Implementing the Discrete Ordinates (DO) Radiation Model for UV-Dose Simulations

Clifford K. Ho
3/6/08, 6/16/08
1. Read the case file (*.cas) and data (*.dat) files in FL!"# containin$ the desired %odel.
#he case file contains the %esh, &o'ndar( conditions, and other 'ser settin$s. #he data
file contains the data res'lts of )re*io's si%'lations (e.$., flo+ si%'lation).
,. R'n the -. radiation /odel
a. #'rn -. radiation %odel on (-efine 0 /odels 0 Radiation). !ner$( e1'ation
+ill a'to%aticall( &e t'rned on.
i. #he an$'lar discreti2ation controls the refine%ent of the -. %odel. #he
defa'lt for the theta and )hi di*isions is , 3 ,, +hich is coarse (434 is
&etter). -efa'lt for theta and )hi )i3els is 1 3 1 (333 is reco%%ended for
s)ec'lar or se%i5trans)arent &o'ndaries). 6ncreasin$ the di*isions +ill
increase cost of co%)'tation. 6ncreasin$ )i3ilation +ill also increase
co%)'tation, &'t not as %'ch (see 7ection 13.3.13 of the ser8s 9'ide).
ii. #he n'%&er of +a*elen$th &ands for a non5$ra( %odel can &e s)ecified as
+ell (see 7ection 13.3.13 of the ser8s 9'ide).
&. -efine a))ro)riate %aterials for the %odel (-efine 0 /aterials)
i. /a( ha*e to chan$e the fl'id %aterial t()e fro% air to +ater5li1'id.
Chan$e solid %aterials if %odelin$ 1'art2 slee*e.
ii. Chan$e the a&sor)tion coefficient to reflect the : trans%ittance (:#)
of the +ater, +here;
:# < 6/6o < e3)(5a3), +here 6/6o is the red'ction in intensit( o*er 3<1
c% ("ote that Fl'ent 'ses &ase e in this for%'la, not &ase 10)
#herefore, a&sor)tion coefficient, a < 5ln(:#)*100, +here 100 is 'sed to
con*ert c%
51
to %
51
!3a%)le; for a :# of 0.= (=0>), the a&sor)tion coefficient is 10.4 %
51
iii. 6ncl'de refracti*e indices for se%i5trans)arent &o'ndaries, if desired
c. -efine radiation &o'ndar( conditions (-efine 0 ?o'ndar( Conditions)
i. 6n o'r CF- %odels, different 2ones ha*e &een defined incl'din$ the la%)
slee*es, sensors, and the reactor &od(.
ii. For the slee*e, clic@ 7et;
1. nder the #her%al ta&, the refracti*e inde3 can &e set if radiation
is &ein$ %odeled thro'$h the slee*e (c'rrent %odels do not %odel
the la%) and air ann'l's e3)licitl(, onl( the slee*e).
a. !%issi*it( can &e set here, too. #his )la(s a role in the
diff'sel( reflected ener$(, f
d
(15)1Ain, and the a&sor&ed
ener$(, f
d
1Ain. #he s)ec'larl( reflected ener$( is (15
f
d
)1Ain. Bf
d
C is the diff'se fraction, is the e%issi*it(, and
1Ain is the radiati*e ener$( incident on the +all.
,. nder the Radiation ta&, set the ?C #()e to Bse%i5trans)arentC
a. 7et the -iff'se Fraction to a *al'e &et+een 0 and 1. For a
*al'e of 1, all of the e%itted radiation +ill &e diff'se e1'al
in all directions. For a *al'e of 2ero, the e%itted radiation
+ill follo+ the &ea% direction (reflectin$ s'rfaces +ill &e
s)ec'lar (i.e., a hi$hl( )olished, %irror5li@e s'rface)). For
circ'lar la%)s, the diff'se fraction %'st &e set to 1 to a))l(
the irradiation 'nifor%l( aro'nd the la%)
(circ'%ferentiall().
&. 7et the 6rradiation to &e the intensit( desired fro% each
la%) slee*e. Calc'late 'sin$ la%) )o+er (D) di*ided &(
the s'rface area of the slee*e. Correct for efficiencies or
s)ectral distri&'tions (if 'sin$ non5$ra( radiation %odel).
c. nchec@ the BE))l( 6rradiation Farallel to the ?ea%.C
#his +ill allo+ the s)ecified irradiation to ori$inate nor%al
to the s'rface of the slee*e. .ther+ise, the s)ecified
irradiation +ill ori$inate in a direction )arallel to the &ea%
direction s)ecified &( the G,H, and I *ector, and a
co%)onent nor%al to each s'rface +ill &e calc'lated.
d. #he ?ea% Didth (theta and )hi) s)ecifies the solid an$le
o*er +hich the irradiation is distri&'tion (see Fi$. 13.3.13
in ser8s 9'ide).
3. Elternati*el(, a ther%al radiation &o'ndar( condition can &e
a))lied
a. nder the B#her%alC ta&, clic@ on BRadiationC for #her%al
Conditions and set the !3ternal Radiation #e%)erat're to a
*al'e that (ields and e1'i*alent la%) o't)'t )o+er
accordin$ to 1 (D/%
,
) < #
J
, +here is the e3ternal
e%issi*it(, is the 7tefan5?olt2%ann constant (4.6K310
58

D/%
,
5K
J
.
&. nder the fl'id 2one (-efine 0 ?o'ndar( Conditions 0
fl'id 0 7et), clic@ on Fi3ed :al'es and assi$n a constant
*al'e (sa( 1) to the fl'id.
c. /a@e s're that the !ner$( e1'ations are acti*ated in
7ol'tion Controls (7ol*e 0 Controls 0 7ol'tion)
iii. For the BreactorA&od(C and Bsensor 2ones,C these &o'ndar( conditions can
&e treated as o)a1'e +alls +ith or +itho't reflection.
1. nder the Radiation ta&, settin$ the diff'se fraction to 1 +ill allo+
diff'se reflection onl( if the internal e%issi*it( is set to a *al'e
less than one in the B#her%alC ta&.
-iff'sel( reflected ener$( < f
d
(15)1Ain
E&sor&ed ener$( < f
d
1Ain
,. 7et the diff'se fraction to 0 to allo+ s)ec'lar (%irror5li@e)
reflection fro% these s'rfaces.
d. #o %ini%i2e the effect of ther%al radiation fro% te%)erat're differences &et+een
the fl'id and the la%) slee*es, +hich ha*e )o+er &ein$ a))lied to the%, red'ce
the te%)erat're of the fl'id to 1 K;
i. 6f a )re*io's data file +ith flo+ field res'lts +as read, 'se 7ol*e 0
6nitiali2e 0 Fatch. 7elect #e%)erat're as the :aria&le and Bfl'idC as the
Ione to Fatch. Chan$e *al'e to 1 K.
ii. 6f a flo+ si%'lation has not &een r'n (et, 'se 7ol*e 0 6nitiali2e 0 6nitiali2e
and scroll do+n to set the initial te%)erat're to 1 K.
e. #'rn off flo+ %odels and onl( acti*ate -. /odel;
i. 7ol*e 0 Controls 0 7ol'tion
1. Ecti*ate onl( the -iscrete .rdinates in !1'ations
f. R'n /odel
i. 6f a )re*io's r'n has not &een %ade, the %odel %'st &e initiali2ed first
1. 7ol*e 0 6nitiali2e (s)ecif( initial )ara%eters)
ii. 7ol*e 0 6terate
1. Choose n'%&er of iterations to &e L145,0 (sho'ldn8t ta@e that
%an( iterations to con*er$e on the radiation sol'tionM the defa'lt
con*er$ence criteria for the do5intensit( *al'es is a resid'al of 1e5
6). Clic@ 6terate.
$. :ie+ Res'lts
i. Conto'rs
1. -is)la( 0 Conto'rs, choose RadiationN and 6ncident Radiation.
Ho' can *ie+ the incident radiation on the slee*e or other defined
s'rfaces. #his is the s'% of all incident radiation on s'rfaces.
a. #o *ie+ the tr'e irradiation &o'ndar( condition, 'se Dall
Fl'3esN and ?ea% 6rradiation Fl'3.
&. #o *ie+ the incident radiation directed to+ard a )artic'lar
s'rface, choose Dall Fl'3es... 7'rface 6ncident Radiation.
#his is 'sef'l for 1'antif(in$ incident radiation enterin$ the
face of a sensor, for e3a%)le.
i. Elternati*el(, $o to Re)ort507'rface 6nte$rals and
select the s'rface (o' +ant to $et a 1'antified re)ort
of the incident radiation enterin$ the face of the
sensor. #he field *aria&le sho'ld &e Dall Fl'3es...
7'rface 6ncident Radiation.
ii. #o *ie+ radiation fro% indi*id'al solid an$les, 'se te3t co%%and;
7ol*e 0 Bset e3)ertC and %a@e the follo+in$ settin$s;
'se conser*ati*e for% of ener$( e1'ationO P(esQ
'se alternate for%'lation for +all te%)erat'resO PnoQ
7a*e cell resid'als for )ost5)rocessin$O PnoQ
Kee) te%)orar( sol*er %e%or( fro% &ein$ freedO PnoQ (es
Ello+ selection of all a))lica&le discreti2ation sche%esO PnoQ
#hen, (o' can *ie+ the Radiation res'lts for each indi*id'al solid an$le
(B6ntensit( /a$nit'de 0, 1, NC)in -is)la( Conto'rs. Ho+e*er, it is not
clear ho+ to associate the %a$nit'des +ith indi*id'al solid an$les.
3. R'n the )article trac@in$ %odel
a. Co)( or e3tract the Bli&'dfC files and folders into the c'rrent +or@in$ director(.
#here are se)arate Bli&'dfC 2i) files for 3- and 3- -F. #hese are the 'ser5
defined f'nction to calc'late dose fro% the )articles
i. For Lin'3, the folder na%e in the +or@in$ director( sho'ld &e Bli&'dfC
and the re1'ired s'&folder is Blna%d6J,C +hich contains s'&folders na%ed
&( the *ersion (e.$., B3dC or B3dd)C). 6nside these s'&folders are the
re1'ired files.
&. Load the -F into FL!"#
i. -efine 0 ser5-efined 0 F'nctions 0 Co%)iled
1. Clic@ Load
ii. Edd dose scalar to discrete )hase %odel
1. -efine 0 /odels 0 -iscrete Fhase
a. 6n the -F ta&, increase the n'%&er of scalars to 1
&. 6n the 7calar )date field, chan$e fro% BnoneC to
B'*Adosa$e;;li&'dfC
c. 6n the #rac@in$ ta&, the %a3. n'%&er of ste)s can &e
increased to chan$e the )article len$ths.
c. -efine 6nRections
i. -efine 0 6nRections
1. Clic@ Create
a. nder 6nRection #()e, select either s'rface (to release
)articles fro% each ele%ent of the inlet, for e3a%)le ) or
file. 6f s'rface is selected, choose an a))ro)riate s'rface
(e.$., inlet). 6f file is selected, clic@ on File... and select a
file.
&. 6n the #'r&'lent -is)ersion ta&, the -iscrete Rando% Dal@
/odel can &e chec@ed to rando%l( assi$n a rando%
fl'ct'atin$ *elocit( co%)onent to the %ean *elocit(. #he
n'%&er of tries indicates ho+ %an( reali2ations +ill &e
si%'lated for the $i*en set of inRection )oints.
d. Co%)'te dose to each )article
i. Re)ort 0 -iscrete Fhase 0 7a%)le
1. 7elect the o'tlet for the ?o'ndaries and the inRection na%e for
Release fro% 6nRections. 7elect as .'t)'t the B'*Ao't)'t;;li&'dfC.
#his +ill )lace an Bo'tlet.d)%C in the sa%e location +here the
inRection file +as read (if a file +as 'sed) or in the +or@in$
director(. #his file contains the c'%'lati*e dose distri&'tions for
each )article in PS/%
,
Q. #he dose is the c'%'lati*e )rod'ct of the
incident radiation PD/%
,
Q and the ti%e PsQ alon$ each ste) of the
)article )ath.
a. ?e s're that the o'tlet.d)% file is not o)en or &ein$ read &(
!3cel. 6f so, an error +ill res'lt in Fl'ent.
e. -is)la( histo$ra% of dose
i. Re)ort 0 -iscrete Fhase 0 Histo$ra%
1. Clic@ ReadN and select the Bo'tlet.d)%C file
a. /a@e s're to read in the o'tlet.d)% file each ti%e a ne+
sa%)le is created. .ther+ise, it +ill )lot the )re*io'sl(
stored o'tlet.d)% file.
,. Clic@ on B:5-osa$eC in the Fields +indo+ (last )ara%eter) and
clic@ Flot
f. -is)la( )article trac@s of dose
i. -is)la( 0 Farticle #rac@s
1. 7elect Farticle :aria&lesN and Bser :al'e 0C in the dro)do+n
%en'
,. 7elect inRection file
3. 7elect #rac@ 7in$le Farticle 7trea% or 7@i) factor (choosin$ all the
)articles is $ra)hicall( intensi*e)
$. -is)la( )article trac@s of incident irradiation
i. -is)la( 0 Farticle #rac@s
1. 7elect RadiationN and B6ncident RadiationC in the dro)do+n
%en'
,. 7elect inRection file
h. Drite )article trac@in$ data to files
i. 7ol*e 0 Farticle histor( 0 !3)ort Farticle -ata
1. Choose 7tandard, +hich +ill create a *.f*) Field*ie+ file that
contains 3, (, 2, and the selected scalar (e.$., ti%e, incident
radiation). 7elect a na%e for the file. "ote that these files can &e
1'ite lar$e if the n'%&er of ste)s for the )articles is lar$e.
a. C;TFl'ent.6ncTfl'ent6.3.,6Thel)Tht%lT'$Tnode113,.ht%
contains infor%ation on this for%at
i. Drite )article )ath data to files
i. -is)la( 0 Fathlines
1. 7elect desired scalar *aria&le (e.$., incident radiation)
,. 7elect s'rface to release )aths
3. 7elect a lar$e ste) si2e if (o' R'st +ant )oints at the inlet and o'tlet
of cells. 6f (o' +ant )oints in &et+een, select a s%aller ste) si2e
(s%aller than the cell si2e).
J. 7elect the n'%&er of ste)s that each )ath +ill ta@e.
4. 7elect n'%&er of )aths to s@i).
6. BFath coarsenC +ill re%o*e )oints alon$ a )ath ('se 1)
K. Clic@ BDrite to FileC and choose B7tandardC t()e
8. Clic@ BDriteNC
=. #he res'ltin$ *.f*) file can &e o)ened +ith a te3t editor or !3cel.
#he o't)'t +ill contain 3, (, 2, scalar, and )article 6-.
7andia is a %'lti)ro$ra% la&orator( o)erated &( 7andia Cor)oration, a Loc@heed /artin
Co%)an( for the nited 7tates -e)art%ent of !ner$(8s "ational "'clear 7ec'rit(
Ed%inistration 'nder contract -!5EC0J5=JEL84000.