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Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric
Integrals
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
1/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Trigonometric Integrals
We will study techniques for evaluationg integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
xdx
_
sec
m
x tan
n
xdx
_
csc
m
x cot
n
xdx,
where either mor n is a positive integer.
2/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Trigonometric Integrals
Recall:
Some identities:
sin
2
x+cos
2
x =1
1+tan
2
x = sec
2
x
1+cot
2
x = csc
2
x
sin
2
x =
1cos2x
2
cos
2
x =
1+cos2x
2
Derivatives:
D
x
(sinx) = cosx
D
x
(cosx) = sinx
D
x
(tanx) = sec
2
x
D
x
(cot x) = csc
2
x
D
x
(secx) = secxtanx
D
x
(cscx) = cscxcot x
3/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Trigonometric Integrals: Some examples from Math 53
Examples: Find the following antiderivatives.
1
_
sin
7
x cosxdx =
_
u
7
du =
u
8
8
+C =
sin
8
x
8
+C
Let u=sinx = du =cosxdx
2
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx =
_
u
3
du =
u
4
4
+C =
tan
4
x
4
+C
Let u=tanx = du=sec
2
xdx
3
_
cot
2
xdx =
_
(csc
2
x1)dx =cot xx+C
4/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Consider:
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx =?
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx =
_
cos
2
x sin
2
x cosxdx
=
_
_
1sin
2
x
_
sin
2
x cosxdx
=
_
sin
2
x cosxdx
_
sin
4
x cosxdx
let u=sinx du =cosxdx
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx =
_
u
2
du
_
u
4
du
=
1
3
u
3
1
5
u
5
+C =
1
3
sin
3
x
1
5
sin
5
x+C
5/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Some guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals
Some guidelines for evaluating integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
xdx,
_
sec
m
x tan
n
xdx,
_
csc
m
x cot
n
xdx,
where either mor n is a positive integer.
G1. Try to split off a factor equal to any of the derivatives of the six
trigonometric functions (e.g. cos
3
x sin
2
x =cos
2
x sin
2
x cosx).
Express the rest of the factors in terms of the corresponding
trigonometric function using the identities, avoiding the
introduction of any or additional radicals.
6/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Some guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals
Some guidelines for evaluating integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
xdx,
_
sec
m
x tan
n
xdx,
_
csc
m
x cot
n
xdx,
where either mor n is a positive integer.
G1.
split off: express the rest in terms of:
sinx cosx
cosx sinx
sec
2
x tanx
csc
2
x cot x
secx tanx secx
cscx cot x cscx
Then expand, substitute, and integrate.
7/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
sin
3
xdx.
Note that
sin
3
x = sin
2
x sinx
= (1cos
2
x) sinx
Thus,
_
sin
3
xdx =
_
_
1 cos
2
x
_
sinxdx.
Let u =cosx, du=sinxdx. Therefore,
_
sin
3
xdx =
_
_
1u
2
_
du =u+
1
3
u
3
+C =cosx+
1
3
cos
3
x+C
8/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
tanx sec
4
xdx.
_
tanx sec
4
xdx =
_
tanx sec
2
xsec
2
xdx
=
_
tanx(1+tan
2
x) sec
2
xdx
=
_
_
tanx+
_
tan
5
x
_
sec
2
xdx
let u=tanx du=sec
2
xdx
=
_
_
u
1/2
+u
5/2
_
dx
=
2
3
u
3/2
+
2
7
u
7/2
+C
=
2
3
_
tan
3
x+
2
7
_
tan
7
x+C
9/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
csc
6
x dx.
_
csc
6
xdx =
_
(csc
2
x)
2
csc
2
xdx
=
_
_
1+cot
2
x
_
2
csc
2
xdx
=
_
(1+2cot
2
x+cot
4
x)csc
2
xdx
let u=cot x du=csc
2
xdx
_
csc
6
xdx =
_
(1+2u
2
+u
4
) du
=
_
cot x+
2cot
3
x
3
+
cot
5
x
5
_
+C
10/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx.
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx =
_
tan
2
x secx secx tanxdx
=
_
_
sec
2
x 1
_
secx secx tanxdx
=
_
_
sec
3
xsecx
_
secx tanxdx
let u =secx, du =secxtanxdx
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx =
_
_
u
3
u
_
du
=
1
4
sec
4
x
1
2
sec
2
x+C
11/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
tan
3
xdx.
G2. If the integrand involves only positive integer factors of tanx
or cot x, with exponents greater than 2, split off a factor of
tan
2
x or cot
2
x, apply the identities
tan
2
x =sec
2
x1
cot
2
x =csc
2
x1
and use the substitution u=tanx or u=cot x.
12/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
3
xdx.
_
tanx tan
2
xdx =
_
tanx
_
sec
2
x1
_
dx
=
_
tanx sec
2
xdx
_
tanxdx
let u=tanx, du=sec
2
xdx
_
tan
3
xdx =
_
uduln| secx| +C
=
1
2
u
2
ln| secx| +C
=
1
2
_
tan
2
x
_
ln| secx| +C
13/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
cot
4
3xdx.
_
cot
2
3x cot
2
3xdx =
_
cot
2
3x
_
csc
2
3x1
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3xcot
2
3x
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3xcsc
2
3x+1
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3x
_
dx+
1
3
cot3x+x+C
let u =cot3x, du=3csc
2
3xdx
_
cot
4
3xdx =
1
3
_
u
2
du+
1
3
cot3x +x+C
=
1
9
u
3
+
1
3
cot3x +x+C
=
1
9
cot
3
3x +
1
3
cot 3x+x+C
14/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
sin
2
xdx.
G3. If the integrand involves only even powers of sinx and/or cosx,
use the identities
sin
2
x =
1cos2x
2
cos
2
x =
1+cos2x
2
to reduce the exponent.
15/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
sin
2
xdx.
sin
2
xdx =
1cos2x
2
dx
=
1
2
(1cos 2x)dx
=
1
2
x
1
2
sin2x
+C
16/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
sin
2
xcos
4
xdx.
_
sin
2
xcos
4
xdx =
_
sin
2
x(cos
2
x)
2
dx
=
__
1cos2x
2
__
1+cos2x
2
_
2
dx
=
__
1cos2x
2
__
1+cos2x
2
_
2
dx
=
1
8
_
_
1+cos2xcos
2
2xcos
3
2x
_
dx
=
1
8
_
_
1+cos2x
_
1+cos4x
2
_
(1sin
2
2x)cos2x
_
dx
=
1
8
_
x+
sin2x
2
1
2
_
x+
sin4x
4
_
1
2
_
sin2x
sin
3
2x
3
__
+C
17/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
sec
3
xdx.
Note that sec
3
x =secx sec
2
x.
G4. If the integrand involves only odd powers of secx or cscx,
split off a factor of sec
2
x or csc
2
x and apply IBP.
18/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
sec
3
xdx.
Note that sec
3
x =secx sec
2
x. By IBP,
u =secx , dv =sec
2
xdx
du=secx tanxdx , v =tanx
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx
_
tanx(secxtanx) dx
=secxtanx
_
tan
2
xsecxdx
=secxtanx
_
(sec
2
x1) secxdx
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx
_
sec
3
xdx+
_
secxdx
2
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx+ln| secx+tanx| +C
_
sec
3
xdx =
1
2
(secxtanx+ln| secx+tanx|) +C
19/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
2
xsecxdx.
G5. If the exponent for tanx is even and the exponent of secx is
odd, express the integrand in terms of secx only.
If the exponent for cot x is even and the exponent of cscx is
odd, express the integrand in terms of cscx only.
20/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
2
xsecxdx.
_
tan
2
xsecxdx =
_
(sec
2
x1) secxdx
=
_
(sec
3
xsecx)dx
=
_
sec
3
xdx
_
secxdx
=
1
2
(secxtanx+ln| secx+tanx|) ln| secx+tanx| +C
=
1
2
(secxtanxln| secx+tanx|) +C
21/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Consider:
cos3x cos5xdx =?
Recall. Product to Sum Formula
sinmx cosnx =
1
2
[sin(m+n)x+sin(mn)x],
cosmx cosnx =
1
2
[cos(m+n)x+cos(mn)x].
sinmx sinnx =
1
2
[cos(m+n)xcos(mn)x],
22/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Example.
Evaluate
_
cos3x cos5xdx.
_
cos3x cos5xdx =
1
2
_
(cos(3x+5x) +cos(3x5x)) dx
=
1
2
_
(cos8x+cos2x) dx
=
1
2
_
1
8
sin8x+
1
2
sin2x
_
+C
=
1
16
sin8x+
1
4
sin2x+C
23/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals
1. Try to split off a factor equal to any of the derivatives of the six
trigonometric functions. Express the rest of the factors in terms
of the corresponding trigonometric function using the identities,
avoiding the introduction of any or additional radicals.
2. If the integrand involves only positive integer factors of tanx or
cot x, with exponents greater than 2, split off a factor of tan
2
x or
cot
2
x, apply the identities
tan
2
x =sec
2
x1, cot
2
x =csc
2
x1,
and use the substitution u=tanx or u=cot x.
3. If the integrand involves only even powers of sinx and/or cosx,
use the identities
sin
2
x =
1cos2x
2
, cos
2
x =
1+cos2x
2
to reduce the exponent.
24/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Guidelines for evaluating trigonometric integrals
4. If the integrand involves only odd powers of secx or cscx,
split off a factor of sec
2
x or csc
2
x and apply IBP.
5. If the exponent for tanx is even and the exponent of secx is
odd, express the integrand in terms of secx only.
If the exponent for cot x is even and the exponent of cscx is
odd, express the integrand in terms of cscx only.
6. Apply the product to sum identities for integrands of the form
sinmx cosnx, cosmx cosnx, or sinmx sinnx, m, n R.
25/ 26
Trig Integrals Exercises
Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals.
1
_
cos
3
x
sinx
dx
2
_
csc
4
x
cot
2
x
dx
3
_
cos 4x cos 3x dx
4
_
tan
3
(lnx)sec
8
(lnx)
x
dx
5
_
1
0
sin
2
xcos
2
x dx
26/ 26