2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved.
LTE Small Cell Evolution
October 2013 Bong Youl (Brian) Cho, brian.cho@nsn.com Disclaimer LTE , NSN . TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 2 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Why Small Cell? Pico cell and eICIC/FeICIC Relay Small Cell Enhancement in Release 12
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 3 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Our vision: Mobile networks are able to deliver one Gigabyte of personalized data per user per day profitably Key requirements for networks towards 2020 Support up to 1000 times more capacity Teach networks to be self- aware
Reinvent Telcos for the cloud
Flatten total energy consumption Reduce latency to milliseconds Personalize network experience
for profitability and a quantum leap in flexibility TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 4 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. 1000x capacity can be done with tech evolution ASA Smart Scheduler New bands Carrier Aggregation HetNet management Advanced macros Flexible small cells MIMO & adv. receiver eCoMP TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 5 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. ? (cellular network) (frequency reuse) ?
AMPS 7 CDMA 1 (, )
Small cell: Macro > Micro > Pico > Femto HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) with Interference Management ?
data rate (Cooperative Multi-Point transmission and reception, CoMP) ? Higher order & advaned MIMO: 2x2 4x4 8x8 AAS, 3D beamforming, FD-MIMO, etc ? = x , Carrier Aggregation TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 6 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Radio Technology Evolution LTE Rel-8 and Rel-9 LTE Advanced Rel-10 and Rel-11 LTE Advanced Evolution Rel-12 and Rel-13 5G 2010+ 2013+ 2015+ 2020+ Optimize data performance and architecture Squeeze macro cells Small cells & new service enablers Small Cell Enhancements Macro Cell Enhancements Machine-Type Communication, Device-to-Device SON, WLAN Integration, Public Safety TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 7 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. 3GPP* LTE Base Station Classes (1/2) 3GPP* defined RF requirements separately per BS class Wide area Medium range Local areas Home The BS classes Defined based on distance between user and antennas Measured as Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) Differences in RF requirements Frequency stability Spurious emissions Sensitivity Dynamic range Blocking requirements RF requirements for small BSs More relaxed than for high power BSs Make it further possible to reduce the cost of RF sections
* 3GPP TS 36.104 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 8 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. 3GPP* LTE Base Station Classes (2/2) Cells MCL Power level Description Deployment Macro >70dB Typical up to 100 W per sector (no upper limit), 3-6 sectors Big, outdoors, high power Operators deploy thousands nationwide Micro >53dB Max 5 W Small, outdoors, medium power Operators deploy in selected urban areas Pico >45dB Max 0.25 W Small, indoors, low power Operators or integrators deploy in enterprises Femto - Max 0.10 W Very small, indoors, very low power Consumers deploy up to millions * MCL = Minimum Coupling Loss between terminal and base station antennas * 3GPP TS 36.104 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 9 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Frequency Use Options for small cells TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 10 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Why Small Cell? Pico cell and eICIC/FeICIC Relay Small Cell Enhancement in Release 12
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 11 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Network Densification Homogeneous network Heterogeneous network
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 12 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. HetNet problems in non-homogeneous deployment Consist of deployments where low power nodes are placed throughout a macro-cell layout The interference characteristics in a heterogeneous deployment can be significantly different than in a homogeneous deployment Mainly, two different heterogeneous scenarios are under consideration Macro-Femto (CSG: Closed Subscriber Group) case Macro-Pico case TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 13 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Range Extension (of picocell) The current cell selection algorithm is DL oriented So, it may not be the optimum for UL perspective. Further more, too high DL power of macro cell is too costly in cellular network Range extension of picocell but, this can lead to significant interference issue in extended range TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 14 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Motivation for new ICIC techniques The frequency domain ICIC (defined in Rel-8) is not sufficient. Because DL control channels (PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH) are spread over the entire system bandwidth. With a cell-specific interleaving structure ICIC in another resource domain becomes necessary TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 15 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Why ALMOST blank subframe? Because some channels/signals should be transmitted for the legacy UE operation. CRS (If ABS coincides with MBSFN subframe not carrying any signal in data region, CRS is not present in data region ) PSS, SSS, and PBCH PRS and CSI-RS SIB1/Paging with associated PDCCH No other signal is transmitted Some interference still exists. To be studied in the next release. TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 16 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Almost Blank Subframe (ABS) introduced Aggressor cell silences for some time For victim cell to have protected resources Still PSS, SSS, PRS, CSI-RS, SIB1, Paging transmitted for backward compatibility, so called it Almost Victim cell makes use of the silences time For victim cell to schedule UEs in victim cell For UE in victim cell to check its serving cell radio condition For UE in victim cell to measure its serving cell For UE in other cell to measure victim cell TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 17 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Coordination between two cell layers TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 18 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. TDM eICIC Principle - example with macro & HeNBs Requires strict time-synchronization between macro & HeNBs Macro-layer HeNB-layer One sub-frame Macro-UEs close to non-allowed CSG HeNBs: (i) To be scheduled in sub-frames where the HeNB layer is muted. (ii) Should ideally also only do RLF monitoring in subframes where the HeNB layer is muted. Otherwise, RLF may be triggered, even though the UE can actually get data. HeNB-UEs only scheduled in normal subframes. Macro-UEs that does not experience excessive interference from non-allowed CSG HeNBs can be scheduled also in sub- frames where the HeNB-layer is not muted. Almost blank, or MBSFN sub-frame Sub-frame with normal transmission TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 19 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. TDM eICIC Principle - example with macro & Pico Requires strict time-synchronization between macro & Pico Macro-layer Pico-layer One sub-frame Other pico-UEs that are closer to their serving pico node and therefore less restricted by macro-layer interfence canbe scheduled in any subframe. Pico-UEs sensitive to macro-cell interference are only scheduled in subframes where Macro use ABS. This allows scheduling of pico-UEs using larger pico node cell selection offsets (range extension). Almost blank, or MBSFN sub-frame Sub-frame with normal transmission TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 20 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. TDM eICIC Principle - combined macro+pico+HeNB case Almost blank, or MBSFN sub-frame Sub-frame with normal transmission Macro-layer Pico-layer HeNB-layer Pico-nodes can schedule UEs with larger RE, if not interfered from non-allowed CSG HeNB(s) Macro-eNBs and Pico-eNBs can schedule also users that are close to non-allowed CSG HeNB(s), but not pico-UEs with larger RE. Pico-UEs with larger RE, close to CSG HeNB(s) are schedulable (as well as pico-UEs without RE). TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 21 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Baseline Assumptions for Network Configuration of Muting Patterns: HeNB Macro + HeNB scenario: Muting patterns are assumed to be statically configured from OAM Both macro and HeNB needs to know the muting pattern: HeNB will apply the muting pattern (i.e. will mute some of its subframes) Macro-eNB needs to know so it only schedule its users close to non-allowed CSG HeNBs during muted subframes + can configured Rel-10 UEs with appropriate measurement restrictions. Centralized concept TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 22 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Baseline Assumptions for Network Configuration of Muting Patterns: pico Macro + pico scenario: Muting patterns are assumed to be dynamically configured, assisted by new X2 signalling introduced in Rel-10. Both macro and pico needs to know the muting pattern: Macro-eNB will apply the muting pattern (i.e. will mute some of its subframes) Pico-eNB needs to know so it only schedule its users with large range extension during muted subframes + can configured Rel-10 UE measurement restrictions for those UEs. Distributed concept TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 23 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. New X2 eICIC Related Signalling ABS information in IE This IE provides information about which subframes the sending eNB is configuring as ABS and which subset of ABS are recommended for configuring measurements towards the UE. Macro can signal ABS muting pattern to the pico nodes in ABS information IE. A neighbouring macro-cell receiving this information may aim at using similar muting pattern (but it is optional if macro-eNB follows such recommendation). Invoke information IE This IE provides an indication that the sending eNB would like to receive ABS information. Can be used by pico nodes to suggest macro-eNB to start scheduling ABS, i.e. that the pico serves UEs suffering high interference. Both the ABS information IE and/or Invoke IE is part of the LOAD INFORMATION message. Therefore, both of them can be exchanged between any two eNBs connected with X2, also between macros.
X2-AP: LOAD INFORMATION eNB eNB TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 24 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. TS36.423 X2AP: Load Information 9.1.2.1 LOAD INFORMATION This message is sent by an eNB to neighbouring eNBs to transfer load and interference co-ordination information. Direction: eNB 1 eNB 2 .
IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and reference Semantics description Criticality Assigned Criticality Message Type M YES ignore Cell Information M YES ignore >Cell Information Item 1 .. <maxCelline NB> EACH ignore >>Cell ID M ECGI Id of the source cell
>>UL Interference Overload Indication O >>UL High Interference Information 0 .. <maxCelline NB>
>>>Target Cell ID M ECGI Id of the cell for which the HII is meant
>>>UL High Interference Indication M >>Relative Power (RNTP) O >>ABS Information O 9.2.54 YES ignore >>Invoke Indication O 9.2.55 YES ignore TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 25 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. TS36.423 Invoke IE & ABS Information IE IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and reference Semantics description CHOICE ABS Information M >FDD >>ABS Pattern Info M BIT STRING (SIZE(40)) Each position in the bitmap represents a DL subframe, for which value "1" indicates ABS and value "0" indicates non ABS. The first position of the ABS pattern corresponds to subframe 0 in a radio frame where SFN = 0. The ABS pattern is continuously repeated in all radio frames. The maximum number of subframes is 40. >>Number Of Cell-specific Antenna Ports M ENUMERATED (1, 2, 4, ) P (number of antenna ports for cell-specific reference signals) defined in TS 36.211 [10] >>Measurement Subset M BIT STRING (SIZE(40)) Indicates a subset of the ABS Pattern Info above, and is used to configure specific measurements towards the UE. IE/Group Name Presence Range IE type and reference Semantics description Invoke Indication M ENUMERATED (A BS Information, )
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 26 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. New X2 eICIC Related Signalling (cont) Macro-eNB can send a resource request to the pico-eNB. Pico-eNB response with ABS status
The ABS status is basically a load measure of how much the pico-eNB uses the subframes where the macro-eNB is muted. It is intended that only ABS allocated to UEs that would not cope otherwise are reported This information can be used by the macro-eNB to get an idea of the consequences of increasing/decreasing the number of muted subframes. It can be combined with information about overall load in the pico. 9.2.58 ABS Status The ABS Status IE is used to aid the eNB designating ABS to evaluate the need for modification of the ABS pattern.
eNB 1 eNB 2
RESOURCE STATUS REQUEST RESOURCE STATUS RESPONSE DL ABS status M INTEGER (0..100) Percentage of resource blocks of ABS allocated for UEs protected by ABS from inter-cell interference. This includes resource blocks of ABS unusable due to other reasons. The denominator of the percentage calculation is indicated in the Usable ABS Information. >> Usable ABS Pattern Info M BIT STRING (SIZE(40)) Each position in the bitmap represents a subframe, for which value "1" indicates ABS that has been designated as protected from inter-cell interference and value "0" indicates ABS that is not usable as protected ABS from inter-cell interference. The pattern represented by the bitmap is a subset of, or the same as, the corresponding ABS Pattern Info IE conveyed in the LOAD INDICATION message. TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 27 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. ABS patterns Pattern 1: RRM/RLM measurement resources restriction for the serving cell Serving cell RLM results look more stable. As a result, For PUE (UE under Pico), RLF declaration avoided at CRE of pico cell For MUE (UE under Macro), RLF declaration avoided at femto cell area TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 28 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. ABS patterns contd Pattern 2: RRM measurement resources restriction for neighboring cells Neighboring cell looks more optimistic MUE can be handed over to in CRE area of pico cell One pattern with PCI list TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 29 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. ABS patterns contd Pattern 3: Resources restriction for CSI measurement of the serving cell Two subsets for pattern 3: for eNB to obtain multiple channel status measurement for scheduling, e.g., CSI measurement on ABS CSI measurement on non-ABS TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 30 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. UE Operation for eICIC: Example TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 31 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Performance enhancement example through Pico Cells and eICIC UE1 UE2 UE3 Macro Pico Pico 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 UE1 UE2 UE3 Total Mbps No eICIC eICIC with 50% ABS System Capacity with HetNet and eICIC +50% TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 32 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. CA approach to interference avoidance in HetNet TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 33 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. With or without cross-carrier scheduling TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 34 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FeICIC in Rel-11 eICIC is introduced in LTE Rel-10 and further enhanced in Rel-11 eICIC = enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination FeICIC = Further enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination
eICIC consists of three design principles Time domain interference management (Rel-10) Severe interference limits the association of terminals to low power cells Cell range expansion (Rel-10/11) Time domain resource partitioning enables load balancing between high and low power cells Resource partitioning needs to adapt to traffic load Interference cancellation receiver in the terminal (Rel-11/12) Ensures that weak cells can be detected Inter cell interference cancellation for control signals (pilots, synchronization signals) Ensures that remaining interference is removed Inter cell interference cancellation for control and data channels (PDCCH/PDSCH) * source: Qualcomm TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 35 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. eICIC and FeICIC FeICIC (Further enhanced non CA-based ICIC for LTE) WI was completed in Dec. 2012 Support of larger CRE(up to 9dB) for better load balancing Macro eNB provides Picos SIB1 to the UE in larger CRE region via dedicated signaling * source: ETRI eICIC in Rel-10 FeICIC in Rel-11 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 36 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FeICIC Performance * source: Qualcomm TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 37 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FeICIC Performance contd * source: Qualcomm TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 38 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Why Small Cell? Pico cell and eICIC/FeICIC Relay Small Cell Enhancement in Release 12
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 39 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Relay Relay as a tool to improve, e.g. the coverage of high data rates group mobility temporary network deployment the cell-edge throughput provide coverage in new areas Various relay types Type1 vs. Type2 In-band vs. out-band Stationary vs. mobile Single hop vs. multi-hop Etc TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 40 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Proxy Functionality DeNB plays S1/X2-AP and S-GW proxy role for RN DeNB appears to RN as Control plane: MME for S1, eNB for X2 User Plane: S-GW TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 41 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. In-band Relay Interference b/w access link and backhaul link
Inband relay - Un and Uu links are isolated in time TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 42 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. In-band Relay contd Using MBSFN subframe for relay operation Multiplexing b/w access and backhaul links
RN subframe configuration
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 43 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. RN Startup Procedure - Phase I Attach for RN Pre-configuration TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 44 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. RN Startup Procedure - Phase II Attach for RN Operation TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 45 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Rel-10 Relay Node Simplification Deployment Scenario Simplification No RN mobility No multi-hop RN No inter-RN handover Radio Protocol Simplification No additional header compression No data forwarding at handover No semi-persistent scheduling No TTI bundling No MBMS on Relay TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 46 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_LTE_mobRelay Study on Mobile Relay for E-UTRA Rapporteur: CATT Schedule: Start (July 2007) Finish (Dec 2013, estimated) Latest SID: RP-131375 (RAN#61) The objective shall focus on the backhaul design of mobile relays Identify the target deployment scenarios first (RAN3) Identify the key properties of mobile relays and assess the benefits of mobile relays over existing solutions (e.g. L1 repeaters) in fast-moving environments Evaluate suitable mobile relay system architecture and procedures, including procedures for group mobility (RAN3) Comparison based on higher layer considerations, e.g. Group mobility, etc. (RAN3) Comparison based on PHY layer considerations (RAN1) Analyze the potential impact of moving cells created by mobile relays Latest Status Report: RP-131380 Latest 3GPP TR and/or TS: 36.836 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 47 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. A reference scenario for high speed train TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 48 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Alternative 1 Alt.1 relay architecture The same RN as Rel-10 with minor difference that MRN supports NNSF. TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 49 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Alternative 2
PGW/SGW (RN) Relay GW E-UTRA UE Un eNB UE Uu MME/SGW (UE) E-UTRA UE Un eNB eNB UE Uu eNB PGW/SGW (RN) Relay GW Initial DeNB Target DeNB S1-U Alt.2 with Relay GW and PGW/SGW collocated with initial DeNB Alt.2 with Relay GW and PGW collocated with initial DeNB TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 50 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Alternative 2 contd Alt.2 with dual Rel-10relays for HO Alt.2 with Relay GW and PGW/SGW separated from initial DeNB TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 51 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Alternative 4 User-UE SGW/PGW S11 (UE) User-UE MME Donor-eNB (Proxy) User-UE E-UTRA- Uu (UE) UE Network Elements IP Relay UE related S1 msg User-Plane data(UE) S1-U (UE) Un interface S 1 - M M E
( U E ) Relay Network Elements Relay-UEs MME Relay-UEs SGW/PGW S 1 - M M E
( R e l a y ) S 1 -U (R e la y ) S11 (Relay) IP New model New functionalities needed for one-to-one mapping between two DRBs (one over Un and one over Uu) that need to be kept synchronized. TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 52 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Why Small Cell? Pico cell and eICIC/FeICIC Relay Small Cell Enhancement in Release 12
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 53 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_LTE_SC_enh_req Study on Scenarios and Requirements of LTE Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Rapporteur: China Mobile Schedule: Start (Sep 2012) Finish (Dec 2012) Latest SID: RP-121418 (RAN#57) Identify the target deployment scenarios and the relevant characteristics: Definition and characterization of small cells; Targeted deployment scenarios e.g. used spectrum, backhaul and synchronization. Identify the key requirements for small cell enhancements: Deployment related requirements; Capability related requirements e.g. peak data rate; System performance requirements e.g. spectrum efficiency, coverage and mobility (in idle and connected states); Operational requirements, e.g. architecture, complexity, cost, energy efficiency etc. Latest Status Report: RP-121651 Latest 3GPP TR and/or TS: 36.932 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 54 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Small cell deployment scenario With and without macro coverage Outdoor and indoor (UE mobility) Ideal and non-ideal backhaul Sparse and dense Synchronized and un-synchronized TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 55 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. More specified small cell deployment scenario TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 56 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Spectrum Applicable to all existing and as well as future cellular bands, with special focus on higher frequency bands, e.g., the 3.5 GHz band Also take into account the possibility for frequency bands that, at least locally, are only used for small cell deployments. Co-channel deployment scenarios between macro layer and small cell layer should be considered as well. TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 57 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_LTE_SC_enh_L1 Study on Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Physical-layer aspects Rapporteur: Huawei Schedule: Start (Dec 2012) Finish (Dec 2013, estimated) Latest SID: RP-122032 (RAN#58) Objective Define channel characteristics of small cell deployments and UE mobility scenarios. Study potential enhancements to improve the spectrum efficiency, including Introduction of a higher order modulation scheme (e.g. 256 QAM) for the downlink. Enhancements and overhead reduction for UE-specific reference signals and control signaling in downlink and uplink based on existing channels and signals Study efficient operation of a small cell layer composed of small cell clusters. Mechanisms for interference avoidance and coordination among small cells adapting to varying traffic and the need for enhanced interference measurements. Mechanisms for efficient discovery of small cells and their configuration. Physical layer study and evaluation for small cell enhancement higher-layer aspects, in particular concerning the benefits of mobility enhancements and dual connectivity to macro and small cell layers and for which scenarios such enhancements are feasible and beneficial.
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 58 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_LTE_SC_enh_L1 contd Study on Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Physical-layer aspects The study should address small cell deployments taking into account existing mechanisms (e.g., CoMP, FeICIC) wherever applicable. Coordinated and time synchronized operation of the small cell layer and between small cells and the macro layer can be assumed. Backward compatibility, i.e. the possibility for legacy (pre-R12) UEs to access a small-cell node/carrier, shall be guaranteed Latest Status Report: RP-131373 Latest 3GPP TR and/or TS: 36.872 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 59 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Link level evaluation results of 256QAM SINR range in which a gain is observed Observed maximum spectrum efficiency gain 0% Tx EVM 4% Tx EVM 6% Tx EVM Source 1 >27dB (rank adaptation, 0% or 4% Tx EVM) 33% 30%(0% Rx EVM) 15%(2% Rx EVM) Source 2 >25dB (rank2, 0% or 4% Tx EVM) 33% 15% 2% Source 3 >30dB(rank2) >20dB(rank1) 33% (rank2) 33% (rank1) 17%(rank2) 25%(rank1) Source 4 >30dB(rank2, TM3) >36dB(rank2, TM3, 4% Tx EVM) 30%(TM3, @38dB) * 3%(TM3, @38dB) * -30% (TM3) Source 5 >25 dB(rank adaptation, 0% or 4% Tx EVM) 25%(@40dB)* 10%(@40dB)* 8% (2% Rx EVM, @40dB) * 3%(4% Rx EVM) 1% Source 6 >25 dB(rank2, 0% or 4% Tx EVM) >18 dB(rank1, 0%, 4% or 6% Tx EVM) 15%*(rank2, @30dB) * 33% (rank1) 10% (rank2, @30dB) * 29%(rank1) -4%(rank2) 25%(rank1) Source 7 (fixed coding rate of 5/6) >30dB(0% Tx EVM, rank 2) >38dB(4% Tx EVM, rank2) 25% (rank 2) -13% (rank2, RX IQ imbalance with -25dB IMRR) 10% (rank2) -9% (rank2, RX IQ imbalance with -25dB IMRR) -30% (rank2) -3% (rank2, RX IQ imbalance with -25dB IMRR) Source 8 >27dB(rank adaptation, 0% Tx EVM) >30dB(rank adaptation, 4% Tx EVM) 23.1%(@40dB)* 9.4%(@40dB)* 0%(4% Rx EVM) Source 9 >28dB (rank2) >24dB (rank1) 20%(rank2, @32dB) * 30% (rank1, @32dB) * 15%(@32dB)* 0% Source 10 >22dB dB (rank1) 28% (rank1, @32dB) * 15% (rank1) TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 60 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. UE-specific RS overhead reduction Overhead reduction of downlink UE-specific reference signal
Overhead reduction of uplink UE-specific reference signal SINR Average gain 5dB 0.9% 20dB 2.4% 30dB 3.9% Table 6.2.1-2 Observed spectrum efficiency gain SINR Average gain 3dB 7.8% 10dB 8.7% 20dB 6.4% Table 6.2.2-2 Observed spectrum efficiency gain TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 61 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Interference Avoidance and Coordination Small cell on/off Baseline schemes without any on/off Long-term on/off schemes for energy saving Semi-static on/off schemes Ideal, dynamic on/off schemes NCT with NCTCRS (i.e., reduced CRS) Enhanced power control/adaptation Enhancement of frequency domain power control and/or ABS to multi-cell scenarios Load balancing/shifting
Please refer to 3GPP TR 36.872 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 62 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Efficient discovery of small cells & configurations Enhancements of small cell discovery PSS/SSS interference cancellation Burst transmission of DL-SS/RS If small cell on/off mechanisms are supported, a small cell in dormant state or DTX state transmits a DL-SS/RS burst with low duty cycle. Network synchronization and assistance New discovery mechanism Transmission of DL-SS/RS at specific carrier Etc Necessity of PCI extension?? It is observed from the evaluation results that in terms of PCI collision, assuming a completely random PCI allocation, the probability of PCI collision is less than 2%. For PCI confusion, the existing mechanism of reading the Cell Global Identifier from SIB1 utilizing autonomous gaps is deemed sufficient. However, it was also observed that SI reading may become more frequent in dense small cell scenarios. As a conclusion, the existing cell discovery signals are sufficient in terms of number of individually identifiable cells TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 63 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Radio-interface based synchronization Network listening
UE-assisted synchronization The synchronization between the source cell and the target cell can be achieved by some information provided by or obtained from UEs. It is observed that the availability and selection of the UEs to assist synchronization may impact the performance of the synchronization. We cannot rely on UE based synch if you want to serve pre-release 12 UEs. So, UE assisted synchronization will not be studied further, as suggested by NSN in RAN#61.
Both solutions have the following potential standards impacts: The indication of the synchronization stratum level The maximum supported hop number Applicability/compatibility of synchronization approaches with other ongoing studies TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 64 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_LTE_SC_enh_hilayer Study on Small Cell Enhancements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Higher- layer aspects Rapporteur: NTT DOCOMO Schedule: Start (Dec 2012) Finish (Dec 2013, estimated) Latest SID: RP-122033 (RAN#58) Identify and evaluate the benefits of UEs having dual connectivity to macro and small cell layers served by different or same carrier. Identify and evaluate potential architecture and protocol enhancements particular for the feasible scenario of dual connectivity and minimize core network impacts if feasible, including: Overall structure of control and user plane and their relation to each other, e.g., supporting C-plane and U-plane in different nodes, termination of different protocol layers, etc. Identify and evaluate the necessity of overall RRM structure and mobility enhancements for small cell deployments: Latest Status Report: RP-131087 Latest 3GPP TR and/or TS: 36.842 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 65 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Increased signalling load due to frequent handover Increase in number of handovers where 10 small cells are deployed per macro cell in deployment scenario #1 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 66 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Scenario #2: Method A Method A For UEs served by a single cell only, i.e., either by a macro or a small cell
Statistics for number of mobility events per UE per hour for Method A
0 500 1000 1500 2000 3 kmph 2 Picos 30 kmph 2 Picos 60 kmph 2 Picos 3 kmph 10 Picos 30 kmph 10 Picos 60 kmph 10 Picos Events per UE per hour PP HO PM HO MP HO MM HO TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 67 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Scenario #2: Method B Method B For UEs configured to deliver data via macro and small cells simultaneously
Statistics for number of mobility events per UE per hour for Method B
0 500 1000 1500 2000 3 kmph 2 Picos 30 kmph 2 Picos 60 kmph 2 Picos 3 kmph 10 Picos 30 kmph 10 Picos 60 kmph 10 Picos Events per UE per hour SCell Change SCell Removal SCell Add PCell HO TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 68 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Dual Connectivity Benefits of Dual Connectivity hides small cell mobility to CN throughput enhancements with inter-site CA maximum BW allocated to the UE can consist of the BW offered by the macro + the BW offered by the small cell traffic offload to small cell macro can be relieved from the lower layer processing of all user plane data One target scenario U-Plane aggregated from macro & pico, mobility management/RRC from macro
Expected Changes & Impacts dual connectivity will require changes to user plane protocols how to serve non-CA capable UEs in enhanced small cells
Macro #1 Pico #1 Pico #2 Pico #3 Macro #2 SCell Addition SCell Removal SCell Change SCell Addition SCell Removal PCell Handover TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 69 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. U-plane Bearer Split Options Option 1: S1-U also terminates in SeNB; Option 2: S1-U terminates in MeNB, no bearer split in RAN; Option 3: S1-U terminates in MeNB, bearer split in RAN.
Option 3 Option 1 MeNB SeNB EPS bearer #1 EPS bearer #2 UE S-GW Option 2 MeNB SeNB EPS bearer #1 EPS bearer #2 UE S-GW MeNB EPS bearer #1 SeNB EPS bearer #2 UE S-GW TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 70 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Control Plane architecture It is assumed that there will be only one S1-MME Connection per UE Alt. 1: Centralised RRM, with one RRC connection/signalling b/w UE and macro cell eNB Alt. 2: Distributed RRM, with one RRC connection/signalling b/w UE and macro cell eNB Alt. 3: Distributed RRM, with two RRC connection/signalling b/w UE macro cell eNB, and UE small cell eNB * source: NTT docomo Selected TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 71 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Overall technical issues considered in small cell * source: ETRI TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 72 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_UTRA_LTE_WLAN_interw Study on WLAN/3GPP Radio Int Rapporteur: Intel Schedule: Start (Dec 2012) Finish (Dec 2013, estimated) Latest SID: RP-122038 (RAN#58) Justification WLAN interworking and integration is currently supported at the CN level, including both seamless and non-seamless mobility to WLAN. However, as operator controlled WLAN deployments become more common and WLAN usage increases, RAN level enhancements for WLAN interworking which may improve user experience, provide more operator control and better access network utilization and reduced OPEX may be needed. The following issues should be taken into account during the study: Operator deployed WLAN networks are often under-utilized User experience is suboptimal when UE connects to an overloaded WLAN network Unnecessary WLAN scanning may drain UE battery resources TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 73 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. FS_UTRA_LTE_WLAN_interw contd Study on WLAN/3GPP Radio Int Objective In a first phase: Identify the requirements for RAN level interworking, and clarify the scenarios to be considered in the study while taking into account existing standardized mechanisms. In a second phase: Identify solutions addressing the requirements identified in the first phase which cannot be solved using existing standardized mechanisms, including: Solutions that enable enhanced operator control for WLAN interworking, and enable WLAN to be included in the operators cellular Radio Resource Management. Enhancements to access network mobility and selection which take into account information such as radio link quality per UE, backhaul quality, load, etc for both cellular and WLAN accesses Evaluate the benefits and impacts of identified mechanisms over existing functionality, including core network based WLAN interworking mechanisms (e.g. ANDSF). Latest Status Report: RP-131077 Latest 3GPP TR and/or TS: 37.834 TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 74 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. WLAN Interworking Assumptions Solutions developed as a result of this study should not rely on standardized interface between 3GPP and WLAN RAN nodes. UE in coverage of a 3GPP RAT when accessing WLAN will still be registered to the 3GPP network and will be either in IDLE mode or in CONNECTED mode. User preference always take precedence over RAN based or ANDSF based rules. Requirements Improve bi-directional load balancing between WLAN and 3GPP Improve the utilization of WLAN when it is available and not congested. Reduce or maintain battery consumption (e.g. due to WLAN scanning/discovery). Compatible with all existing CN WLAN related functionality Backward compatible with existing 3GPP and WLAN specifications Avoid changes to IEEE and WFA specifications. Per target WLAN system distinction (e.g. based on SSID) should be possible. Per-UE control for traffic steering should be possible. Avoid ping-ponging between UTRAN/E-UTRAN and WLAN.
TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 75 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. WLAN Interworking: Solution 1 RAN provides RAN assistance information to the UE through broadcast signaling (and optionally dedicated signaling) UE uses the RAN assistance information UE measurements and information provided by WLAN and policies that are obtained via the ANDSF or via existing OMA-DM mechanisms or pre-configured at the UE to steer traffic to WLAN or to RAN
eNB/RNC WLAN AP UE SystemInformation TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 76 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. WLAN Interworking: Solution 2 RAN provides assistance information to the UE through dedicated and/or broadcast signaling UE steers traffic to a WLAN or RAN, based on this information, UE measurements and information provided by WLAN and rules specified in the RAN specification
eNB/RNC WLAN AP UE 1. Parameters 2. Steer traffic to/from WLAN according to RAN rule and ANDSF TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 77 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. WLAN Interworking: Solution 3 The traffic steering for UEs in RRC CONNECTED state is controlled by the network using dedicated traffic steering commands, potentially based also on WLAN measurements (reported by the UE) For UEs in IDLE mode, the solution can be similar to solution 1 or 2 Alternatively, UEs in those RRC states can be configured to connect to RAN and wait for dedicated traffic steering commands
eNB/RNC WLAN AP 2. Measurement report 3. Steering command 4. UE Ack/Response UE 1. Measurement control Event trigger Steer traffic to/from WLAN RRC connection request TTA LTE Standards/Technology Training 78 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. Small Cell Summary LTE Rel-8 and Rel-9 LTE Advanced Rel-10 and Rel-11 LTE Advanced Evolution Rel-12 and Rel-13 5G 2010+ 2013+ 2015+ 2020+ Optimize data performance and architecture Squeeze macro cells Small cells & new service enablers Small Cell Enhancements Macro Cell Enhancements Machine-Type Communication, Device-to-Device SON, WLAN Integration, Public Safety 79 2013 Nokia Solutions and Networks. All rights reserved. THANK YOU!