Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
e
L
S
sin(
e
(t t
0
)) (1)
i
LR2
= i
S2
=
V
o
L
S
(t t
0
) +
V
o
e
L
S
L
R2
sin(
e
(t t
0
)) (2)
v
CR
= V
o
L
R1
L
S
(1 cos(
e
(t t
0
))) (3)
i
Lol
= i
D4
= i
LR2
aL
m
L
m
+a
2
L
ol
(4)
L
R2
= L
il
+
L
m
a
2
L
ol
L
m
+a
2
L
ol
(5)
L
S
= L
R1
+L
R2
(6)
L
e
=
L
R1
L
R2
L
R1
+L
R2
(7)
e
=
1
L
e
C
R
(8)
are valid. The coupling inductance transform ratio (a) is for-
mulated as a = N1/N2. Serial equivalent inductance L
s
and
parallel equivalent inductance L
e
are dened in (6) and (7). At
t = t
1
, I
S2
reaches to I
i
and then, ZCS and ZVS turn off is
provided for D
F
because of I
DF
falls to zero.
Step 2: t
1
< t < t
2
[see Fig. 2(b)]. At t = t
1
, a resonance
occurs between C
S
L
R1
L
R2
C
R
due to C
S
discharge
energy. The C
S
transfers its energy to L
R2
and L
R2
transfers
the part of energy to the output load. For this step
L
R1
di
LR1
dt
= V
CR
(9)
L
R2
di
LR2
dt
= V
CS
V
CR
(10)
C
R
dv
CR
dt
= i
LR2
i
LR1
(11)
C
S
dv
CS
dt
= I
i
i
LR2
i
Lol
= I
i
i
LR2
1 +
aL
m
L
m
+a
2
L
ol
(12)
equations are valid. When V
CS
is zero, ZVS turn on is provided
for D
S1
and also D
4
is turned off.
Step 3: t
2
< t < t
4
[see Fig. 2(c)]. At t = t
2
, D
S1
is turned
on, so it conducts the resonant current between L
R1
L
R2
C
R
. In this step, related formulas are valid. The resonant circuit
equivalent impedance is represented as Z
e
i
LR1
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR22
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+
L
e
L
R2
I
LR12
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+I
LR12
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
V
CR2
e
L
R1
sin(
e
(t t
2
)) (13)
i
LR2
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR22
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+
L
e
L
R2
I
LR12
(1 cos(
e
(t t
2
)))
+I
LR22
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
V
CR2
e
L
R2
sin(
e
(t t
2
)) (14)
v
CR
= V
CR2
cos(
e
(t t
2
))
+Z
e
(I
LR22
I
LR12
) sin(
e
(t t
2
))) (15)
Z
e
=
L
e
C
R
(16)
e
=
1
L
e
C
R
. (17)
The difference between i
LR2
and I
i
passes through D
S1
. So, it is
time to ZVT turn on for S
1
. When i
LR2
is equal to I
i
, ZCS turn
off is provided for D
S1
. While I
S1
rises due to PWM on time
i
LR2
decreases. D
s2
is turned on during the reverse recovery
time of D
2
when i
LR2
reaches zero. So, nowS
2
switching signal
can be cut. As a result, ZCT turn off is provided for S
2
.
Step 4: t
4
< t < t
5
[see Fig. 2(d)]. For this interval i
S1
=
I
i
, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR14
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR4
and v
CS
= 0 are valid. While I
i
passes through S
1
, a resonant
1922 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
starts between L
R1
C
R
D
1
. Here
i
LR1
= I
LR14
cos(
1
(t t
4
)) +
V
CR4
Z
1
sin(
1
(t t
4
)) (18)
v
CR
= V
CR4
cos(
1
(t t
4
)) Z
1
I
LR14
sin(
1
(t t
4
)) (19)
Z
1
=
L
R1
C
R
(20)
1
=
1
L
R1
C
R
(21)
equations are represented. By the resonance, I
LR1
charges C
R
.
V
CR max
is presented as
V
CR max
=
V
2
CR4
+ (Z
1
I
LR14
)
2
(22)
Step 5: t
5
< t < t
6
[see Fig. 2(e)]. At this step, I
i
passes
through S
1
and snubber circuit is deactivated. As a dcdc boost
converter main inductance charges with I
i
. PWM control lets
the converter work as a conventional dcdc boost converter. For
this interval,
i
sl
= I
i
(23)
is dened.
Step 6: t
6
< t < t
8
[see Fig. 2(f)]. For this step, i
S1
=
I
i
, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR6
=
V
CR max
and v
CS
= 0 are valid. To turn off S
1
with ZCT, S
2
must be turned on. By applying switching signal to S
2
, L
R2
resonates with C
R
. In this step
i
LR2
= i
S2
=
V
CR max
Z
2
sin(
2
(t t
6
)) (24)
v
CR
= V
CR max
cos(
2
(t t
6
)) (25)
Z
2
=
L
R2
C
R
(26)
2
=
1
L
R2
C
R
(27)
are obtained. Due to L
R2
, ZCS turn on is provided for S
2
. By
the resonance i
S2
increases and i
S1
decreases. ZCS turn on is
provided for D
S1
when i
S1
is zero. So, ZCT turn off is provided
for S
1
. After cutting S
1
switching signal, the difference between
i
LR2
and I
i
passes through D
S1
. The maximumi
LR2
is dened
as follows:
I
LR2 max
=
V
CR max
Z
2
(28)
Step 7: t
8
< t < t
9
[see Fig. 2(g)]. Here, i
S1
= 0, i
S2
=
I
LR2 max
, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= I
LR2 max
, v
CR
= 0 and
v
CS
= 0 assumptions are initial values. So, D
1
is turned on,
while v
CR
becomes positive. As a result, C
R
L
R2
L
R1
conduct a newresoance current. Following equations are dened
for this step:
i
LR1
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
))) (29)
i
LR2
=
L
e
L
R1
I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
)))
+I
LR2 max
(1 cos(
e
(t t
8
))) (30)
v
CR
=
I
LR2 max
e
C
R
sin(
e
(t t
8
))) (31)
L
S
= L
R1
+L
il
+L
m
(32)
L
e
=
L
R1
(L
il
+L
m
)
L
R1
+L
il
+L
m
(33)
e
=
1
L
e
C
R
. (34)
In auxiliary switch path, i
LR2
decreases to input current and
then i
DS1
= 0 is valid with ZCS turn off.
Step 8: t
9
< t < t
10
[see Fig. 2(h)]. For this interval, i
S1
=
0, i
S2
= I
i
, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR19
, i
LR2
= I
i
, v
CR
= V
CR9
,
and v
CS
= 0 assumptions are true. Now, another resonance
starts through C
S
C
R
L
R1
L
R2
with input current. Here
L
R1
di
LR1
dt
= v
CR
(35)
L
R2
di
LR2
dt
= v
CS
v
CR
(36)
C
R
dv
CR
dt
= i
LR2
i
LR1
(37)
C
S
dv
CS
dt
= I
i
i
LR2
(38)
are dened. By the time i
LR2
= 0, D
s2
is turned on during the
reverse recovery time of D
2
, so now S
2
switching signal can be
canceled. Hence, ZCT turn off process is completed for S
2
.
Step 9: t
10
< t < t
11
[see Fig. 2(i)]. In this step, i
S1
= 0,
i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR110
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR10
and v
CS
= V
CS10
denitions are accepted. From Fig. 2(i), two
closed loop are valid. While input current charges C
S
, a new
resonance starts between D
1
L
R1
C
R
. Below formulas are
valid for this step. At the end of this step, D
3
is turned ON as
the sum of v
CS
and v
CR
voltages exceed the output voltage
i
LR1
= I
LR110
cos(
1
(t t
10
)) +
V
CR10
Z
1
sin(
1
(t t
10
)
(39)
V
CR
= V
CR10
cos(
1
(t t
10
)) Z
1
I
LR110
sin(
1
(t t
10
))
(40)
V
CS
=
I
i
C
s
(t t
10
) (41)
Step 10: t
11
< t < t
12
[see Fig. 2(j)]. For this interval, i
S1
=
0, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= I
LR111
, i
LR2
= 0, v
CR
= V
CR11
and v
CS
= V
o
V
CR11
assumptions are true. The input current
passes through C
S
, L
R1
, and C
R
with a new resonance. When
i
LR1
= 0, C
S
and C
o
store all the energy in L
R1
. For this step
below formulas are achieved
i
LR1
= (I
LR111
I
i
) cos(
3
(t t
11
))
+
V
CR11
Z
3
sin(
3
(t t
11
)) +I
i
(42)
v
CR
= V
o
v
CS
= V
CR11
cos(
3
(t t
11
))
Z
3
(I
LR11
I
i
) sin(
3
(t t
11
)) (43)
AKIN: IMPROVED ZVTZCT PWM DCDC BOOST CONVERTER WITH INCREASED EFFICIENCY 1923
C
3
= C
S
+C
R
(44)
3
=
1
L
R1
C
3
(45)
Z
3
=
L
R1
C
3
. (46)
Step 11: t
12
< t < t
13
[see Fig. 2(k)]. In this mode, at
t = t
12
, i
S1
= 0, i
S2
= 0, i
DF
= 0, i
LR1
= 0, i
LR2
= 0,
v
CR
= V
CR12
and v
CS
= V
o
V
CR12
are accepted. While C
R
is discharged, input current charges C
S
. Here
v
CR
= V
CR12
I
i
C
3
(t t
12
) (47)
is valid. ZVS turn on is provided for D
F
due to v
CR
= 0.
Step 12: t
13
< t < t
14
[see Fig. 2(l)]. D
F
conducts input
current to the output load as a part of the conventional boost
converter. Here,
i
DF
= I
i
(48)
is valid. At last, one switching section is completed. A new
switching section can be started with new switching steps.
III. SOFT SWITCHING TYPES FOR POWER SWITCHES
Below explanations are made to prove soft switching types
of the main and the auxiliary switches.
A. ZVT Turn on and ZCT Turn off for the Main Switch
ZVT and ZCT soft switching processes are provided by S
2
.
Auxiliary switch S
2
is turned on and off twice for one S
1
turn
on time. Before S
1
switching signal, S
2
turns on and so, S
1
parasitic capacitor discharges its energy to the snubber circuit.
When D
S1
is turned on, it is time for ZVT turn of for S
1
. As
long as the t
ZV T
time, S
1
switching signal can be applied. In
the proposed converter S
1
turn on is provided with ZVT.
To provide ZCT turn off for S
1
, while S1 conducts input
current, S2 switching signal is applied to S2 to create a reso-
nance current higher than the input current. Therefore, excessive
current forces D
S1
to turn on. As long as the t
ZCT
time, S
1
switching signal can be canceled.
For the proposed converter, S
1
turn off is provided with ZCT.
B. ZCS Turn on and ZCT Turn off for the Auxiliary Switch
ZCS turn on is provided by serial inductances in the auxiliary
switch path. These inductances take control of sudden current
changes for the S
2
. As a result for the proposed converter ZCS
turn on process is provided for S
2
. It can be observed that current
stress on S
2
is lowered by coupling effect of the inductances.
So, a part of the switching power loss is gained back and sent to
output load. This action will increase converter efciency.
Despite [17], ZCT turn off also provided for S
2
. For this
action, S
2
current is decreased to zero with a resonance, to force
D
S2
. While D
S2
conducts reverse current, S
2
switching signal
can be canceled to provide ZCT turn off for S
2
. S
2
fall time
and D
s2
reverse recovery time must be smaller than D
2
reverse
recovery time to provide perfect ZCT switching. As a result,
ZCT turn off is provided for S
2
in the proposed converter.
IV. WORKING CRITERIA
The soft switching techniques are used not only for the main
switch but also for the auxiliary and other semiconductors. The
new active snubber cell components are chosen in order of the
working criteria given next. Further investigation can be done,
however the subject of this paper is about soft switching working
principles.
1) The L
R2
value can be dened as fallows to provide ZCS
soft switching for the auxiliary switch
V
o
L
LR2
t
rS2
I
i max
. (49)
2) The L
R1
value is dened below to provide sufciently
high resonant current to turn on D
S1
L
R1
2 L
R2
. (50)
3) The main switch fall time must be smaller than ZCT time
to provide perfect ZCT soft switching conditions.
4) The chosen L
R1
, L
R2
, and C
S
congure C
R
value to
provide ZCT soft switching.
5) A part of the switching power loss is gained back by the
coupling inductance. Transform ratio plays a vital role by
input and output turns. It is dened as follows to provide
efciency improvement without any voltage stress
N
1
N
2
1, 5 N
1
. (51)
6) S
2
fall time must be smaller than D
2
reverse recovery time
to provide perfect ZCT switching.
V. ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
Although there are some ZVT-ZCT dcdc boost converters
in the literature, the proposed converter gets their full benets.
As a result, advanced soft switching techniques are used for the
proposed converter not only for lowering the current stress on
power switches but also improving the efciency:
1) the main switch is turned ON with ZVT and turned OFF
with ZCT;
2) the auxiliary switch is turned ON with ZCS and turned
OFF with ZCT;
3) the main diode is turned ON with ZVS and turned OFF
with ZCS and ZVS;
4) the main switch extra voltage and current stress are
disappeared;
5) the auxiliary switch extra voltage stress is disappeared and
current stress is lowered by the coupling inductances;
6) the main diode extra voltage and current stress is
disappeared;
7) S
2
switching frequency is two times of S
1
switching
frequency;
8) high switching frequency gives an advantage of fast con-
trol and high power density with lowered component
values;
9) although soft switched active snubber cell is used in
the proposed converter, total time interval is sufcienctly
small to work as normal PWM control;
1924 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 4, APRIL 2014
Fig. 4. Prototype circuit scheme of the proposed converter.
Fig. 5. Photograph of the experimental circuit.
10) except D
2
, SIC diodes are used in the converter to provide
better reverse recovery power loss;
11) the proposed active snubber cell can be used for higher
power levels for many dcdc PWM converters.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed converter is realized for 100 kHz switching
frequency at 300 W output load. In Fig. 4, a prototype and in
Fig. 5, photograph of the proposed converter is shown, respec-
tively. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: V
i
= 200 V,
L
F
= 2200 H, L
R1
= 4 H, L
R2
= 2 H, L
ol
= 3 H, C
R
=
4,7 nF, C
o
= 330 F. Voltage, current, and part numbers of the
semiconductors are shown in Table I.
S
1
and S
2
switching signals, S
1
soft switching waveforms,
S
2
soft switching waveforms, DF soft switching waveforms,
C
R
current and voltage waveforms, LR2 current and voltage
waveforms, LR
1
current and voltage waveforms and D
3
current
TABLE I
SOME SIGNIFICANT VALUES OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES USED
IN THE PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT
Fig. 6. Some oscillograms of the converter. (a) Control signals of S
1
and S
2
(5 V/div and 2 s/div) (b) Voltage and current of S
1
, (c) Voltage and current of
S
2
and (d) Voltage and current of D
F
(100 V/div, 2 A/div and 1 s/div). (e)
Voltage and current of C
R
, (f) Voltage and current of L
R2
and (g) Voltage and
current of L
R1
(50 V/div, 2 A/div and 5 s/div). (h) Voltage and current of D
3
(100 V/div, 2 A/div and 5 s/div).
and voltage waveforms are shown in Figs. 6(a)(i), respectively.
In Fig. 6(b), ZVT turn on and ZCT turn off are provided for the
AKIN: IMPROVED ZVTZCT PWM DCDC BOOST CONVERTER WITH INCREASED EFFICIENCY 1925
Fig. 7. Main switch hard and soft switching waveforms (a) Hard turn on. (b)
Hard turn off (100 V/div, 5 A/div and 0.1 s/div). (c) Soft turn on (ZVT). (d)
Soft turn off (ZCT) (100 V/div, 2 A/div and 0.1 s/div).
Fig. 8. Overall efciency curves of the proposed and referred SS with the HS
converters comparatively.
main switch at full load. In Fig. 6(c), ZCS turn on and ZCT turn
off are provided for the auxiliary switch at full load. In Fig. 6(d),
ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off are provided for the main diode
at full load.
Hard and soft switching waveforms are shown in Fig. 7
for the main switch. In Fig. 7(a) and (b), current and voltage
overlapping is shown for hard switching; however, in Fig. 7(c)
and (d) current and voltage waveforms are shown for ZVT and
ZCT soft switching. The proposed converter total efciency is
shown in Fig. 8 with efciency curves of [8], [17] and hard
switching. The experimental prototype reaches 98.7% total ef-
ciency at full load. From Fig. 7, efciency improvement is
veried for full load range in the literature. For instance, the-
oretical and experimental explanations are carried out for the
ZVT-ZCT PWM dcdc proposed boost converter.
VII. CONCLUSION
The proposed ZVT-ZCT PWM dcdc boost converter has
one active snubber circuit to provide soft switching for all semi-
conductors. ZVT turn on and ZCT turn off are provided for
the main switch, ZCS turn on and ZCT turn off are provided
for the auxiliary switch and ZCS turn on and ZVS turn off are
provided for the main diode. Also, other diodes get benets of
the resonance current due to turn on and turn off processes. A
detailed steady-state analysis is explained for each switching
interval.
To prove theoretical analysis, an experimental prototype is
realized. While the prototype converts 200 to 400 V as a con-
ventional boost converter, it provides advanced soft switching
techniques at 100 kHz for 300 W output load. Serially added
D
2
diode prevents reverse resonance currents to create current
stress on S
1
. Also, the auxiliary switch current stress is lowered
by coupling inductance. This power loss is gained back by trans-
ferring it to the output load. As a result, the converter systemhas
98.7% total efciency at full load. The efciency improvement
is achieved by ZVT-ZCT dcdc boost converter.
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Burak Akin was born in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1977.
He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Yildiz Technical Uni-
versity, Istanbul, Turkey, in 1998, 2001, and 2008,
respectively.
From 1999 to 2013, he was a Research Assistant
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Yildiz
Technical University. He has authored or coauthored
more than 20 journal and conference papers in the
area of power electronics. He was also engaged in
three research projects involving power electronics.
His current research interests include power-factor correction, switching power
supplies, high-frequency power conversion, and active and passive snubber cells
in power electronics.