Power quality and stability improvement of a wind

farm using STATCOM supported with hybrid battery

energy storage
A. Arulampalam, M. Barnes, N. Jenkins and J.B. Ekanayake
Abstract: A large penetration of wind generation info the power system will mean that poor power
quality and poor stability margins cannot be tolerated from wind farms. This requires that methods
to improve power qualify and stability for such systems be found. The static compensator
(STATCOM) with hybrid battery energy storage (BES) has great potential to full this role,
though considerable advances in the control of this system are still to be made. From an economic
point of view, rating the STATCOM for steady-state power-quality improvement duty is
appropriate. Rating the STATCOM to absorb large amounts of additional power in excess of its
transient overload capability during network faults is inappropriate. A hybrid of BES and braking
resistor is therefore proposed. A new hybrid STATCOMBES control technique is developed and
discussed in the context of improving the stability and power quality to xed speed, induction
generator, wind turbines. The variation of the network voltage, active and reactive power with the
uctuation of the wind generation is studied. A wind generation system with a STATCOM battery
energy storage unit and the new control was simulated and the results demonstrate that both power
quality and the stability margin can be improved signicantly for wind farms.
1 Introduction
In the last decade proposals have been made to increase
the power generation from renewable energy. Specically,
the UK. Government is encouraging the development of
renewable energy in the anticipation that it will provide
15% of electrical energy by 2015. It is anticipated that the
level of wind generation will increase further. Under high
wind-generation penetration levels in the power system, the
power quality of the wind farms and their continuous
operation become important. Two power quality problems
beneting from real power storage are as follows.
Pulsating wind turbine torque: When a wind turbine blade
passes its tower a pulsating torque up to 20% of the wind
turbine rating is produced. In a xed-speed induction
generator wind turbine this produces oscillatory active
and reactive power outputs at blade-passing frequency.
The oscillatory power ow in the network reduces the
power quality, which is seen by effects such as voltage
uctuation at the point of coupling, and also produces
power oscillations in other generators connected to the
network [14].
Stability during sags and faults: When the network is
subjected to a severe disturbance such as a sag or fault, the
wind turbine transmits reduced power into the network.
The mechanical and electrical power imbalance in the
generator, accelerates the turbine and increases the speed.
As the speed increases and with it the slip, the induction
generator draws more reactive power depressing voltage
further. When the fault is cleared the generator will only be
able to return to its normal operation if the generator speed
does not exceed its so-called critical speed [1, 5, 6]. Therefore
to maintain the stable operation of the wind farm more
reactive power should be supplied by an external means,
and the extra active power from the wind farm terminals
has to be absorbed.
The STATCOM has been identied as the fastest
responding device that can assist in improving the power
quality and stability of the wind farms [712]. Previous
studies have been limited to reactive power control only.
With the addition of energy storage, for example a battery
energy storage (BES) unit, the STATCOM can provide
more benets to the wind farm and the associated power
systems.
Battery energy storage was chosen as an extremely well-
proven storage technology with low losses [13]. Other
technologies, e.g. ywheels, are also suitable and when
lifetime and maintenance costs are included, may be
preferable. When power uctuation occurs in the system,
the BES unit can be used to level the power uctuation by
charging and discharging operation. Also, during a sag or
fault the BES unit can be used to boost the stability margin
by absorbing active power from the wind farm. Many
STATCOMs have a (limited) transient overload capability
and this can be used during sags or faults. In this paper, two
applications of the STATCOM BES are studied: power
quality and stability improvement of a wind turbine [11].
For stability improvement, a very large amount of energy
may need to be absorbed in a very short space of time. It is
not economic at present to rate the BES unit for the full E-mail: mike.barnes@manchester.ac.uk
A. Arulampalam and J.B. Ekanayake are with Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
M. Barnes and N. Jenkins are with School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Manchester, UK
r The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006
IEE Proceedings online no. 20045269
doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20045269
Paper rst received 7th December 2004 and in nal revised form 20th April 2006
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006 701
value of this transient. However, rating the storage unit for
its power-quality improvement duty and supplementing the
BES unit with an additional energy sink, for example a
braking resistor, gives a better-value approach.
Control techniques were developed for this hybrid unit
and validated by EMTDC/PSCAD simulation. The results
indicate a signicant improvement on the stability margins
and quality of the power supply. These techniques have
been studied for a representative 2MW-rated wind turbine.
The results can be extrapolated to the case of a large wind
farm, although a single turbine representation has been used
since it represents a worst case, because there is no
cancellation effect of uctuations among the generators.
This approach is equivalent to the synchronous aggrega-
tion of large wind farms.
2 STATCOM BES
Figure 1 shows circuit diagram of a grid connected
STATCOM BES. This is a shunt-connected VSC and its
DC link is supported using a BES unit. The BES provides
the additional feature of providing or absorbing real power.
The terminal voltage and the wind farm current are
measured and fed to the control circuit. A simple and very
fast acting real and reactive power control typically
determines the error signal and thus the STATCOM BES
injects real and reactive power to eliminate the disturbance
depending on the application [11].
3 Case study
3.1 Power quality
To investigate the power and voltage uctuations in a wind
farm, a 2MW, 690V xed-speed machine connected to a
simple network was considered. Rather than using a
synchronous aggregation technique, effectively scaling the
wind turbine rating, in this case a single turbine was used
and the network and STATCOM ratings were scaled from
those required for a larger farm. Figure 2 shows the
equivalent circuit of the grid connected induction machine.
The machine and network parameters are given in Table 1.
The short-circuit level (SCL) at the point of connection was
taken as 12MVA. For the given rating of wind turbine, this
ratio of SCL-to-wind-farm apparent power is equivalent to
Fig. 1 STATCOM BES and BR to improve power quality and stability of wind farm (voltages in kV)
o
source
v
source
v = ,
o
terminal
v
terminal
v = and
o
) (
grid
i
grid
i =
Z = R + jX
R
1
jX
1 R
2
jX
2
R
2
(1-s)
s
jX
m PFC v v
P
Q
i
i
1
i
2
Zwindgen
terminal
windfarm
windfarm
source
grid
grid grid grid
Fig. 2 Steady-state equivalent circuit of grid connected induction machine
702 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006
the situation experienced by a small wind farm connected to
a weak network. To cover the most signicant range, two
cases were considered as limits, with the grid impedance
X/R ratios of 2 and 10. A power factor correction (PFC)
capacitor bank (3.31p.u. capacitance) was connected at the
point of connection of the wind turbine. The PFC is selected
in such a way that it supplies the reactive power drawn by
the generator, when it produces 50% of its rated power.
This reduces the losses in the STATCOM during its normal
operation and increases the reactive power support to the
wind turbine. The entire mechanical aspect of the wind
turbine was not modelled (i.e. blade control and multimass
drive models were not used). This is appropriate since the
focus of this paper is on the use and control of the hybrid
STATCOM rather than on obtaining precise values for
wind turbine response.
3.1.1 Active and reactive power ow: For
discussion, consider a simplied equivalent circuit repre-
sentation of the turbine. The wind turbine active and
reactive power output can be calculated using (1)(3) based
on the equivalent circuit given in Fig. 2.
Z
windgen

R
2
s
jX
2

==jX
m

R
1
jX
1

==jX
PFC
1
i
grid

v
source
Z
grid
Z
windgen
2
v
terminal
v
source
i
grid
Z
grid
3
Figure 3 shows the resulting active and reactive power
variation of a grid connected wind farm with the slip of the
generator. The results are given in per unit based on
2MVA, 690V line-to-line RMS. Two curves are shown
corresponding to X/R ratio of 2 and 10. These results show
that the wind turbine can supply more active power, but
with a rapid increment in reactive power absorption, when
its speed increases from the normal operating point.
3.1.2 Voltage uctuation: The pulsating torque
at blade-passing frequency varies the slip of the generator
about the normal operating point. Figure 4a shows the
terminal voltage variation of the wind turbine with its
slip. Figure 4b shows the variation of the terminal voltage
with active power output of the wind turbine. The large
variation is due to the power ow, causing a change in
voltage drop in the distribution circuit. The voltage
drop can be separated into a horizontal V
h
and a vertical
component of the voltage drop V
v
across the
grid impedance. These correspond to the component in
phase and in quadrature with the network voltage,
respectively. For uctuating active and reactive power these
quantities are given by
V
h

P
windfarm
R
grid
Q
windfarm
X
grid
jv
terminal
j
4
V
v

P
windfarm
X
grid
Q
windfarm
R
grid
jv
terminal
j
5
From (4) and Fig. 2 it can be seen that if the grid X/R ratio
is equal to the wind turbine P/Q ratio at the operating
point then the magnitude of the terminal voltage jv
terminal
j
becomes nearly the same as the source voltage jv
source
j. In
this situation the network voltage curve becomes attened.
In contrast, an increase in the vertical component of the
voltage drop corresponds to increased phase displacement
between the source and terminal voltages ( for small angles
of phase displacement).
Due to the intermittent nature of wind the active power
P
windfarm
generated by the wind farm uctuates. As active
power uctuates the reactive power Q
windform
absorbed by
the wind farm also uctuates. According to (4) and (5) as
P
windfarm
and Q
windfarm
change, the horizontal and vertical
Table 1: Grid connected wind turbine STATCOM BES
parameters
2MW, 690V wind turbine induction generator
Per-unit values are based on 2MVA and 690V
Stator resistance: 0.00486p.u. Magnetising reactance: 3.93p.u.
Rotor resistance: 0.00547p.u. Mechanical damping: 0.08p.u.
Stator resistance: 0.0919p.u. PFC capacitance: 3.31p.u.
Rotor resistance: 0.099p.u.
Grid power source
Rated capacity: 12MVA, 690V Frequency: 50Hz
Grid network two parallel three-phase power lines
Parameters given are total impedances for one three-phase power
line
Resistance: 0.00796O Reactance: 0.0796O
STATCOM
Capacity: 72MVA (690V, 1700A) Smoothing reactor: 500mH
Fig. 3 Active and reactive power variation of wind generator with slip
At operating point s 0.008, X/R2 and s 0.006, X/R10
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006 703
voltage components uctuate. These factors must be
incorporated into the system control.
3.2 Stability
3.2.1 Reactive power compensation: The net-
work shown in Fig. 1 was used to investigate stability of
the wind turbine. An external reactive power source
(the STATCOM, Q
injection
) was used to inject or absorb
reactive power up to 2MVAr to maintain the terminal
voltage at 1p.u. The impedance of both parallel lines was
selected to give a SCL of 12MVA with an X/R ratio of 10.
A three-phase balanced fault was introduced close to CB
1
.
The fault was removed by isolating the faulted circuit.
The wind turbine was assumed to operate at its rated
conditions (2MW). The source voltage magnitude was set
at 1p.u. and during the fault it reduced to zero. The reactive
power injection kept the terminal voltage at 1p.u. up to the
limit of 2MVAr. Above this limit the terminal voltage was
reduced.
It is clear from Fig. 4a, that when the wind generator slip
increases the terminal voltage reduces. This reduces the
wind turbine electrical torque because the torque is
proportional to the square of the voltage magnitude. The
variation of electrical torque of the turbine generator with
the slip is shown in Fig. 5. The fault occurs when the wind
turbine is operating at its normal operating point with the
slip of s
o
and electrical torque of 1p.u. The fault is removed
at a point when the slip is s
fr
. When the fault is removed the
machine continues to speed up if the post-fault electro-
magnetic torque is less than the mechanical torque. The
graph of post-fault torque with slip (curve 1) without
reactive power injection always lies below the mechanical
torque, thus the machine continues to accelerate until the
protection trips. With reactive power injection, the graph of
post-fault torque with slip (curve 2) increases above the
mechanical torque, thus immediately developing a decelera-
tion torque. This will make sure that the machine comes to
a stable operation at the critical slip s
c
.
3.2.2 Active power owduring the fault: During
the fault the terminal voltage was increased due to the
reactive power injection and thus permits the wind turbine
to supply more active power. If there is no external real
power absorption, the active power that can be absorbed by
the grid from the wind turbine is the same as the power loss
Fig. 5 Variation of electrical torque with slip of wind turbine generator; effect of reactive power injection
Fig. 4 Steady-state terminal voltage variation for grid connected wind generator
At operating point s 0.008, X/R2 and s 0.006, X/R10
a Variation of generator terminal voltage with slip
b Variation of generator terminal voltage with active power
704 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006
in the grid. Therefore the wind turbine output power can be
given by (6) as follows:
P
grid
jv
terminal
j
2

R
grid
jR
2
grid
X
2
grid
j
6
This power is somewhat limited. If an external source is
used to absorb active power P
Absorption
then more active
power can be absorbed from the wind turbine for a given
terminal voltage. That reduces the acceleration of the wind
turbine and thus increases the stability margin. The
STATCOM can absorb some of this power, but it would
be impractically expensive to rate the STATCOM for all
this power. This would necessitate a STATCOM (and
energy store) of similar power rating to the full wind turbine
rating. Thus a hybrid solution of STATCOM and braking
resistor presents itself.
3.2.3 Active and reactive power compensa-
tion: Figure 6 shows the electrical torque with the
variation of generator slip. Two graphs are shown. Curve
1 was plotted when the external source injects only reactive
power into the network. Curve 2 was plotted when the
external source injects reactive power into the network and
absorbs active power from the network. During the post-
fault transient period the external active power absorption
increases the electrical torque.
In the case study, the steady-state equivalent circuit has
been used to explain the basic ideas of voltage uctuation
and stability of the wind farm under a disturbed condition
without excessive complicated equations. However, this
approach will not be accurate for dynamic studies. There-
fore the actual results of the transient studies were produced
using simulation representations, which are fth-order
models and have been validated for transient studies.
4 Control technique and simulation results
The wind turbine power uctuation was studied using the
EMTDC/PSCAD simulation computer package. A 2MW,
690V xed-speed machine connected to the grid was
modelled. The grid connection point was selected with a
SCL of 12MVA and an X/R ratio of 10. The STATCOM
BES was modelled in the simulation with IGBT switches
and connected to the system through a 500mH smoothing
reactor. PFC capacitors were used as a lter to absorb the
ripple current [11].
4.1 Power-quality improvement
The STATCOM BES injects uctuating real power and the
full reactive power absorbed by the wind turbine together
with the PFC capacitors. As a result the STATCOM BES
eliminates the voltage uctuation while minimising the
reactive power ow in the grid.
Figure 7 shows the block diagram of the STATCOM
BES control for power quality improvement. The injected
Fig. 6 Variation of electrical torque with slip of wind turbine generator; effect of real power absorption and reactive power injection
i
i
w
i
w
i
i
i
abc

dq

i
u
a
u
b
u
c
i
+
-
i
+
-
i
+
-
i
i
i
i
i
i
windfarm_a
windfarm_b
windfarm_c
PLL
LP
LPF
Lowpass
(0.05 Hz)
windfarm_a
injcalculated_a
injmeasured_a
injcalculated_b
injmeasured_b
injcalculated_c
injmeasured_c
windfarm_c
pulses
gate
IGBT
cos+120
cos-120
cos
windfarm_b
Fig. 7 Block diagram of STATCOM BES control for power quality improvement
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006 705
three-phase currents, which represent the uctuating active
power and full reactive power absorbed by the wind
turbine, are calculated from the phase locked loop (PLL)
angle and measured wind farm three-phase currents. This
calculation is very fast because it is a feedforward type and
uses instantaneous current.

2.1
M
W
-4

-3
-2

-1

+0

+1
+2
M
V
A
r
+0

+1

p
.
u
.
M
W
-4
-3
-2
-1
+0
+1
+2

M
V
A
r
p
.
u
.
+1
Time (sec)
PSTATCOM
QSTATCOM Qgrid Qwindfarm
Pwindfarm Pgrid
Vrms
Qwindfarm Qgrid QSTATCOM
Pwindfarm Pgrid PSTATCOM
Vrms
Time (sec)
a
b
2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
2.1 2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
2.1 2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
2.1 2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
2.1 2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
2.1 2.4 2.7 3 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0
+1.2
+0.8
+0.6
+0.4
+0.2
-0.2
+1.06
+1.03
+1
+0.97
+0.94
+0.88
+0.91
+0.85
+0.82
+1.2
+1
+0.8
+0.6
+0.4
+0.2
+0
-0.2
+1.06
+1.03
+0.97
+0.94
+0.91
+0.88
+0.85
+0.82
Fig. 8 Wind turbine power uctuation and terminal voltage variation
a Without STATCOM BES
b With STATCOM BES compensation
706 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006
Using current is much simpler and ameliorates or
circumvents many of the issues (speed of response, ltering,
identication of the uctuation, cross-coupling between real
and reactive parts) which would arise if a more a
conventional approach using real and reactive power or
voltage were adopted. Then hysteresis control is used to
produce gate pulses to the IGBT switches. This works as
a fast tracking feedback control as it ensures that the
measured injected three-phase currents follow the calculated
currents.
Figures 8a and 8b show simulation results of the wind
turbine when a large 2.5Hz uctuating torque is applied to
test the behaviour of the control algorithm. This causes
active and reactive power uctuation and thus varies the
voltage, when no STATCOM BES compensation is
applied, Fig. 8a. The average reactive power increases with
the uctuating torque. Figure 8b shows power ow in the
wind turbine, grid and STATCOM BES, and terminal
voltage when compensation is applied. The STATCOM
BES compensates the wind-farm active power uctuation
and full reactive power, and thus eliminates the voltage
uctuation.
4.2 Hybrid STATCOM for stability
improvement
The STATCOM BES with a braking resistor (BR) may also
be used to improve the wind turbine stability. The BR was
connected at the junction point of the STATCOM BES and
the network. Figure 9a shows the block diagram of the
STATCOM BES control. The STATCOM BES injects reac-
tive power to the grid to maintain the voltage at its rated
value. Section 1 holds the injected voltage V
STATCOM_BES
at its nominal value. In case of a sudden change of the
terminal voltage V
terminal
, current will be injected to pull
V
terminal
towards V
STATCOM_BES
due to the difference
between V
STATCOM_BES
and V
terminal
. As a result, the
STATCOM responds immediately to any changes in the
grid voltage without requiring control action from the rest
of the controller. During rapid changes of grid voltage
phase angle and magnitude, the STATCOM BES immedi-
ately responds by active and reactive power injection or
absorption. Section 2, a negative feedback PI controller,
maintains the injected current below the rated current by
reducing the reactive power injection. Section 3 responds to
changes in the grid voltage magnitude and with reactive
power exchange with grid, again using a negative feedback
PI stage.
Figure 9b shows the block diagram of the braking
resistor. The BR is switched in when the voltage magnitude
is below 80% of its rated value or the injected reactive
power is more than 60% of the rated reactive power. These
set values were selected according to the simulation
conditions, which indicate that this system is under faulted
or transient operating conditions.
abc
0
V
terminal
(kV)
v
ta
v
tb
v
tc
v

v
0
V
-
+
0.8
(80%)
v
ta
v
tb
v
tc
Q
+
-
i
inja
i
injb
i
injc
Q
V
Q
BR
OR
logic
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
V
+
-
+
-
+
-
V
V
+
+
V
(measured)
0.4
0
+0.4
-0.4
Rated
voltage
terminal_rated
PI controller
PI controller
STATCOM BES
rated current
(2.9kA)
Iinjected
Section 2
Section 1
Rated
voltage
terminal_rated
terminal_measured
terminal_measured
Calculation
of
Set reference
inj_measured
signal
gate
detect_signal
STATCOM
Calculation
of
(per unit)
0.6 (60%)
detect_signal
STATCOM_BES
a
b
Fig. 9 Block diagrams of control for stability improvement
a STATCOM BES control
b Breaking resistor control
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006 707
Figure 10a shows the transient behaviour of the wind
turbine when the fault clearing exceeds its critical time. The
negative value of the electrical torque shows that the
induction machine is operating as a generator. During the
fault the absolute magnitude of the electrical torque reduces
and collapses as there is no voltage. After the fault is cleared
the magnitude of slip continues to increase and the voltage
slowly collapses indicating that the system becomes
unstable, in this case the duration of the fault was higher
than the critical clearance time.
Figure 10b shows the simulation waveforms with
STATCOM BES and BR operation. The electrical
generating torque increases from 1.0p.u. to 1.5p.u. in the
period from 1.8 to 3.1s (during the post-fault operation).
This corresponds to the period in which the slip having
increased during the fault recovers back towards its normal
value while the terminal voltage is also recovering. There-
fore during this period the electrical torque has increased
until the BR contactor is opened (3.1s), which speeds up the
recovery process. Therefore the STATCOM BES and BR
increase the critical clearing lime from 177 to 627ms. Of key
importance is that the braking resistor can be used not only
to absorb power during the fault or sag event but also post-
event to speed system recovery.










Fig. 10 Simulation result of wind turbine when fault occurs
a Fault exceeds critical time without STATCOM BES BR
b Fault cleared at critical time with STATCOM BES and BR
708 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006
The critical clearing time was studied for three
cases: without STATCOM BES and BR, with STATCOM
BES and with STATCOM BES and BR. The results
are tabulated in Table 2. These results show that the
STATCOM BES made a signicant improvement of the
stability margin of the wind turbine. The STATCOM BES
operated with the BR improved the stability margin
further.
5 Conclusions
Two applications of the Hybrid STATCOM BES are
studied: improving power quality of the wind turbine, and
improving stability of the wind turbine. In both cases the
system behaviour was analysed and is discussed using a
steady-state equivalent circuit representation. Then the
STATCOM BES control was simulated in a time-stepping
transient software package and the results conrmed.

+1
+0

0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
+0


-1

+0

+0
MechanicalTorque
Pwindfarm_Absorbed PSTATCOM_Injected PBR_Absorbed
QSTATCOM_Injected Qwindfarm_Absorbed
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
ElectricalTorque
Slip
Vrms terminal Vrms source
b
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
-0.4
-0.8
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.05
+1.2
+0.8
+0.6
+1.2
+0.8
+0.4
+1.6
+0.4
+0.2
+0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.2
-1.6
+1.5
+1
+0.5
-0.5
-1.5
Fig. 10 (Continued)
Table 2: Critical fault clearing time for a balanced fault at
the source terminal
Critical fault clearing time, ms
faulted
condition
without
STATCOM
BES and BR
with
STATCOM
BES
with
STATCOM
BES and BR
Balanced
grounded fault
177 514 621
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006 709
The power-quality improvement study considered vol-
tage uctuations. A control system, developed for the
STATCOM BES. was simulated. The simulation shows
that the STATCOM BES can be used to eliminate power
uctuations and reduce the reactive power absorption to
zero. This conrms the excellent performance of the
proposed system for power quality improvement, although
in a real system, power ratings may be further constrained
by economics.
The wind turbine stability study shows that the reactive
power injection improves the wind turbine stability
signicantly and it can be improved further by absorbing
active power from the wind turbine. A control developed
for the STATCOM battery energy storage and braking
resistance, was simulated. The simulation results conrm
that the STATCOM BES improves the stability margin of
the wind turbine by 300% and a further 50% improvement
was achieved with the BR
:
when compared with the wind
farm operated alone. Again, economic considerations
dictate the size of practical components in a real installation.
6 References
1 Jenkins, N., Allan, R., Crossley, P., Kirschen, D., and Strbac, G.:
Embedded generation, IEE power and energy series 31, 2000, ISBN
0853967748, pp. 111123
2 Persaud, S., Fox, B., and Flynn, D.: Impact of remotely connected
wind turbines on steady state operation of radial distribution
networks, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2000, 147, (3),
pp. 157163
3 Carrillo, C., Feijoo, A.E., cidras, J., and Gonzalez, J.: Power
uctuations in an isolated wind plant, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
2004, 19, (1), pp. 217221
4 Davidson, M.: Interaction of a wind farm with the distribution
network and its effect on voltage quality. Presented at the IEE
Colloquium on the impact of Embedded Generation on Distribution
Networks (Digest 1996/194), October 1996, pp. 9/19/5
5 Salman, S.K., and Teo, A.L.J.: Windmill modelling consideration
and factors inuencing the stability of a grid-connected wind power-
based embedded generator, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 2003, 18, (2),
pp. 793802
6 Akhmatov, V., Knudsen, H., Bruntt, M., Neilsen, A.H., Pederson,
J.K., and Poulsen, N.K.: A dynamic stability limit of grid-connected
induction generators. Proc. of IASTED Int. Conf. on Power and
Energy Systems, September 2000, pp. 235244
7 Saad-Saoud, Z., Lisboa, M.L., Ekanayake, J.B., Jenkins, N., and
Strbac, G.: Application of STATCOMs to wind farms, IEE Proc.
Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1998, 145, (5), pp. 511516
8 A book written by the project group at the conclusion of a project to
install and monitor the performance of an 8MVAr ASVC at Rejsby
Hede wind farm in Jutland. Power quality improvements of wind
farms, Denmark, June 1998, ISBN 87-90707-05-2
9 Arulampalam, A., Ekanayake, J.B., and Jenkins, N.: Application
study of a STATCOM with energy storage, IEE Proc. Gener. Transm.
Distrib., 2003, 150, (3), pp. 373384
10 Hitachi, I.A., and Suzuki, H.: Levelling of power uctuation of wind
power generation using sodium-sulfur battery. Proc. of 6th Int. Conf.
on Batteries for Utility Energy Storage, Germany, September 1999,
pp. 7T37T3
11 Arulampalam, A.: Power-quality improvement with battery-sup-
ported voltage-source converters. Thesis submitted to University of
Manchester of Science and Technology, November 2002
12 Bousseau, P.: Solutions for the grid integration of wind farms A
survey. Proc. of 2004 European Wind Energy Conf., November 2004,
pp. 1216
13 Ribeiro, P.F., Johnson, B.K., Crow, M.L., Arsoy, A., and Liu, Y.:
Energy storage systems for advanced power applications (invited
paper), Proc. IEEE, 2001, 89, (12), pp. 17441756
710 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 153, No. 6, November 2006