Experimental Setup

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for a Double pipe Heat Exchanger

Observed Data
Room temperature=28
Mass of empty bucket= 1.1 kg
Water Temperature
Steam
Pressure
P psig

Water

Condensate
Wight

Number of
observation

Inlet T1

Outlet T2

Volume

Time

with

Time

(L)

(s)

bucket

(s)

(kg)
01

50

1.4

02

45

1.4

03

43

1.45

04

40

11

1.3

01

53

1.3

02

44

1.4

10

29.5

20

20

03

40

11

1.3

04

38.5

12

1.4

01

44

10

1.6

02

40

12

1.5

03

38.5

13

1.43

04

39

13

1.3

15

Calculated Data
Length of the pipe, L= 7 ft 4 inch = 7.33 ft. = 2.234184 m.
Outer diameter of the pipe, Do=1.315 inch. = 0.0334 m.
[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-11 pp 612]

Outside surface area, Ao = DoL = 0.2344 m2.

Table 2: Calculated Data for Condensate

Steam
Pressure
P psig

Number of
Observation

Saturation
Temperature
Ts ()

Latent Heat
of
Condensation

Weight of
Condensate
(kg)

s (kJ/kg)

01

Mass Flow
rate of
condensate
Mc (kg/s)

Wall

Film

Temperature

Temperature

Tw ()

Tf ()

0.2

0.01

74.04

82.6125

0.3

0.015

72.79

81.675

03

0.35

0.0175

72.29

81.3

04

0.2

0.01

71.54

80.7375

01

0.2

0.01

78.403

87.69125

0.3

0.015

76.153

86.00375

03

0.2

0.01

75.153

85.25375

04

0.3

0.015

74.778

84.9725

01

0.5

0.025

78.93

89.475

0.4

0.02

77.93

88.725

03

0.33

0.0165

77.555

88.44375

04

0.2

0.01

77.68

88.5375

02
5

02
10

02
15

108.33

115.556

121.11

2234.35

2215.61

2199.24

Table 3: Calculated Data for Physical Properties at mean temperature

Steam
Pressure
P psig

Number of
Observation

Mean

Density

Temperatue

Tm

(kg/m3)

Viscosity
m (kg/m.s)

Thermal
conductivity
km (W/m.oC)

Prandtl
number

01

39.75

992.375

0.00066

0.632488

4.38959

02

37.25

993.1625

0.00069

0.629338

4.63209

03

36.25

993.5125

0.00071

0.628078

4.72909

04

34.75

994.0375

0.000727

0.626188

4.87459

01

41.25

991.675

0.00063

0.634378

4.24409

02

36.75

993.1375

0.000697

0.628708

4.639367

03

34.75

994.0375

0.000727

0.626188

4.851567

04

34

994.3

0.000738

0.625243

4.931142

01

36.75

993.1375

0.000697

0.628708

4.639367

02

34.75

994.0375

0.000727

0.626188

4.851567

03

34

994.3

0.000738

0.625243

4.931142

04

34.25

994.2125

0.00074

0.625558

4.904617

10

15

Table 4: Calculated Data at Tm for water flowing for cooling

Water side
heat
Steam

Volume

Pressure

of water

P psig

(m3)

Weight

Mass

of

Flow

Velocity

Water

Rate Mc

v (m/s)

(kg)

(kg/s)

Mass

Reynolds

Velocity

s number

(kg/m2s)

Nre

Nusselts
Number

transfer
coefficients,
hi
(W/m2.oC)

0.005

4.9619

0.24809

0.446429

444.6125

17989.48

90.88034

2144.802

0.006

5.959

0.29795

0.535714

533.9583

20668.11

103.2052

2423.543

0.008

7.9481

0.39741

0.714286

712.1953

26786.86

127.7905

2994.864

0.011

10.934

0.54672

0.982143

979.7861

35978.43

163.2838

3815.16

0.006

5.9501

0.2975

0.535714

533.1586

22592.87

107.9544

2555.368

0.008

7.9451

0.39726

0.714286

711.9265

27261.81

128.8574

3022.896

0.011

10.934

0.54672

0.982143

979.7861

35978.43

163.052

3809.746

0.012

11.932

0.59658

1.071429

1069.14

38664.22

173.564

4049.239

0.01

9.9314

0.49657

0.892857

889.9082

34077.26

154.0413

3613.693

0.012

11.928

0.59642

1.071429

1068.858

39249.19

174.8063

4084.387

0.013

12.926

0.6463

1.160714

1158.235

41886.24

185.0415

4317.011

0.013

12.925

0.64624

1.160714

1158.133

41793.39

184.4147

4304.554

10

15

Table 5: Calculated physical properties for condensate at film temperature

Steam
Pressure
P psig

Number of
Observation

Density
f
(kg/m3)

Condensation
Viscosity
f (kg/ms)

Thermal
conductivity
km (W/m.oC)

heat transfer
coefficients,
ho (W/m2. oC)

01

969.9503

0.000387

0.673382

7940.977

02

970.5418

0.000393

0.672538

7834.615

03

970.7785

0.000395

0.672201

7793.283

04

971.1334

0.000399

0.671695

7732.522

01

966.7558

0.000366

0.674892

7872.231

02

967.8181

0.000377

0.674284

7699.565

03

968.2903

0.000382

0.674014

7626.602

04

968.4673

0.000384

0.673913

7599.802

01

965.633

0.000363

0.675868

7632.1

02

966.1051

0.000368

0.675463

7560.809

03

966.2821

0.00037

0.675311

7534.595

04

966.2231

0.000369

0.675362

7543.302

10

15

Table 6: Calculated Data for Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficient

Rate of
Steam
Pressure
P psig

Number of
Observation

heat
taken-up
by water,
Qw(kW)

Rate of heat
given-up by
steam,
Qc (kW)

Mean
rate of
heat
transfer,
Qm(kW)

Experimental
Percent

Log mean

overall heat

Heat

temperature

transfer

Loss

difference,

Coefficient,

(%)

Tlm( C)

UOE

(W/m2 oC)

01

21.22864

22.34347

21.786

4.989521

68.06627

1365.492

02

19.27639

33.51521

26.396

42.48464

70.79744

1590.595

03

22.39337

39.10107

30.747

42.72951

71.8688

1825.189

04

23.96112

22.34347

23.152

7.23994

73.45497

1344.669

01

29.18172

22.15612

25.669

31.7095

73.68247

1486.229

02

24.04306

33.23418

28.639

27.65561

78.58317

1554.766

03

23.96112

22.15612

23.059

8.14676

80.69217

1219.114

04

22.41112

33.23418

27.823

32.56604

81.47317

1456.889

01

30.05383

54.98105

42.517

45.33784

84.1519

2155.488

02

26.13941

43.98484

35.062

40.57178

86.25351

1734.219

03

24.27872

36.28749

30.283

33.09343

87.03246

1484.436

04

25.62528

21.99242

23.809

16.5187

86.77335

1170.562

10

15

Table 7: Calculated Data for theoretical heat transfer

Steam
Pressure
P psig

Theoretical
Number of

Overall heat transfer

Observation

coefficients,

1
U OT

1
U OE

1
VM

0 .8

UOT (W/m2.oC)
01

1469.512

0.0007

0.00073

1.900883

02

1590.879

0.0006

0.00063

1.642897

03

1816.379

0.0006

0.00055

1.305147

04

2084.369

0.0005

0.00074

1.01162

01

1648.296

0.0006

0.00067

1.642897

02

1821.456

0.0005

0.00064

1.305147

03

2074.99

0.0005

0.00082

1.01162

04

2141.934

0.0005

0.00069

0.943597

01

2015.819

0.0005

0.00046

1.091771

02

2148.591

0.0005

0.00058

0.943597

03

2209.025

0.0005

0.00067

0.885068

04

2206.505

0.0005

0.00085

0.885068

10

15

Graphical Representation
1. Nusselt Number (NNu) vs. Reynold Number (NRe) on a logarithmic plot
Graph 1: Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 5 psig steam pressure

Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 5 psig steam pressure

NNu

1000

100

10
10000

100000

NRe
Figure 2: Graphical Representation for NNu vs. NRe at 5 psig steam pressure

Graph 2: Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 10 psig steam pressure

Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 10 psig steam pressure

NNu

1000

100

10
10000

100000

NRe
Figure 3: Graphical Representation for NNu vs. NRe at 10 psig steam pressure

Graph 3: Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 15 psig steam pressure

Nusselt Number vs. Reynold Number at 15 psig steam pressure

NNu

1000

100

10
10000

100000

NRe
Figure 4: Graphical Representation for NNu vs. NRe at 15 psig steam pressure

2. Water side heat transfer coefficient, hi vs. velocity on a logarithmic plot

Water side heat transfer coefficient hi

Graph 1: Waterside heat transfer coefficient vs. inner pipe velocity at 5 psig steam pressure

Water side heat transfer coefficient, hi vs. velocity v at 5 psig

steam pressure
10000

1000

0.1

Velocity v (m/s)

Figure 5: Graphical Representation for hi vs. v at 5 psig steam pressure

Water side heat transfer coefficient hi

Graph 2: Waterside heat transfer coefficient vs. inner pipe velocity at 10 psig steam pressure

0.1

Water side heat transfer coefficient, hi vs. velocity v at 10 psig

steam pressure
10000

1000
1

10

Velocity v (m/s)

Figure 6: Graphical Representation for hi vs. v at 10 psig steam pressure

Water side heat transfer coefficient hi

Graph 3: Waterside heat transfer coefficient vs. inner pipe velocity at 15 psig steam pressure

Water side heat transfer coefficient, hi vs. velocity v at 15 psig

steam pressure
10000

1000
0.1

Velocity v (m/s)

Figure 7: Graphical Representation for hi vs. v at 15 psig steam pressure

10

3. Wilson Plot showing (1/U) vs. (1/v) 0.8

Graph 1: Theoretical and experimental values of (1/U) vs. (1/v) 0.8 for 5 psig steam pressure

(1/U) vs. (1/V)0.8 for 5 psig steam pressure

0.0008
0.0007

0.0006

(1/U)

0.0005
0.0004

Experimental

0.0003

Theoretical
dirt factor
=(0.00065-0.00036)
=0.00029

0.0002
0.0001
0
0.5

1.5

(1/v)
Figure 8: Graphical Representation of (1/U) vs. (1/v) for 5 psig steam pressure

Graph 2: Theoretical and experimental values of (1/U) vs. (1/v) 0.8 for 10 psig steam pressure

Figure 9: Graphical Representation of (1/U) vs. (1/v) for 10 psig steam pressure

Graph 3: Theoretical and experimental values of (1/U) vs. (1/v) 0.8 for 15 psig steam pressure

Figure 10: Graphical Representation of (1/U) vs. (1/v) for 15 psig steam pressure

Sample Calculation
For observation number 8 at 10 psig steam pressure
Weight of empty bucket for collecting condensate,W1 = 1.1kg
Volume of water, WB = 12 L
Density at 34C, m = 994.3 kg/m3
[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Weight of water for cooling Ww= V m=((12 103 ) 994.3) kg =11.932 kg

Mass flow rate of water,

MW = WW/tw = (11.932 20) kg/s = 0.5966 kg/s

Weight of (bucket+condensate), WS = 1.4 kg

Weight of condensate collected, WC = WS W1 = (1.4-1.1) kg = 0.3 kg
Mass flow rate of condensate, MC = WC/tc = (0.3 20) kg/s = 0.015 kg/s
Mean temperature of water, Tm = (T1+ T2)/2 = (29.5 + 38.5)/2 =34oC
From literature data,
*Saturation temperature of steam at 5 psig pressure, Ts = 108.39C
*Heat of vaporization at 5 psig pressure, s= 2215.61 kJ/Kg
*At mean temperature heat capacity of water, Cp = 4174 J/KgC
*[ J M Smith, H C Van Ness, M M Abbott. (2001) Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, McGraw - Hill, 7th
Ed, Table F1, pp-715]

Rate of heat taken by water, QW = MW Cp (T2-T1)

= 0.5966 4174 (34-29.5) J/s
= 22.411 kJ/s
Rate of heat given by steam, QC = MC s = (0.015 2215.61) kJ/s =33.2342 kJ/s

Mean rate of heat flow,

Qm =

QW QC 22.411 33.2342
=
= 27.823 kJ/s
2
2

Temperature difference at inlet,

T1 = Ts - T1 = (115.21 29.5)oC = 85.71 oC
Temperature difference at outlet,
T2 = Ts - T2 = (115.21 38.5) oC = 76.71 oC
Log mean temperature difference,
TLMTD =

T1 T2
85.71 76.71 o
=
C = 81.4732 oC
T
85.71
ln
ln 1
76.71
T2

For 1 in. nominal diameter & schedule 40 steel tube,

The outside surface per linear feet, Ao = 0.344 ft2/ft
Inside diameter (ID) of the pipe,

Di = 1.049 in. = 0.02665 m.

Outside diameter (OD) of the pipe, Do = 1.32 in. = 0.033528 m.

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-11 pp 612]

Tube length = 7 ft. 4 in. = 88 in. = 7.33 ft.

Outside area available for heat transfer, Ao = 0.3447.33 ft2 = 0.2344 m2.
Experimental overall heat transfer coefficient, UOE =

Qm
Tlm .A0

27.823 1000
W/m2.oC
81.4732 0.2344

= 1456.89 W/m2.oC

Tube wall temperature on steam side,

Tw =

TS Tm o
115.21 34 o
C=
C = 74.778oC
2
2

Properties at mean temperature, T m= 34oC

Density of water, m = 994.3 kg/m3
[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Viscosity of water, m = 0.00074 kg/m.s

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Thermal conductivity of water, km = 0.62524W/m.oC

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Mass velocity of water, Gm =

MW
0.5966
=
m/s = 1069.14 kg/m2s
04
Ai
5.576 10

Prandtl no. of water, Pr = 4.93114

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Reynolds no. of water,

Re =

Di v m

0.02665 1.07143 994.3

= 38664.2
7.4 10 04

Water side heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow

Using Dittus-Boelter equation, hi = 0.023

= 0.023

km
(Re)0.8 (Pr)1/3
Di

0.62524
(38664.2)0.8 (4.93114)1/3
0.02665

= 4049.24W/m2.oC

Film temperature,
Tf = Ts-0.75 (Ts-Tw)
= 115.21- 0.75 (115.2174.778) oC
= 84.9725
Properties of condensate at film temperature, T f = 79.36875oC
Density, f = 968.467 kg/m3
[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Viscosity of condensate, f = 0.00038 kg/m.s

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Thermal conductivity of condensate, kf = 0.67391 W/m. oC

[J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-9 pp 609]

Steam side heat transfer coefficient using Nusselt equation for film type condensation,
3

ho =0.725

1/4

k f . f .g.S
2

D 0 (TS TW ) f

=0.725

0.673913 968.467 2 9.8. 2215611

0.033528 (115.21 74.778) 0.00038

1/4

W/m2.oC

= 7599.8 W/m2.oC
Now, xw=

D0 Di 0.033528 0.02665

0.003439.m
2
2

Carbon-steel metals thermal conductivity, KM = 43 W/m. oC

Log-mean diameter, Dlm =

D0 Di
0.033528 0.02665
0.02996.m
=
D0
0.033528
ln
ln
0.02665
Di

Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient,

1

D
x .D
1
UOT =
0 W 0
h0 Di .hi k m .Dlm
=(

1
0.033528
0.003439 0.033528 1

) W/m2.oC
7599.8 0.02665 4049.24
43 0.02996

= 2141.93 W/m2.oC

Now for Wilson plot,

1
1

0.0006864 m2.oC/W
U OE 1456.89

1
1

0.00046687 m2.oC/W
U OT 2141.93
1
1

0.9436 (s/m)0.8
0.8
0.8
v
(1.07143)