CE 345: Soil Mechanic !ntr"ctor: Dr# $eorge Mylonaki LAB EXPERIMENT #2: LIQUID LIMIT AND PLASTIC LIMIT LIQUID LIMIT TEST Introduction %hen a coheive oil i mi&e' with an e&ceive amo"nt of water( it will )e in a li*"i' tate an' flow like a vico" li*"i'# %hen the vico" li*"i' 'rie gra'"ally '"e to lo of moit"re( it will pa into a platic tate# %ith f"rther lo of moit"re( the oil will pa into a platic tate# %ith even f"rther re'"ction of moit"re( the oil will pa into a emi+oli' an' then into a oli' tate# The moit"re content( w( ,-. at which the coheive oil will pa from a li*"i' tate to a platic tate i calle' the liquid limit of the oil# Similarly( platic limit an' hrinkage limit can )e e&plaine'# Thee limit are calle' /tter)erg limit# Attr!r" Limit# Moit"re content increaing Soli' Semioli' 0latic 1i*"i' Shrinkage 1imit ,S1. 0latic 1imit ,01. 1i*"i' 1imit ,11. Equi$mnt 2# Caagran'e li*"i' limit 'evice 3# $rooving tool 3# Moit"re can 4# 0orcelain evaporating 'ih 5# Spat"la 4# 5ven 6# 7alance enitive "p to 8#82g 9# 0latic *"ee:e )ottle ;# 0aper towel 29 344945554#'oc Procdur 3# Determine the ma of moit"re can ,%&.# 3# 0"t 358g of air+'ry oil( pae' thro"gh No# 48 ieve into an evaporating 'ih# /'' water an' mi& the oil to the form of a "niform pate# 4# 0lace ome oil pate into the li*"i' limit 'evice# Smooth the "rface with a pat"la "ch that ma&im"m 'epth i 9 mm# 5# <ing the grooving tool( c"t a groove along the centerline of the oil pat# 4# T"rn the crank at the rate of 3 rev# = econ'# Co"nt the n"m)er of )low ,N. for the groove in the oil to cloe thro"gh a 'itance of > in# !f N ? 35+35( collect a moit"re ample from the c"p to a moit"re can an' 'etermine the ma ,%2.# 6# !f N @ 35( place the oil )ack to the evaporating 'ih an' clean the 'evice# Stir the oil ,to 'ry it "p. with pat"la# Then re'o tep 3( 4 an' 5# 9# Aemove the oil from the c"p of 11 'evice an' clean it caref"lly# ;# /'' more water to the oil pate in the evaporating 'ih an' mi& well# Aepeat tep 3( 4 an' 5 to get N ? 38+35# Take a moit"re ample from the c"p# Clean the 11 'evice# 28# /'' more water to the oil pate in the evaporating 'ih an' mi& well# Aepeat tep 3( 4 an' 5 to get N ? 25+38# Take a moit"re ample from the c"p# Clean the 11 'evice# 22# 0"t three moit"re can in the oven to 'ry to contant ma ,%'.# C(lcul(tion 2# Calc"late ma of can( %& ,g. 3# Calc"late ma of can B moit oil( %2 ,g. 3# Calc"late ma of can B 'ry oil( %' ,g. 4# Determine the moit"re content for each of the three trial a ,%2 + %'. & 288 w ,-. ? ,%' + %&. )r($* 0lot a emi+log graph )etween w ,-. ,arithmetic cale. v# N ,log cale.# !t ho"l' )e a traight line( which i calle' the flow c"rve# Crom the traight line( 'etermine the moit"re content w ,-. correpon'ing to 35 )low# Thi i the liquid limit +LL, of the oil# The magnit"'e of the lope of the flow line i calle' the -lo. ind/ +0I,# w& ,-. + w2 ,-. 0I ? log N2 + log N& 2; 344945554#'oc PLASTIC LIMIT TEST Introduction 0latic limit i 'efine' a the moit"re content( in percent( at which a coheive oil will change from a platic tate to a emioli' tate# !n the la)# the platic limit i 'efine' a the moit"re content ,-. at which a threa' of oil will D"t cr"m)le when rolle' to a 'iameter of 2=9 in# ,3#29 mm.# Equi$mnt 2# Moit"re can 3# 0orcelain evaporating 'ih 3# Spat"la 4# $ro"n' gla plate 5# 7alance enitive "p to 8#82 g 4# 0latic *"ee:e )ottle 6# 5ven Procdur 2# 0"t 38g of air+'ry oil( pae' thro"gh No# 48 ieve into an evaporating 'ih# 3# /'' water an' mi& the oil thoro"ghly# 3# Determine the ma of moit"re can ,%&.# 4# Crom the moit oil prepare' in tep 3( prepare everal ellipoi'al+hape' oil mae )y *"ee:ing the oil with finger# 5# Take one of the ellipoi'al+hape' oil mae an' roll it on a gro"n' gla plate "ing the palm of the han'# The rolling ho"l' )e 'one at the rate of 98 troke=min# Note that one complete )ackwar' an' one complete forwar' motion of the palm contit"te a troke# 4# %hen threa' of oil reache 2=9E in 'iameter( )reak it "p in to everal mall piece an' *"ee:e it to form an ellipoi'al ma again# 6# Aepeat tep 5 an' 4 "ntil the threa' cr"m)le into everal piece when ' ? 2=9E# 9# Collect the mall cr"m)le' piece into the moit"re can an' p"t the cover on the can# ;# Take the other ellipoi'al oil mae forme' in tep 4 an' repeat tep 5 thro"gh 9# 28# Determine the ma of moit"re can pl" wet oil ,%2.# 22# 0lace moit"re can into the oven to 'ry to contant ma ,%'.# 38 344945554#'oc C(lcul(tion# 2# Calc"late ma of can ( %& ,g. 3# Calc"late ma of can B moit oil( %2 ,g. 3# Calc"late ma of can B 'ry oil( %' ,g. 4# Calc"late platic limit ,%2 + %'. & 288 PL ? %' + %& 5# Calc"late platicity in'e&( PI ? LL F PL1 32 344945554#'oc DATA S2EET: Liquid (nd Pl(#tic Limit Decription of oil: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Sample No#: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 1ocation: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Tete' )y: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Date: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG LIQUID LIMIT TEST Tet No# 2 3 3 Can No# Ma of can ( %&,g. Ma of can B moit oil( %2 ,g. Ma of can B 'ry oil( %' ,g. ,%2 + %'. & 288 w,-. ? %' + %& No# of )low( N LL ? GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 0I ? GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG PLASTIC LIMIT TEST Can No# Ma of can ( %&,g. Ma of can B moit oil( %2 ,g. Ma of can B 'ry oil( %' ,g. PL ? ,%2 + %'. & 288= ,%' + %&. PI ? ,LL + PL. 33 344945554#'oc
Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants
A Practice Treatise Setting Forth the Principles of Gas-Engines and Producer Design, the Selection and Installation of an Engine, Conditions of Perfect Operation, Producer-Gas Engines and Their Possibilities, the Care of Gas-Engines and Producer-Gas Plants, with a Chapter on Volatile Hydrocarbon and Oil Engines