013, TuTech Verlag, Hamburg
Marz 2014
Formulary I
Formulary For Thermodynamics I
Notation
capital symbols: state variables, e. g. H in J
dotted symbols: uxes,

H in J/s=W
small symbols: mass-specic variables, h in J/kg
small symbols with Index m: mole-specic variables, h
m
in J/mol
temperature: Kelvin-temperature T in K

C-temperature in

C
time: in s
First Law
for moved, closed systems (1, 2: time indexing):
Q
12
+W
12
= E
2
E
1
+ E
pot12
+ E
kin12
with E
2
E
1
= U
2
U
1
+... (according to system boundaries)
and W
12
=

2
1
p dV +
diss12
for resting, closed systems (1, 2: time indexing):
Q
12
+W
12
= E
2
E
1
with W
12
=

2
1
p dV +
diss12
for transient processes in open systems (1, 2: place indexing):

Q() +P
t
() =
dE
d
+ m
2
()

h
2
+
c
2
2
2
+g z
2

m
1
()

h
1
+
c
2
1
2
+g z
1

for stationary ow processes in open systems (1, 2: place indexing):

Q
12
+P
t12
= m

(h
2
h
1
) +
1
2
(c
2
2
c
2
1
) +g (z
2
z
1
)

with P
t12
= w
t12
m =

2
1

V dp +
diss12
+ m

1
2
(c
2
2
c
2
1
) +g (z
2
z
1
)

Second Law
for closed systems (1, 2: time indexing):
S
2
S
1
= S
Q12
+S
irr12
with S
Q12
=

dQ
rev12
T
SG
=

q
rev12
dA
T
SG
and S
irr12
0, T
SG
at system boundary
for transient processes in open systems (1, 2: place indexing):
dS
d
= m
1
s
1
m
2
s
2
+

S
Q
() +

S
irr
()
with

S
Q
() =

d

Qrev()
T
SG
()
and

S
irr
() 0
for stationary ow processes in resting, open systems (1, 2: place indexing):

S
2


S
1
=

S
Q12
+

S
irr12
Combination Of First And Second Law
Tds = dq
rev
+ d
diss
= du +p dv = dh v dp with d
diss
= T ds
irr
II Formulary
Ideal Gas
ideal gas law pV = mRT = nR
m
T with R
m
= 8,3143
kJ
kmol K
isentropic exponent (T) =
cp(T)
cv(T)
, c
p
(T) c
v
(T) = R
spec. internal energy u
2
u
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
v
(T) dT
perf. g.
= c
v
(T
2
T
1
)
spec. enthalpy h
2
h
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
p
(T) dT
perf. g.
= c
p
(T
2
T
1
)
spec. entropy s
2
s
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
v
(T)
T
dT +Rln
v
2
v
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
p
(T)
T
dT Rln
p
2
p
1
perf. g.
= c
v
ln
T
2
T
1
+Rln
v
2
v
1
= c
p
ln
T
2
T
1
Rln
p
2
p
1
Changes Of State Of Ideal Gases
polytropic process: p
1
v
n
1
= p
2
v
n
2
T
2
T
1
=

p
2
p
1
n1
n
=

v
1
v
2

n1
special cases of polytropic changes of state:
isobaric (p = const.): n = 0
isochoric (v = const.): n
isothermal (T = const.): n = 1
isentropic (s = const.): n =
v
p
n=
n=1
n=0
n=
specic pressure-volume work (closed systems):
n = 1 : w
V12
=
2

1
p dv =
1
n 1
[p
2
v
2
p
1
v
1
] =
R
n 1
[T
2
T
1
]
n = 1 : w
V12
=
2

1
p dv = p
1
v
1
ln
p
2
p
1
= p
1
v
1
ln
v
1
v
2
specic eective work (for closed systems):
w
Nutz12
= w
V12
+p
U
(v
2
v
1
) =
2

1
(p p
U
) dv
specic pressure-volume work (for stationary ow processes)
with
diss12
= 0,
1
2
(c
2
2
c
2
1
) = 0 and g(z
2
z
1
) = 0:
n = 1 : w
t12
=
2

1
v dp =
n
n 1
[p
2
v
2
p
1
v
1
] =
Rn
n 1
[T
2
T
1
]
n = 1 : w
t12
=
2

1
v dp = p
1
v
1
ln
p
2
p
1
= p
1
v
1
ln
v
1
v
2
Formulary III
Changes Of State Of Incompressible Solid And Liquid Media (v = const.)
spec. internal energy u
2
u
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
F
(T) dT c
F
(T
2
T
1
)
spec. enthalpy h
2
h
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
F
(T) dT +v(p
2
p
1
) c
F
(T
2
T
1
) +v(p
2
p
1
)
spec. entropy s
2
s
1
=
T
2

T
1
c
F
(T)
T
dT
Exergy
Carnots theorem:

C
= 1
T
ex,m
T
in,m
exergy change (closed systems):
E
12
= U
2
U
1
T
U
(S
2
S
1
) +p
U
(V
2
V
1
)
exergy ow (stationary ow processes):

E
12
=

H
2


H
1
T
U
(

S
2


S
1
) + m

1
2
(c
2
2
c
2
1
) +g (z
2
z
1
)

= m

h
2
h
1
T
U
(s
2
s
1
) +
1
2
(c
2
2
c
2
1
) +g(z
2
z
1
)

energy share of a heat ow:

E
Q12
=
C


Q
12
=

Q
12
T
U


S
Q12
exergy loss:

E
V
= T
U


S
irr
State Variables For Wet Steam
steam mass fraction x =
m

+m

=
v v

=
u u

=
h h

=
s s

with

for pure liquid phase and

for pure vapor phase.
IV Tables
Tables
Tables Of Properties Of Water And Steam
Temperature-Related Table For State Of Saturation (excerpts)
t T p v v h h r s s

C K bar
m
3
kg
m
3
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg K
kJ
kg K
0.00 273.15 .006108 .0010002 206.3 -0.04 2501.6 2501.6 -.0002 9.1577
0.01 273.16 .006112 .0010002 206.2 0.00 2501.6 2501.6 .0000 9.1575
1 274.15 .006566 .0010001 192.6 4.17 2503.4 2499.2 .0152 9.1311
2 275.15 .007055 .0010001 179.9 8.39 2505.2 2496.8 .0306 9.1047
3 276.15 .007575 .0010001 168.2 12.60 2507.1 2494.5 .0459 9.0785
4 277.15 .008129 .0010000 157.3 16.80 2508.9 2492.1 .0611 9.0526
5 278.15 .008718 .0010000 147.2 21.01 2510.7 2489.7 .0762 9.0269
6 279.15 .009345 .0010000 137.8 25.21 2512.6 2487.4 .0913 9.0015
7 280.15 .010012 .0010001 129.1 29.41 2514.4 2485.0 .1063 8.9762
8 281.15 .010720 .0010001 121.0 33.60 2516.2 2482.6 .1213 8.9513
9 282.15 .011472 .0010002 113.4 37.80 2518.1 2480.3 .1361 8.9265
10 283.15 .012270 .0010003 106.4 41.99 2519.9 2477.9 .1510 8.9020
11 284.15 .013116 .0010003 99.91 46.19 2521.7 2475.5 .1658 8.8776
12 285.15 .014014 .0010004 93.84 50.38 2523.6 2473.2 .1805 8.8536
13 286.15 .014965 .0010006 88.18 54.57 2525.4 2470.8 .1952 8.8297
14 287.15 .015973 .0010007 82.90 58.75 2527.2 2468.5 .2098 8.8060
15 288.15 .017039 .0010008 77.98 62.94 2529.1 2466.1 .2243 8.7826
16 289.15 .018168 .0010010 73.38 67.13 2530.9 2463.8 .2388 8.7593
17 290.15 .01936 .0010012 69.09 71.31 2532.7 2461.4 .2533 8.7363
18 291.15 .02062 .0010013 65.09 75.50 2534.5 2459.0 .2677 8.7135
19 292.15 .02196 .0010015 61.34 79.68 2536.4 2456.7 .2820 8.6908
20 293.15 .02337 .0010017 57.84 83.86 2538.2 2454.3 .2963 8.6684
21 294.15 .02485 .0010019 54.56 88.04 2540.0 2452.0 .3105 8.6462
22 295.15 .02642 .0010022 51.49 92.23 2541.8 2449.6 .3247 8.6241
23 296.15 .02808 .0010024 48.62 96.41 2543.6 2447.2 .3389 8.6023
24 297.15 .02982 .0010026 45.93 100.59 2545.5 2444.9 .3530 8.5806
25 298.15 .03166 .0010029 43.40 104.77 2547.3 2442.5 .3670 8.5592
26 299.15 .03360 .0010032 41.03 108.95 2549.1 2440.2 .3810 8.5379
27 300.15 .03564 .0010034 38.31 113.13 2550.9 2437.8 .3949 8.5168
28 301.15 .03778 .0010037 36.73 117.31 2552.7 2435.4 .4088 8.4959
29 302.15 .04004 .0010040 34.77 121.48 2554.5 2433.1 .4227 8.4751
30 303.15 .04241 .0010043 32.93 125.66 2556.4 2430.7 .4365 8.4546
31 304.15 .04491 .0010046 31.20 129.84 2558.2 2428.3 .4503 8.4342
32 305.15 .04753 .0010049 29.57 134.02 2560.0 2425.9 .4640 8.4140
33 306.15 .05029 .0010053 28.04 138.20 2561.8 2423.6 .4777 8.3939
34 307.15 .05318 .0010056 26.60 142.38 2563.6 2421.2 .4913 8.3740
35 308.15 .05622 .0010060 25.24 146.56 2565.4 2418.8 .5049 8.3543
36 309.15 .05940 .0010063 23.97 150.74 2567.2 2416.4 .5184 8.3348
37 310.15 .06274 .0010067 22.76 154.91 2569.0 2414.1 .5319 8.3154
38 311.15 .06624 .0010070 21.63 159.09 2570.8 2411.7 .5453 8.2962
39 312.15 .06991 .0010074 20.56 163.27 2572.6 2409.3 .5588 8.2772
40 313.15 .07375 .0010078 19.55 167.45 2574.4 2406.9 .5721 8.2583
45 318.15 .09582 .0010099 15.28 188.35 2583.3 2394.9 .6383 8.1661
50 323.15 .12335 .0010121 12.05 209.26 2592.2 2382.9 .7035 8.0776
55 328.15 .15741 .0010145 9.579 230.17 2601.0 2370.8 .7677 7.9926
60 333.15 .1992 .0010171 7.679 251.09 2609.7 2358.6 .8310 7.9108
65 338.15 .2501 .0010199 6.202 272.02 2618.4 2346.3 .8933 7.8322
70 343.15 .3116 .0010228 5.046 292.97 2626.9 2334.0 .9548 7.7565
75 348.15 .3855 .0010259 4.134 313.94 2635.4 2321.5 1.0154 7.6835
80 353.15 .4736 .0010292 3.409 334.92 2643.8 2308.8 1.0753 7.6132
85 358.15 .5780 .0010326 2.829 355.92 2652.0 2296.5 1.1343 7.5454
90 363.15 .7011 .0010361 2.361 376.94 2660.1 2283.2 1.1925 7.4799
95 368.15 .8453 .0010399 1.982 397.99 2668.1 2270.2 1.2501 7.4166
100 373.15 1.0133 .0010437 1.673 419.06 2676.0 2256.9 1.3069 7.3554
110 383.15 1.4327 .0010519 1.210 461.32 2691.3 2230.0 1.4185 7.2388
120 393.15 1.9854 .0010606 .8915 503.72 2706.0 2202.2 1.5276 7.1293
130 403.15 2.7013 .0010700 .6681 546.31 2719.9 2173.6 1.6344 7.0261
140 413.15 3.614 .0010801 .5085 589.10 2733.1 2144.0 1.7390 6.9284
150 423.15 4.760 .0010908 .3924 632.15 2745.4 2113.2 1.8416 6.8358
160 433.15 6.181 .0011022 .3068 675.47 2756.7 2081.3 1.9425 6.7475
170 443.15 7.920 .0011145 .2426 719.12 2767.1 2047.9 2.0416 6.6630
180 453.15 10.027 .0011275 .1938 763.12 2776.3 2013.1 2.1393 6.5819
190 463.15 12.551 .0011415 .1563 807.52 2784.3 1976.7 2.2356 6.5036
200 473.15 15.549 .0011565 .1272 852.37 2790.9 1938.6 2.3307 6.4278
210 483.15 19.077 .0011726 .1042 897.74 2796.2 1898.5 2.4247 6.3539
220 493.15 23.198 .0011900 .08604 943.67 2799.9 1856.2 2.5178 6.2817
230 503.15 27.976 .0012087 .07145 990.26 2802.0 1811.7 2.6102 6.2107
240 513.15 33.478 .0012291 .05965 1037.6 2802.2 1764.6 2.7020 6.1406
250 523.15 39.776 .0012513 .05004 1085.8 2800.4 1714.6 2.7935 6.0708
260 533.15 46.943 .0012756 .04213 1134.9 2796.4 1661.5 2.8848 6.0010
270 543.15 55.058 .0013025 .03559 1185.2 2789.9 1604.6 2.9763 5.9304
280 553.15 64.202 .0013324 .03013 1236.8 2780.4 1543.6 3.0683 5.8586
290 563.15 74.461 .0013659 .02554 1290.0 2767.6 1477.6 3.1611 5.7848
300 573.15 85.927 .0014041 .02165 1345.0 2751.0 1406.0 3.2552 5.7081
310 583.15 98.700 .0014480 .01833 1402.4 2730.0 1327.6 3.3512 5.6278
320 593.15 112.89 .0014995 .01548 1462.6 2703.7 1241.1 3.4500 5.5423
330 603.15 128.63 .0015615 .01299 1526.5 2670.2 1143.6 3.5528 5.4490
340 613.15 146.05 .0016387 .01078 1595.5 2626.2 1030.7 3.6616 5.3427
350 623.15 165.35 .0017411 .008799 1671.9 2567.7 895.7 3.7800 5.2177
360 633.15 186.75 .0018959 .006940 1764.2 2485.4 721.3 3.9210 5.0600
370 643.15 210.54 .0022136 .004973 1890.2 2342.8 452.6 4.1108 4.8144
374.15 647.30 221.20 .00317 .00317 2107.4 .0 4.4429
Tables V
Pressure-Related Table For State Of Saturation (excerpts)
p t v v h h r s s
bar

C
m
3
kg
m
3
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg
kJ
kg K
kJ
kg K
0.010 6.9828 0.0010001 129.20 29.34 2514.4 2485.0 0.1060 8.9767
0.015 13.036 0.0010006 87.98 54.71 2525.5 2470.7 0.1957 8.8288
0.020 17.513 0.0010012 67.01 73.46 2533.6 2460.2 0.2607 8.7246
0.025 21.096 0.0010020 54.26 88.45 2540.2 2451.7 0.3119 8.6440
0.030 24.100 0.0010027 45.67 101.00 2545.6 2444.6 0.3544 8.5785
0.035 26.694 0.0010033 39.48 111.85 2550.4 2438.5 0.3907 8.5232
0.040 28.983 0.0010040 34.80 121.41 2554.5 2433.1 0.4225 8.4755
0.045 31.035 0.0010046 31.14 129.99 2558.2 2428.2 0.4507 8.4335
0.050 32.898 0.0010052 28.19 137.77 2561.6 2423.8 0.4763 8.3960
0.060 36.183 0.0010064 23.74 151.50 2567.5 2416.0 0.5209 8.3312
0.070 39.025 0.0010074 20.53 163.38 2572.6 2409.2 0.5591 8.2767
0.080 41.534 0.0010084 18.10 173.86 2577.1 2403.2 0.5925 8.2296
0.090 43.787 0.0010094 16.20 183.28 2581.1 2397.9 0.6224 8.1881
0.10 45.833 0.0010102 14.67 191.83 2584.8 2392.9 0.6493 8.1511
0.12 49.446 0.0010119 12.36 206.94 2591.2 2384.3 0.6963 8.0872
0.14 52.574 0.0010133 10.69 220.02 2596.7 2376.7 0.7367 8.0334
0.16 55.341 0.0010147 9.433 231.59 2601.6 2370.0 0.7721 7.9869
0.18 57.826 0.0010160 8.445 241.99 2605.9 2363.9 0.8036 7.9460
0.20 60.086 0.0010172 7.650 251.45 2609.9 2358.4 0.8321 7.9094
0.22 62.162 0.0010183 6.995 260.14 2613.5 2353.3 0.8581 7.8764
0.24 64.082 0.0010194 6.447 268.18 2616.8 2348.6 0.8820 7.8464
0.26 65.871 0.0010204 5.980 275.67 2619.9 2344.2 0.9041 7.8188
0.28 67.547 0.0010214 5.579 282.69 2622.7 2340.0 0.9248 7.7933
0.30 69.124 0.0010223 5.229 289.30 2625.4 2336.1 0.9441 7.7695
0.32 70.615 0.0010232 4.922 295.55 2628.0 2332.4 0.9623 7.7474
0.34 72.029 0.0010241 4.650 301.48 2630.4 2328.9 0.9795 7.7266
0.36 73.374 0.0010249 4.408 307.12 2632.6 2325.5 0.9958 7.7070
0.38 74.658 0.0010257 4.190 312.50 2634.8 2322.3 1.0113 7.6884
0.40 75.886 0.0010265 3.993 317.65 2636.9 2319.2 1.0261 7.6709
0.50 81.345 0.0010301 3.240 340.56 2646.0 2305.4 1.0912 7.5947
0.60 85.954 0.0010333 2.732 359.93 2653.6 2293.6 1.1454 7.5327
0.70 89.959 0.0010361 2.365 376.77 2660.1 2283.3 1.1921 7.4804
0.80 93.512 0.0010387 2.087 391.72 2665.8 2274.0 1.2330 7.4352
0.90 96.713 0.0010412 1.869 405.21 2670.9 2265.6 1.2696 7.3954
1.0 99.632 0.0010434 1.694 417.51 2675.4 2257.9 1.3027 7.3598
1.1 102.32 0.0010455 1.549 428.84 2679.6 2250.8 1.3330 7.3277
1.2 104.81 0.0010476 1.428 439.36 2683.4 2244.1 1.3609 7.2984
1.3 107.13 0.0010495 1.325 449.19 2687.0 2237.8 1.3868 7.2715
1.4 109.32 0.0010513 1.236 458.42 2690.3 2231.9 1.4109 7.2465
1.5 111.37 0.0010530 1.159 467.13 2693.4 2226.2 1.4336 7.2234
1.6 113.32 0.0010547 1.091 475.38 2696.2 2220.9 1.4550 7.2017
1.7 115.17 0.0010563 1.031 483.22 2699.0 2215.7 1.4752 7.1813
1.8 116.93 0.0010579 0.9772 490.70 2701.5 2210.8 1.4944 7.1622
1.9 118.62 0.0010594 0.9290 497.85 2704.0 2206.1 1.5127 7.1440
2.0 120.23 0.0010608 0.8854 504.70 2706.3 2201.6 1.5301 7.1268
2.2 123.27 0.0010636 0.8098 517.62 2710.6 2193.0 1.5627 7.0949
2.4 126.09 0.0010663 0.7465 529.64 2714.5 2184.9 1.5929 7.0657
2.6 128.73 0.0010688 0.6925 540.87 2718.2 2177.3 1.6209 7.0389
2.8 131.20 0.0010712 0.6460 551.44 2721.5 2170.1 1.6471 7.0140
3.0 133.54 0.0010735 0.6056 561.43 2724.7 2163.2 1.6716 6.9909
3.2 135.75 0.0010757 0.5700 570.90 2727.6 2156.7 1.6948 6.9693
3.4 137.86 0.0010779 0.5385 579.92 2730.3 2150.4 1.7168 6.9489
3.6 139.86 0.0010799 0.5103 588.53 2732.9 2144.4 1.7376 6.9297
3.8 141.78 0.0010819 0.4851 596.77 2735.3 2138.6 1.7574 6.9116
4.0 143.62 0.0010839 0.4622 604.67 2737.6 2133.0 1.7764 6.8943
4.2 145.39 0.0010858 0.4415 612.27 2739.8 2127.5 1.7945 6.8779
4.4 147.09 0.0010876 0.4226 619.60 2741.9 2122.3 1.8120 6.8623
4.6 148.73 0.0010894 0.4053 626.67 2743.9 2117.2 1.8287 6.8473
4.8 150.31 0.0010911 0.3894 633.50 2745.7 2112.2 1.8448 6.8330
5.0 151.84 0.0010928 0.3747 640.12 2747.5 2107.4 1.8604 6.8192
6.0 158.84 0.0011009 0.3155 670.42 2755.5 2085.0 1.9308 6.7575
7.0 164.96 0.0011082 0.2727 697.06 2762.0 2064.9 1.9918 6.7052
8.0 170.41 0.0011150 0.2403 720.94 2767.5 2046.5 2.0457 6.6596
9.0 175.36 0.0011213 0.2148 742.64 2772.1 2029.5 2.0941 6.6192
10 179.88 0.0011274 0.1943 762.61 2776.2 2013.6 2.1382 6.5828
12 187.96 0.0011386 0.1632 798.43 2782.7 1984.3 2.2161 6.5194
14 195.04 0.0011489 0.1407 830.08 2787.8 1957.7 2.2837 6.4651
16 201.37 0.0011586 0.1237 858.56 2791.7 1933.2 2.3436 6.4175
18 207.11 0.0011678 0.1103 884.58 2794.8 1910.3 2.3976 6.3751
20 212.37 0.0011766 0.09954 908.59 2797.2 1888.6 2.4469 6.3367
22 217.24 0.0011850 0.09065 930.95 2799.1 1868.1 2.4922 6.3015
24 221.78 0.0011932 0.08320 951.93 2800.4 1848.5 2.5343 6.2690
26 226.04 0.0012011 0.07686 971.72 2801.4 1829.6 2.5736 6.2387
28 230.05 0.0012088 0.07139 990.48 2802.0 1811.5 2.6106 6.2104
30 233.84 0.0012163 0.06663 1008.4 2802.3 1793.9 2.6455 6.1837
35 242.54 0.0012345 0.05703 1049.8 2802.0 1752.2 2.7253 6.1228
40 250.33 0.0012521 0.04975 1087.4 2800.3 1712.9 2.7965 6.0685
45 257.41 0.0012691 0.04404 1122.1 2797.7 1675.6 2.8612 6.0191
50 263.91 0.0012858 0.03943 1154.5 2794.2 1639.7 2.9206 5.9735
55 269.93 0.0013023 0.03563 1184.9 2789.9 1605.0 2.9757 5.9309
60 275.55 0.0013187 0.03244 1213.7 2785.0 1571.3 3.0273 5.8908
65 280.82 0.0013350 0.02972 1241.1 2779.5 1538.4 3.0759 5.8527
70 285.79 0.0013513 0.02737 1267.4 2773.5 1506.0 3.1219 5.8162
75 290.50 0.0013677 0.02533 1292.7 2766.9 1474.2 3.1657 5.7811
80 294.97 0.0013842 0.02353 1317.1 2759.9 1442.8 3.2076 5.7471
85 299.23 0.0014009 0.02193 1340.7 2752.5 1411.7 3.2479 5.7141
90 303.31 0.0014179 0.02050 1363.7 2744.6 1380.9 3.2867 5.6820
95 307.21 0.0014351 0.01921 1386.1 2736.4 1350.2 3.3242 5.6506
100 310.96 0.0014526 0.01804 1408.0 2727.7 1319.7 3.3605 5.6198
110 318.05 0.0014887 0.01601 1450.6 2709.3 1258.7 3.4304 5.5595
120 324.65 0.0015268 0.01428 1491.8 2689.2 1197.4 3.4972 5.5002
130 330.83 0.0015672 0.01280 1532.0 2667.0 1135.0 3.5616 5.4408
140 336.64 0.0016106 0.01150 1571.6 2642.4 1070.7 3.6242 5.3803
150 342.13 0.0016579 0.01034 1611.0 2615.0 1004.0 3.6859 5.3178
160 347.33 0.0017103 0.009308 1650.5 2584.9 934.3 3.7471 5.2531
170 352.26 0.0017696 0.008371 1691.7 2551.6 859.9 3.8107 5.1855
180 356.96 0.0018399 0.007498 1734.8 2513.9 779.1 3.8765 5.1128
190 361.43 0.0019260 0.006678 1778.7 2470.6 692.0 3.9429 5.0332
200 365.70 0.0020370 0.005877 1826.5 2418.4 591.9 4.0149 4.9412
210 369.78 0.0022015 0.005023 1886.3 2347.6 461.3 4.1048 4.8223
220 373.69 0.0026714 0.003728 2011.1 2195.6 184.5 4.2947 4.5799
221.20 374.15 0.00317 2107.4 0.0 4.4429
VI Tables
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 374,15 400
o
C
Temperatur
0
50
100
150
200
221,2
250
300
bar
D
r
u
c
k
Vapor Pressure Curve For Water (p, -graph)
0.0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
m
3
/kg
spezifisches Volumen
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
bar
Taulinie
Druck
S
i
e
d
e
l
i
n
i
e
Limiting Curve Of The Wet Steam Region For Water (p, v -graph)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
kJ/(kgK)
spezifische Entropie
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
o
C
Siedelinie Taulinie
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
Limiting Curve Of The Wet Steam Region For Water (T, s -graph)
Table Of Contents
Exercises for Thermodynamics I 2
AI Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BI Thermal Equations of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CI The First Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DI The Second Law of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
EI Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 17
1
2 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Excercises for Thermodynamics I
AI Introduction
Excercise AI.1
Using a pressure p=1.5 bar, a specic volume v=700 dm
3
/kg and the specic gas constant R = 0.287
kJ/kgK, determine the term
pv
R
.
Excercise AI.2
A vessel has a height z
B
= 15 m. The excess pressure at the top of
the vessel is measured by a U-Tube-Manometer and corresponds to a
column of water (
H2O
= 1000 kg/m
3
) of z
M
= 1600 mm relative to an
atmosphere of p
u
= 1020 mbar. The gravitational constant is g = 9.81
m/s
2
.
a) Determine, on the basis of the balance of forces acting on a cube-
shaped uid element, the pressure dierential of the water in the
U-Tube.
b) What is the pressure p
1
the top of the vessel?
c) What is the pressure p
2
at the bottom of the container, when the
container is lled with nitrogen? For the dependency of nitrogen
density on pressure, we have:

N2
= C
1
p mit C
1
= 1.149 kg/m
3
bar
d) What is the pressure p
2
bottom of the vessel, when the vessel
is lled with oil at a pressure p
1
? Oil is considered as an incom-
pressible medium with a density of

Ol
= 870 kg/m
3
Z
Z
g
H2O
M
B
BI Thermal Equations of State
Excercise BI.1
A gas tank with a freely movable piston as its upper boundary contains 500000 kg of town gas. The gas
occupies a volume of 760000 m
3
. After the removal of 300000 kg at constant temperature, the piston
descends.
Determine the new volume of the gases as well as the specic volumes before and after removal. What are
the densities?
Excercise BI.2
An amount of oxygen occupies a volume of 1m
3
at 1 bar and 18

C. What volume must a cylinder have to
allow this to be compressed at a pressure of 100 bar at 25

C? Is the gas converted into a liquid?
Excercise BI.3
There is a gas lled space between the two glass panes of a double glazed window. The glass panes are
enclosed by a metal frame, so that the space between of the double pane is completely sealed. The space is
lled with an ideal gas at an ambient pressure of p
U
= 1 bar and a suitable temperature, and then sealed.
a) Are the pressure uctuations caused by temperature changes in the space between the panes
dependent on the lling gas? Note: deformation of the glass due to variations in pressure can be
neglected.
The First Law of Thermodynamics 3
b) A double glazed window which has been lled with air at 20

Ccan be exposed to temperatures
from-30

Cto + 50

C. What pressure dierences between the panes and the environment arise?
c) At what temperature must the gap be lled with gas, so that within the temperature range -30

Cto + 50

C, the magnitude of the pressure dierence is the same?
Excercise BI.4
A gas thermometer is used to measure room temperature. It consists of a cylinder lled with 0.014 kg
oxygen (R
O2
= 0.25983 kJ/kgK) and a mercury lled U tube (
Hg
= 13590 kg/m
3
). The internal diameter
of the U-tube is 3 mm. In the surrounding area, the ambient pressure is 1bar
At a room temperature of 20

Ca 50 mm height dierence can be read between the two columns of liquid.
After a change in the room temperature, the height dierence is increased by 3mm. The acceleration due
to gravity is g = 9.81 m/s
2
a) What is the temperature now?
b) What measures would allow an increase in accuracy of the temperature measurement?
Excercise BI.5
A sphere with an internal diameter of 1 m is suspended from the ceiling in a room at t = 20

Cand p
o
= 1
bar. The sphere can be separated into two halves at its equator, and is 90 % evacuated.
a) What weight force would have to be applied to the lower part of the sphere to pull the two halves
apart?
b) We now attach a weight of 60000 N. To what temperature must the gas inside the sphere be
heated, so that the two halves of the sphere are pulled apart?
Excercise BI.6
A compressed air tank (V = 0.6 m
3
, p
1
= p
u
= 1 bar) for starting up a diesel engine is lled with
compressed air from a steel bottle. Each bottle contains 0.03 m
3
of air and a pressure of 100 bar. Ideal gas
behavior can be assumed , R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK.
a) What is the minimum number of bottles that must be connected at a tank pressure of 17 bar, if the
temperature remains unchanged at 20

C?
b) In the calculation in a) it is assumed that a (whole) number of bottles is connected simultaneously.
What is the value of the pressure in the tank after all of the bottles have been emptied?
c) What mass of air will the tank hold?
d) How much air will be left in the container when the pressure and temperature have respectively
fallen to p = 8 bar and 0

C?
e) How does the result in b) change if the bottles are attached and detached simultaneously?
CI The First Law of Thermodynamics
Excercise CI.1
The system described below is in a room maintained at an air temperature of 15

C. A battery supplies an
electric motor, which in turn drives a propeller. The propeller is immersed in a tank lled with a uid.
The motor has a working eciency of 80 %, i.e. 80 % of the electrical energy is expelled as mechanical
energy. In the operating state, the temperature of the battery is 20

C, and that of the uid in the tank is
40

C.
4 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Motor
Batterie
40
o
C
Luft
15
O
C
In one hour of operation, the battery supplies 10 kJ of electrical energy. At the same time, due to the
temperature dierences, the following amounts of heat are exchanged:
Battery - air: 1 kJ
Fuel - air: 2 kJ
Tank - air: 6 kJ
The room absorbs this energy in the form of heat. For the thermodynamic systems described below,
calculate the amounts of work or heat exchanged per hour of operation (Note: sign).
a) Battery
b) Motor
c) Air in the room
d) Motor, propeller, fuel, tank and air in the room/space
e) Tank
f) Battery und Motor
Excercise CI.2
A vertical cylinder with an internal diameter of 250 mm is lled with 0.04 kg of a gas. The cylinder is
sealed from the atmosphere by a thick, moving, friction-free piston. The mass of the piston is calculated so
that the contents of the cylinder are maintained and a pressure of 4 bar. By supplying energy in the form
of Q
12
=10 kJ heat, the piston moves upwards by 145.6 mm. Atmospheric pressure is p
U
= 1 bar, the
acceleration due to gravity is g = 9.81 m/s
2
.
Two systems should be considered:
Variant A, cylinder contents alone,
Variant B, cylinder and tank contents.
a) What requirements must both systems fulll, if the internal energy changes are to be determined
for the gas?
b) Determine the change in internal energy for both variants.
The First Law of Thermodynamics 5
Excercise CI.3
Consider the change of state from point A (p
A
=32 bar, V
A
=1 m
3
) nach B (p
B
=1 bar, V
B
=8 m
3
) for a
closed system and the amounts of energy transferred, in the form of work and heat, along the four routes
a), b), c) and d) shown in the diagram. Measurements conrm that for the adiabatic and loss-free state
change along a) the pressure changes with the volume in the following way:
p = const V

5
3
B
A
a
b
c
c
d
d
1
1
D
32
C
8
p [bar]
V [m^3]
Excercise CI.4
In a closed system, a mass of air m = 4 kg at p = 3,5 bar and t = 20

Can amount of energy, in the form of
Q = 140 kJ heat is supplied at constant pressure.
a) What nal state is reached?
b) What amount of energy, in the form of heat, has to be removed, at constant volume to restore the
initial temperature of 20

C?
Material data: R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK
Excercise CI.5
A load of 3000 kg rests on a piston of 400 mm diameter. The cylinder contains 2.12 kg air with a
temperature of 18

C. By supplying energy in the form of heat, the volume increases to twice the initial
volume.
The atmospheric pressure is 1000 mbar, the gas constant is R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK the gravitational constant
g = 9.81 m/s
2
.
a) What is the temperature inside the cylinder afterwards?
b) What is the value of the specic volume in state 2?
c) What are the densities in state 1 and 2?
d) What size are the volumes in states 1 and 2?
Excercise CI.6
In an adiabatic cylinder of 0.5 m
3
there is a gas which a loaded piston keeps at a constant pressure of 3
bar. The gas has 0.2 kWh of energy is supplied to the gas, as a result of which, its temperature rises from
18

Cto 600

C. The ambient pressure is 0.98 bar.
a) How much energy is dissipated in the form of volume change work?
b) What is the value of the change in the systems internal energy?
c) How much energy is output by the piston rod in the form of eective work?
6 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Excercise CI.7
Air in a state p
1
= 3.5 bar, t
1
= 450

Cis contained in a vertical cylinder, sealed by a frictionless piston.
The volume is V
1
= 1 m
3
and the cross-sectional area of the piston is A = 0.5 m
2
. By cooling the air, the
piston falls to the lock, which is z = 0.7 m lower (state 2, see Figure). Thereafter, the air is cooled further
to ambient temperature t
3
= 20

C.
Ambient pressure is p
U
= 1 bar. Air behaves as an ideal gas with R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK and c
pL
= 1.004
kJ/kgK.
0.7m
V
1
T
1
p
1 V
2
T
2
p
2
a) Sketch the changes in state 12 and 23 in a p, V -diagram.
b) What is the temperature T
2
?
c) much energy, in the form of work W
12
and heat Q
12
, are transferred from or to the gas, and how?
d) How much energy is transferred in the form of eective work?
e) What is the pressure p
3
?
f) Calculate the change in the internal energy of the air U = U
3
U
1
.
Excercise CI.8
0.1 kg of air at p
1
= 10 bar and t
1
= 20

Cis enclosed in a cylinder. At constant pressure energy is supplied
in the form of heat Q
12
=30 kJ. Afterwards, the air expands isothermally to p
3
= 1 bar.
ambient pressure p
u
= 1 bar, c
pL
= 1 kJ/kgK, R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK
a) Represent the state changes in a p, V -diagram (qualitative)!
b) How much energy in the form of volume change work does the air in the cylinder provide?
c) How much energy in the form of work can be used by the piston rod?
d) Does energy in the form of heat have to be supplied to the air during the isothermal expansion,
and if so, how much?
e) Answer questions a) to d) for the case in which state 1 expands isothermally directly to pressure p
3
!
Excercise CI.9
A cylinder with a volume of 10 l contains air at a pressure of 10 bar at a temperature of

C.
What is the nal volume, the nal temperature and the quantities of energy dissipated in the forms of heat
and work, when expansion to 1 bar is performed in the following ways:
a) isothermally,
b) adiabatically and with no friction,
c) polytropically, with n = 1.3.
Materials data: R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK
The First Law of Thermodynamics 7
Excercise CI.10
In a closed system, air (R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4) starting at a volume of 1.5 m
3
, a pressure of 1 bar
and a temperature of 17

Cis to be compressed to 7 bar. The nal temperature must not exceed 100

C.
Calculate:
a) The polytropic exponent during compression,
b) The energy used in the form of work done on the gas,
c) The energy used in the form of work done on the system (eective work) and
d) The energy supplied in the form of heat.
Excercise CI.11
The system shown in the gure, comprising a cylinder, piston and spring, contains 20 cm
3
of air at a
temperature t = 20

Cand a pressure p = 1 bar. The piston, which has a negligible weight, has a cross
sectional area A = 4 cm
2
. The ambient pressure is also 1 bar. The piston is held in place by a spring, which
has a spring constant k = 100 N/cm.
Initially, the spring is not under tension. The piston can move inside the cylinder without friction.
How much energy, in the form of heat must be supplied, so that the pressure inside the cylinder rises to 3
bar?
Material data: air is an ideal gas with c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK, R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK
Q
Excercise CI.12
Air in a closed system has to be taken from state 1 (p
1
=1 bar, v
1
= 1.72 m
3
/kg) to state 3 (p
3
= 0.5 bar,
T
3
= 650 K). The nal state 3 can be achieved via three dierent, quasi-static, friction-free paths:
I) Isochoric state change until p
2
= p
3
and isobaric state change to T
3
,
II) Isothermal state change until p
2
= p
3
and isobaric state change to T
3
,
III) Frictionless, polytropic state p v
n
= const.
a) Represent these changes in state in a p, v-diagram!
b) Calculate the specic energies transmitted in the form of heat and work for paths I, II and III!
8 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
c) For paths I , II and III, determine the integral:

3
1
dq
T
d) What is the nal temperature T
4
in the case of a frictionless adiabatic expansion from initial state 1
to the pressure p
4
= p
3
? In this case, how much specic energy is expended in the form of work w
14
?
Required: ideal (R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, = 1.4)
Excercise CI.13
In a ventilation unit, 5000 m
3
of air has to be heated from -5

Cto 22

C. The ventilation fan uses
electrical power given by P
el
= 2 kW. The air pressure changes as it ows through the system and is not
equal to 1 bar.
Required: R
L
=0.287 kJ/kgK, c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK
a) Determine the mass m of the air ow.
b) What energy in the form of heat

Q
12
has to be supplied to the air?
c) What is the air ow rate

V
2
that leaves the system after warming?
Excercise CI.14
A water stream of volume

V = 8 m
3
/sows through the adiabatic turbine of a hydroelectric plant. The
level of the water in the reservoir is 100 m higher than the turbine outlet. The water velocity is negligibly
small. The measured output of the turbine is given by P = -7 MW.
The specic heat capacity of the water c
W
= 4.19 kJ/kgK can be regarded as constant.
The density of water is given by
W
= 1000 kg/m
3
. The dierence in the density of the water before and
after it enters the turbine can be ignored.
a) How much power could be derived from the turbine as mechanical work per unit time, if the
friction free conversion of the waters kinetic energy was possible?
b) By how many degrees is the water in the turbine, and the water in the pipeline heated?
Excercise CI.15
In a pumped storage power plant, 4 identical sets of machinery units are connected to an upper- and
lower-reservoir.
Each machine unit comprises a pump, a turbine and an electrical machine. At night, the electrical machines
act as a motor and drive the pumps, which pump water from the lower to the upper reservoir and thus store
energy. During the day, water ows from the upper reservoir through the turbine in the lower reservoir.
The turbine drives the electrical machine, which acts as a generator, delivering electrical power to the grid.
The First Law of Thermodynamics 9
z
o
=45m
Oberbecken
Unterbecken
Motor
Generator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
z=247m
z
u
=18m
a) How much electrical power has to be withdrawn from the mains network to drive one pump
operating at a volume ow rate of 24 m
3
/s?
b) What is the ow velocity at the pump inlet, if its construction specications require a pressure of
p
4
= 2 bar?
c) What is the pressure at the pump outlet (inlet cross section-=outlet cross section)?
d) What is the performance of a turbine, if the water pressure in the 4 units (each with a diameter of
3.5 m) has a velocity of 10 m/s?
e) What is the total power delivered to the electricity network?
Note :
Water can be treated as an incompressible uid with
w
= 1000 kg/m
3
All of the components (pumps, turbines, pipes, and tanks) can be treated as adiabatic and frictionless
The dierences in level between the inlets and outlets of the pumps and turbines can be treated as
negligible
The dierences in height between the turbines and the lower reservoir oors are negligible.
The water levels in the reservoirs are almost constant, and in the upper reservoir z
o
= 45 m, and in
the lower reservoir z
u
= 18 m, are given by the height dierence of the upper surface of the water
z = 247 m
The eciencies of the electrical machines, for motor- and generator -modes are
el
= 0.9
The air pressure and temperature are constant, and are respectively p
u
= 1 bar and t
u
= 15

C
Excercise CI.16
An ideal gas stream is to be compressed from p
1
= 1 bar to p
2
= 10 bar. The compressor is adiabatic and
the initial temperature is T
1
= 300 K.
Material data are given by c
v
= 0.83 kJ/kgK und R = 0.3 kJ/kgK.
All state changes are assumed to be reversible.
a) How big is the isentropic exponent ?
b) How much energy per unit mass must be supplied to the gas in the form of work?
10 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
c) As an alternative, the compression is now conducted in two stages, to a nal pressure of 10 bar.
The intermediate stage is isobaric, and the gas at a pressure p
2
= p
3
= 3 bar is cooled to 300 K.
How much energy per unit mass, must be supplied in the form of work?
How much energy per unit mass must be supplied in the form of heat?
d) Represent the state change as a p, v-diagram.
e) , we assume the specic heat capacity is dependent on temperature according to c
v
= (A +BT)
kJ/kgK with A = 0.8 kJ/kgK, B = 10
4
kJ/kgK
2
.
In this case, how much energy per unit mass, must be supplied in the form of work during the
compression to 10 bar? Hint: this example can only be solved iteratively!
Excercise CI.17
Air undergoes polytropic compression from p
1
= 1 bar and t
1
= 20

Cto p
2
= 3.5 bar. After this pressure
is obtained, it is cooled to 50

Cand a further polytropic compression to p
4
= 10 bar is performed.
We compare its technical realization in a turbo ow compressor and a closed piston compressor.
a) Depict the process in a p, v-diagram for n = 1.32 (well-cooled condenser), n = 1.48 and n = .
b) Determine the amount of specic energy transferred in the form of work and in the form of heat for
all three processes, for both the turbo- and the piston compressor. Why do the results obtained dier
for the two types of compressor?
Material data: R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK
Excercise CI.18
An inatable dinghy is going to be pumped up using a compressor. Before the ination, the hull of the
dinghy contains a volume V
1
= 0,2 m
3
of air (ideal gas, = 1,4, R
L
= 287 J/kg K) in the ambient state
T
1
= 300 K, p
1
= 1 bar.
The dinghy is inated using a polytropic compressor (n = 1,3). Before the ination, the hull of the dinghy
contains a volume (T
1
, p
1
) and compresses it p
b
= 1,1 bar. The valve on the dinghy acts as a throttle, in
which the pressure is again lowered to p
c
= 1 bar before entering the hull. The valve and the connecting
hose are adiabatic
The hull of the dinghy can initially be considered adiabatic. The dinghy is pumped up to a volume
V
2
= 3 m
3
at which the hull is not tensioned, i.e. the pressure of the dinghy is equal to that of the
environment.
T
1
p
1
T
b
p
b
T
c
p
c
a) Calculate the mass m
1
of air in the hull before it is inated.
b) Calculate the temperatures T
b
and T
c
.
c) What is the mass m of air pumped in, and the temperature T
2
in the hull after it has been
inated?
d) Determine the performance P
V
of the compressor, if it takes 10 minutes to fully inate the dinghy.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 11
Excercise CI.19
For gaseous ethane, at low pressures and high temperatures, the thermal equation of state provides a good
approximation to the behavior of the real gas, and can be specied by the following equation:
pv = RT

1 +
1
v

A
B
T

where A = 0.0026
m
3
kg
, B = 2.48
m
3
K
kg
and R = 0.277 kJ/kgK. The specic heat capacity can be expressed
as a function of temperature by:
c
v
= C +DT
with C = 0.245 kJ/kgK and D = 0.0041 kJ/kgK
2
. These equations can be viewed as corrected versions of
the ideal gas equation:
pv = RT
c
v,ideal
= [c
v
(T)]
T2
T1
Ethane is to be adiabatically compressed from state 1 to state 2, with p
1
= 19 bar, T
1
= 373 K, p
2
= 93.6
bar and T
2
= 573 K.
Note: the following relationship is assumed:

u
v

T
= T

p
T

v
p
Calculate, using both the real- and ideal gas equations in each case:
a) The change in specic internal energy u
12
,
b) The energy supplied in the form of specic technical work w
t12
c) The change in specic entropy s
12
,
d) and the size of the discrepancy when the ideal gas equation is used!
e) Demonstrate the validity of the equations specied using a Maxwell-relationship!
DI The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Excercise DI.1
0.5 m
3
of air at a pressure of 3 bar and a temperature of 150

Cexpands to 0.8 bar at a temperature of

C.
(R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK)
a) Determine the isentropic exponent and the polytropic exponent for this state change.
b) How big are the entropy change S
12
and the nal volume V
2
?
c) What entropy changes can occur?
d) Assuming the expansion is reversible; calculate the amount of energy transferred in the form of
heat.
Excercise DI.2
In a cylinder, 0.3 kg of carbon dioxide ( = 1.3, c
p
= 0.846 kJ/kgK) at a pressure p = 2 bar and a
temperature t = 15

Cpolytropic, with n = 1.2 is compressed to 10 bar.
a) Represent the process in a p, v- and a T, s-diagram.
b) What temperature is reached?
c) How big is the entropy change S
12
?
d) How much volume change work is supplied to the gas?
e) How much heat Q
12
is dissipated?
12 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Excercise DI.3
Nitrogen is at thermodynamic equilibrium in two adiabatic containers A and B. The state of the nitrogen
can be characterized by the following variables:
Container A Container B
V = 1 m
3
V = 1 m
3
p = 22 bar p = 2 bar
T = 300 K T = 300 K
The two containers are liked by a pipe so the pressures can equalize. No heat is exchanged with the
surroundings during this process.
Note: here, nitrogen can be treated as an ideal gas.
a) What is the pressure in both containers after the state of equilibrium is reached?
b) Calculate the entropy generated during this equalization process!
c) How much entropy would have been generated, if container B had been evacuated before the
equalization process started (T = 300 K)?
Excercise DI.4
Air at p
1
= 2.5 bar is adiabatically throttled to p
2
= 1 bar.
Determine the specic exergy loss during this irreversible process.
Note: air is an ideal gas with R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK, the ambient temperature t
u
= 15

C, and the change in
kinetic energy is negligible.
Excercise DI.5
In a turbine, 0.5 kg per second of hot air expands adiabatically from a state with a pressure p
1
= 10 bar
and a temperature T
1
= 573 K to the ambient pressure p
2
= 1 bar. The technical output obtained in this is
P
t12
= -110 kW.
Treat the air as an ideal gas with a molar mass M
L
= 29 kg/kmol and the isobaric specic heat capacity as
a constant c
p
= 1.004 kJ/kgK.
Use the input - and output rates, and the potential energy of the air for the calculations.
a) Draw a diagram of the irreversible and quasi-static reversible state change of the air as
T, s-diagram!
b) Determine the amount of energy recovered in the form of technical work per mass w
t12
.
c) What is the temperature T
2
of air leaving the turbine?
d) Determine the specic entropy change of the air when the turbine is working reversibly?
e) What temperature T

2
would the air leaving the turbine have in a quasi-static reversible expansion?
f) Determine the amount of technical work that can be recovered, in the form of energy per unit mass
w

t12
, in the quasi-static reversible expansion of the gas.
Excercise DI.6
In a brewery, a steady state bottle washer is operated.
This unit has a capacity of 10 000 bottles per rack. One bottle has a glass volume of V
Fl
= 0.134 dm
3
with
a specic density of
Gl
= 2500 kg/m
3
and is made of glass with an average specic heat capacity of c
Gl
=
0.838 kJ/kgK. The bottles enter this unit at a temperature of t
Fl1
= 15

Cand leave at a temperature of
t
Fl2
= 90

C.
The incoming fresh water mass m
W
= 5000 kg/h has a temperature of t
W1
= 60

C. Furthermore, the unit
loses heat

Q
V A
= 6 kW through its external walls, when the average thermodynamic temperature t
m
= 25

Cis reached.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 13
a) What is the heat ow required to heat the bottles?
b) How much electrical power P
el
does the unit absorb when operating in the steady state, when the
water leaving the unit has a specic enthalpy increase h
W
= 147 kJ/kg is established?
c) What is the entropy ux

S
irr
generated in this unit under the conditions specied above?
Pressure losses during ow through the system can be ignored. The average heat capacity of the water is
c
W
= 4.186 kJ/kgK.
Excercise DI.7
200 kmol of an ideal gas expands irreversibly every hour from p
1
= 20 bar and temperature t
1
= 727

Cto
the pressure p
2
= 1 bar. As the gas expands, heat is supplied, so that the gas outlet temperature t
2
= t
1
.
The turbine therefore emits a mechanical output of P = -1000 kW.
a) What is the power dissipated in kW by irreversible isothermal expansion?
b) What is the heat ux supplied in kW in the reversible and irreversible expansion of the gas?
c) How big is the irreversible entropy increase, per kmol gas, for the case where the heat is supplied
for an irreversible expansion is performed at an innitely small temperature dierence i.e. the
temperature of the heat reservoirs is t = 727

C.
Excercise DI.8
In an adiabatic heat exchanger, air with t
1
= t
u
= 16

Cis to be heated to t
2
= 55

C. The air mass ow is
m = 1.1 kg/s. Whilst owing through the heat exchanger, the air pressure drops by p
1
= 1.036 bar to p
2
=
1 bar. The air is heated by a hot uid m
F
= 0.467 kg/s owing into the heat exchanger with t
F1
= 70

C.
Note:
Incompressible liquid
The uid has a constant specic heat capacity c
F
= 4.19 kJ/kgK
Isobaric liquid state change
Specic heat capacity of air c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK, gas constant R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK
Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of the material ows can be treated as negligible
a) Determine the heat ux.
b) Calculate the temperature of the liquid at the heat exchanger outlet.
c) What are the exergy ux losses and the entropy ux generated in the heat exchanger?
Excercise DI.9
In a system, a stream of air is heated from an initial state (t
u
= 12

Cand p
u
= 1 bar) to t
2
= 55

C, to
which p
2
= p
u
is applicable. The system comprises a heat exchanger and an adiabatic fan, that draws air in
from the environment p
1
= 1.036 bar which is compressed and promotes heat exchange. The fan uses
power given by P = 4.42 kW.
The following data also applies:
t
Fl,1
= 70

C t
Fl,2
= 48

C
c
pL
= 1.004 kJ/kgK c
F
= 4.19 kJ/kgK

S
irr,L
= 11.2 W/K

S
irr,F
= 0.0 W/K
m
L
= 1.1 kg/s m
F
= 0.467 kg/s
R
L
= 0.287 kJ/kgK
Due to irreversibility of the process, when the heat is transferred, and entropy ow

S
irr,W
= 10.0 W/K is
generated.
a) Calculate the exergy ow lost in the system!
b) Draw an exergy ow diagram!
14 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Excercise DI.10
An inventor claims to have constructed a cyclically operated machine, that is supplied with 10
5
kJ of heat
at 400 K, produces 4 10
4
kJ of heat at 200 K, and therefore outputs 16.65 kWh of work. Use the 1st and
2nd Laws of Thermodynamics to check whether this claim is true.
Excercise DI.11
From a large heat storage tank at a temperature T
S
= 800 K a heat stream of

Q
12
= 60 kW ows
continuously which is converted by a downstream process into mechanical power of P = -33 kW. The
ambient temperature is T
U
= 300 K.
a) What is the magnitude of the Carnot-factor?
b) Is this process possible?
c) Calculate the exergy ux loss.
d) Which processes cause this exergy ux loss?
Excercise DI.12
An adiabatic container contains 1 kg of liquid with a specic heat capacity of c = 2.43 kJ/kgK at a
temperature of T
1
= T
u
= 300 K. Via a stirrer, this liquid is supplied with work W
12
= 243.3 kJ (as
friction work).
Pressure- and volume changes can be ignored. (p
1
= p
2
= 1 bar, constant specic volume of the liquid)
a) What is the nal temperature T
2
of the liquid?
b) What is the entropy dierence between the two states 1 and 2?
c) How much energy in the form of work could be obtained by reversible cooling to T
u
?
EI Steam
Excercise EI.1
A closed container contains 20 m
3
of dry saturated steam (saturated steam) at 16 bar. Because of heat
losses, the pressure falls to 10 bar.
a) Depict the state changes in an h, s- and a p, V -diagram
b) For both states, determine the vapor content, the masses of liquid and water vapor, as well as the
heat loss for the state change.
Excercise EI.2
A steam boiler produces 5 t of steam in state x = 0.93 and p = 6 bar per hour.
What is the magnitude of the specic internal energy, and how much additional heat power must be
supplied to transform this wet steam into saturated steam (x = 1) at the same pressure?
Excercise EI.3
To determine the moisture content of saturated steam (p
1
= 20 bar) a small amount of the steam at a
pressure p
2
= 5 bar and temperature t
2
= 160

C is adiabatically throttled. The velocity changes during
throttling are negligible. From tables for superheated steam, we know that: h
2
= 2766.4 kJ/kg, s
2
= 6.8631
kJ/kgK
a) What is the vapor content of the wet steam?
b) By how much does the entropy increase during the throttling process per kg steam?
Steam 15
Excercise EI.4
Water in a saucepan at ambient pressure p
U
= 1 bar initially at t
1
= t
U
= 15

Cis heated electrically, until
it just starts to boil.
Notes: the specic heat capacity of liquid water is c
W
= 4.19 kJ/kgK. Water can be treated as
incompressible.
a) Represent the state changes in a p, v-diagram and a T, s-diagram.
b) Calculate the specic energy required to heat up the water.
c) Calculate the specic exergy of the simmering water.
d) Calculate the ratio of the specic exergy of the simmering water and the specic exergy used to
heat the water.
Excercise EI.5
In a turbine, superheated steam with a pressure of p
1
= 100 bar and a temperature of t
1
= 440

C(h
1
=
3215 kJ/kg, s
1
= 6.38 kJ/(kgK)) is allowed to reversibly and adiabatically expand to a pressure p
2
= 5
bar. The turbine supplies an output of P
t,T
= -1.4 MW. After the expansion, the steam is adiabatically
throttled into state 3 to create dry saturated steam (saturated steam).
a) Represent the process in an h, s-diagram.
b) How high is the vapor content in state 2?
c) Calculate the specic enthalpies in states 2 and 3.
d) Calculate the pressure and temperature in state 3.
e) How much specic technical work w
t
is recovered in this process?
f) What is the value of the mass ow m?
g) How many kg of water evaporate per second during adiabatic throttling?
Excercise EI.6
The cylinder pictured contains 0.084 kg of water, partially liquid, partially steam formed at a saturation
temperature of 38

C. The cylinder is vertical and closed by a piston, which initially rests on a support
ring. The cross sectional area of the cylinder is 390 cm
2
and the mass of the piston is 50.37 kg.
The volume initially enclosed is 0.0184 m
3
. Above the piston, the air pressure is 1 bar, and the acceleration
due to gravity g is 9.81 m/s
2
. The cylinder is supplied with energy, in the form of heat, until the water has
completely evaporated. The piston can move upwards without friction. Represent the process in a p, V - and
an h, s-diagram.
16 Excercises for Thermodynamics I
Calculate for the states
0 = start of heating
1 = start of the piston rising
2 = end of evaporation
For this cylinder, calculate the magnitudes of:
Vapor content x, volume V ,
Temperature t, pressure p,
Enthalpy H, entropy S,
as well as, for the entire process:
The energy transferred in the forms of work
and heat,
The change in internal energy.
Q
Excercise EI.7
A cylinder tted with a piston contains 2 kg water (part liquid, part vapor), at a pressure of 14 bar and a
vapor content of 0.8. The piston is held by a spring, whose strength is proportional to its length change.
The spring is mounted so that the cylinder is almost free of any load. The spring is mounted in such a way
that it is force free when the cylinder is empty. The mass of the piston can be ignored. There are no
frictional forces between the piston and the cylinder wall. The water in the cylinder is supplied with heat,
until the volume is increased x 1.5.
a) What pressure is achieved?
b) Sketch the process in a p, V - and h, s-diagram.
c) What vapor content and temperature are attained?
p = 21 bar, t = 500

C: v = 0.16706 m
3
/kg; h = 3470 kJ/kg
p = 21 bar, t = 510

C: v = 0.16936 m
3
/kg; h = 3487.9 kJ/kg
d) How much energy in the form of work is performed?
e) How much energy is transmitted in the form of heat?
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 17
AI Introduction
Solution AI.1
pv
R
= T =365,85 K entspricht t=92,7

C
Solution AI.2
a) p=15700 Pa=157 mbar
b) p
1
= 1,177 bar,
c) p
2
= 1,179 bar
d) p
2
= 2,457 bar
BI Thermal Equations of State
Solution BI.1
V
2
= 304000 m
3
, v
1
= v
2
= 1,52 m
3
/kg,
1
=
2
= 0,658 kg/m
3
Solution BI.2
V
1
= 0.01024 m
3
, die Solution ist gasunabhangig.
Solution BI.3
a) Druckschwankungen sind gasunabhangig gema:
p1
p2
=
T1
T2
b) p
1
= 0, 17 10
5
Pa; p
2
= +0, 1 10
5
Pa
c) T
o
= 283,15 K
Solution BI.4
a) t
2
= 21,18

C
b) Durch Verwendung einer Fl ussigkeit im U-Rohr, die eine geringere Dichte als Quecksilber aufweist
(und zudem ungiftig ist), wird die Genauigkeit der Temperaturmessung erhoht. Oder anders
ausgedr uckt: Bei Wechsel der Fl ussigkeit (von groer Dichte zu kleiner Dichte) ergibt sich f ur die
gleiche Hohendierenz zwischen den beiden Saulen des U-Rohres eine geringere Temperaturdierenz.
Solution BI.5
a) G = 70,686 kN
b) t
i
= 418,85

C
Solution BI.6
a) n
F
= 3,855 n
gew ahlt
= 4
b) p = 17,5 bar
c) m = 12,48 kg
d) m = 6,35 kg
e) p = 18,55 bar
18 Solutions for Thermodynamics I
CI The First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution CI.1
a) Q = 1 kJ, W = 10 kJ, Q+W = 11 kJ
b) Q = 2 kJ, W = 2 kJ, Q+W = 0 kJ
c) Q = 0 kJ, W = 0 kJ, Q+ W = 0 kJ
d) Q = 10 kJ, W = 10 kJ, Q+W = 0 kJ
e) Q = 0 kJ, W = 0 kJ, Q+ W = 0 kJ
f) Q = 3 kJ, W = 8 kJ, Q +W = 11 kJ
Solution CI.2
a) Fr beide Systeme muss gelten: E
Gas,pot
0kann die nderung der potenziellen Energie des
Kolbens vernachlssigt werden. Fr System B muss
b) Variante A: |U
12
| = 7, 141kJ, Variante B: |U
12
| = 7, 141kJ
Solution CI.3
a) Q
AB
= 0 kJ, W
AB
= 3600 kJ
b) Q
AB
= 7950 kJ, W
AB
= 11550 kJ
c) Q
AB
= 2900 kJ, W
AB
= 700 kJ
d) Q
AB
= 18800 kJ, W
AB
= 22400 kJ
Solution CI.4
a) T
2
= 327,9 K, V
2
= 1,075 m
3
, p
2
= 3,5 bar
b) Q
23
= 99, 8 kJ
Solution CI.5
a) T
2
= 582 K
b) v
2
= 0,5 m
3
/kg
c)
1
= 4,0 kg/m
3
,
2
= 2,0 kg/m
3
d) V
1
= 0,53 m
3
, V
2
= 1,06 m
3
Solution CI.6
a) W
v
= 200 kJ
b) U = 520 kJ
c) W
K12
= 102 kJ
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 19
Solution CI.7
a)
p
v
1 2
3
b) T
2
= 470 K
c) W
12
= 122, 5 kJ, Q
12
= 428, 5 kJ
d) W
Nutz12
= 87, 5 kJ
e) p
3
= 2, 18 bar
f) U = 519, 8 kJ
Solution CI.8
a)
v
p
1 2
3
3
b) W
v13
= 47, 8 kJ
c) W
K13
= 31, 6 kJ
d) Q
23
= 39, 2 kJ
e) W
v13
= 19, 4 kJ
W
mech13
= 11, 8 kJ
Q
13
= 19, 4 kJ
Solution CI.9
a) isotherm: V
2
= 0,1000 m
3
, T
2
= 298,0 K, W
12
= 23, 03 kJ, Q
12
= 23,03 kJ
b) isentrop: V
2
= 0,0518 m
3
, T
2
= 154,2 K, W
12
= 12, 03 kJ, Q
12
= 0 kJ
c) polytrop: V
2
= 0,0590 m
3
, T
2
= 175,0 K, W
12
= 13, 75 kJ, Q
12
= 3,45 kJ
Solution CI.10
a) n = 1, 148
b) W
12
= 290 kJ
c) W
Nutz12
= 167, 5 kJ
d) Q
12
= 183 kJ
20 Solutions for Thermodynamics I
Solution CI.11
Q = 13,03 J
Solution CI.12
a)
p
v
1
2
2
3
b) I w
12
= 0 kJ/kg, q
12
= 215 kJ/kg
w
23
= 100, 55 kJ/kg, q
23
= 351, 93 kJ/kg
II w
12
= 119, 25 kJ/kg, q
12
= 119, 25 kJ/kg
w
23
= 14, 55 kJ/kg, q
23
= 50, 93 kJ/kg
III w
13
= 138, 58 kJ/kg, q
13
= 174, 96 kJ/kg
c)

dq
T
= 0,2805 kJ/kgK
d) T
4
= 491,63 K, w
14
= 77, 26 kJ/kg
Solution CI.13
a) m=6500 kg/h
b)

Q
12
= 46,95 kW
c)

V
2
= 5503 m
3
/h
Solution CI.14
a) P
t12,th
= 7, 85 MW
b) T = 0,025 K
Solution CI.15
a) P
Netz
= 64, 6 MW
b) c
4
= 12,4 m/s
c) p
3
= 26,2 bar
d) P
tT
= 233 MW
e) P
elges
= 838, 8 MW
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 21
Solution CI.16
a) =
cp
cv
=
R+cv
cv
= 1, 36
b) w
t12
= 284, 6 kJ/kg
c) w
tges
= 241, 7 kJ/kg; q
2

3
= 114, 5 kJ/kg
d)
p
2
1
1
v
T
2
3
4
e) w
t12
= 285, 6 kJ/kg
Solution CI.17
a)
p
1
v
n=kappa=1,4
n=1,32
n=1,48
4
b) n = 1, 32, q
ges
= 109, 8 kJ/kg, Turboverdichter: w
tges
= 234, 1 kJ/kg, Kolbenverdichter:
w
vges
= 198, 5 kJ/kg
c) n = 1, 48, q
ges
= 84, 2 kJ/kg, Turboverdichter: w
tges
= 245, 9 kJ/kg, Kolbenverdichter:
w
vges
= 199, 1 kJ/kg
d) n = , q
ges
= 96, 6 kJ/kg, Turboverdichter: w
tges
= 240, 3 kJ/kg, Kolbenverdichter:
w
vges
= 199, 7 kJ/kg,
Solution CI.18
a) m
1
= 0,232 kg
b) T
b
= T
c
= 306,67 K.
c) m = 3,18 kg; T
2
= 306,36 K
d) P
V
= w
t1b
m
t
= 43,97 W
Solution CI.19
a) u
12,real
= 404,8 kJ/kg, u
12,ideal
= 436,86 kJ/kg, Fehler = 7,9 %
b) w
t12,real
= 450,3 kJ/kg, w
t12,ideal
= 492,26 kJ/kg, Fehler = 9,3 %
c) s
12,real
= 0,558 kJ/kgK, s
12,ideal
= 0,615 kJ/kgK, Fehler = 10,1 %
d) s. o.
e) Man verwende die freie Energie f = u Ts und ihre Ableitungen.
22 Solutions for Thermodynamics I
DI The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Solution DI.1
a) =1,4; n=1,384
b) S = 0,0132 kJ/K, V
2
= 1,3 m
3
c) Dissipation (mechanische Verluste) und Warme ubertragung
d) Q
12
= 4859, 3J
Solution DI.2
a)
p
V
T
s
1
n=1
n=1,3 (isentrop)
2
P1 P2
n=1
1
(isotherm)
(isotherm)
2
n=1,3 (isentrop)
n=1,2 (polytrop)
n=1,2 (polytrop)
a) T
2
= 376, 6 K
b) S= 0, 0261 kJ/K
c) W
12
= 25, 9 kJ
d) Q
12
= 8, 65 kJ
Solution DI.3
a) p = 12 bar
b) S = 3,25 kJ/K
c) S = 5,08 kJ/K
Solution DI.4
e
V
= 75,7 kJ/kg
Solution DI.5
a)
T
1
2
2
ds=0
dq=0
s
a) w
t12
= 220 kJ/kg
b) T
2
= 353,9 K
c) s = 0,176 kJ/kgK
d) T

2
= 296,8 K
e) w

t12
= 277, 3 kJ/kg
Solution DI.6
a)

Q = 58,51 kW
b) P
el
= 268,68 kW
c)

S
irr
= 0,783 kW/K
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 23
Solution DI.7
a) P
tV
= 383,7 kW
b)

Q
irr
= 1000 kW,

Q
rev
= 1383,7 kW
c) s
irr
= 6,912 kJ/kmolK
Solution DI.8
a)

Q
12
= 43, 1 kW
b) t
F2
=48

C
c)

S
irr
= 21,2 W/K,

E
V
= 6,14 kW
Solution DI.9
a)

E
v
= 7,24 kW,

S
irr
= 25,05 W/K
b)
Solution DI.10
a) Die Angaben des Ernders sind falsch!
Solution DI.11
a)
C
= 0, 625
b) Dieser Prozess ist moglich.
c)

E
V
=4,5 kW
d) durch Dissipation und (irreversiblen) Warme ubergang
Solution DI.12
a) T
2
= 400 K
b) S = 0,699 kJ/K
c) W = 33, 3 kJ
24 Solutions for Thermodynamics I
EI Steam
Solution EI.1
a)
p
V
h
s
KP
1
2
2
1
P1
P2
KP
b) x
1
=1; m
1
= 0; m
1
=
V
v

1
= 161,7 kg; x
2
=0,634; m
2
= 59,2 kg; m
2
= x
2
m
ges
= 102,5 kg;
Q
12
= 109, 6 MJ
Solution EI.2
u = 2433,4 kJ/kg,

Q
12
= 202,6 kW
Solution EI.3
a) x = 0, 984
b) s = 0, 5886 kJ/kgK
Solution EI.4
a)
v
s
2
2
KP
KP
T
1
1
p
b) w
el,12
=356 kJ/kg
c) e
2
= 44,2 kJ/kg
d) e/w
el,12
= 0,124
Solution EI.5
a)
Solutions for Thermodynamics I 25
s
h
KP
p
1
p
2
p
3
1
2
3
x=0,92
b) x
2
=0,911
c) h
2
= h
3
=2560,8 kJ/kg
d) t
3
=32,5

C; p
3
=48,5 mbar
e) w
t12
= 654, 2 kJ/kg
f) m = 2,14kg/s
g) m = 0,19 kg/s
Solution EI.6
p
v
p
1
=p
2
p
0
v
0
=v
1
v
2
1 2
KP
s
h
KP
h
1
h
2
1
2
0
0
s
0
s
1
s
2
x
0
= 0,01, V
0
= 0,0184 m
3
, p
0
= 0,06624 bar, t
0
= 38

C, S
0
= 0,05232 kJ/K, H
0
= 15,39 kJ
x
1
= 0,144, V
1
= 0,0184 m
3
, p
1
= 1,1267 bar, t
1
= t
s
(p
1
) = 103

C, S
1
= 0,1850 kJ/K, H
1
= 63,5 kJ
x
2
= 1, V
2
= 0,1273 m
3
, p
2
= 1,1267 bar, t
2
= 103

C, S
2
= 0,615 kJ/K, H
2
= 225,2 kJ
W
02
= 12, 27 kJ, Q
02
= 207, 86 kJ, U
02
= 195, 6 kJ
Solution EI.7
a) p
2
= 21 bar
b)
26 Solutions for Thermodynamics I
p
v
p
2
p
D
p
1
v
1
v
D
"
v
2
1
1
D
2
KP
s
h
KP
h
1
h
2
x=0.8
1
2
p
1
=14 bar
p
2
=21 bar
1
D
c) t
2
= 509

C, x
2
= 1
d) W
12
= 197, 8 kJ
e) Q
12
= 1983 kJ