CE-250 Communication System I

Lecture 1
(Reference Ch#1 of text book)
Course Literature
Textbook:
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, (4
th
Edition) by
B. P. Lathi, Zhi Ding
Reference Books:
Communication Systems, (4
th
Edition) by Simon Haykin
Pre-requisites
Signals and Systems
Lecture Material
Will be emailed before/after lecture
PPT slides
Papers
HWs, Assignments etc
Background/review material
Email me by 10:00 pm tonight on ilyas_huqqani@yahoo.com
Subject: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 1
Body: Name:..
NOTHING ELSE
Honesty
Dont LIE, Dont CHEAT
Tests, Assignments (prog /otherwise), anywhere
In fairness to the honest majority, ALL incidents of academic
misconduct will be reported to the Office of the HoD. You are
expected to report to the instructor all incidents of academic
misconduct you observe in this class.
Exams
The exams are cumulative. Test/exam grades become final one
week after they are returned in class. HWs/Assignments are
takehome exam problems and students should NOT work
together on them.
The exams (tests and final exam) will be closed book/notes or
cheat sheet allowed(will inform later) exams. In NO CASE
will a makeup exam be given unless the student obtained
approval from the instructor PRIOR to the exam.
Grading (Tentative)
Quizzes 15%
Assignments/HWs 5%
OHT (3) 30%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
Late Policy
No late assignments/HWs will be accepted for grading
Attendance Policy
At IST it is required by the students to have at least 80% of
attendance in the class
Important
If you have questions/problems:
ask questions before, during, or after the class
email questions to the instructor
make an appointment to see the instructor
Do practice problems
Any questions on course info ?
Communication
Communications = Information transfer
Communication is the process of conveying information at a
distance or it is the basic process of exchanging information.
OR
Communication is the science of transmitting, receiving and
processing of information.
Electrical Communication is a process in which the message
or information is transmitted from one point to another point
or from one person to another in the form of electrical signal,
through some communication link.
A physical entity that operates on a set of primary signals (the
inputs) to produce a corresponding set of resultant signals (the
outputs).
Operations, or processing, may take several forms:
modification, combination, decomposition, filtering, extraction
of parameters, etc.
System
Communication System
The electrical equipments or devices which are used for the
purpose of communication are known as communication
equipments and integrating of different communication
equipments for the purpose of communication form a
communication system.
This course is about communications
Limited to information in electrical form
We will primarily cover information transfer at systems
level (We will not deal too much with circuits, chips, signal
processing, microprocessors, protocols, and networks)
Purpose of communication systems (1)
Exchange information, usually via a common protocol
Telecommunication
Use of technology to aid and enhance distance
communications
Analog communications: telephone, radio, TV, etc
Digital communications: telegraphy, cellular phone,
computer network
Purpose of communication systems (2)
Information is a word that is too generic for our purposes
We will use the word message which is a physical manifestation of
information
What do communication systems have to do with messages?
Communication systems are responsible for producing an acceptable
replica of message at the destination
What exactly is information?
Just like information, signal is also a generic word
Derived directly from information
Scientists and Engineers use signal to denote information in
electrical form
We will use signal and message interchangeably
Is Signal = Message?
Provide for electronic exchange of multimedia data
Voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.
Communication Systems Today
Radio and TV broadcasting (covered later in the course)
Public Switched Telephone Network (voice, fax, modem)
Cellular Phones
Computer Networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet)
Satellite Systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts)
Bluetooth
Communication Systems
A Simple Communication System
Source of
Information
Source
Encoder
Channel
Encoder
Modulator
Channel
Demodulator
Channel
Decoder
Source
Decoder
User
A Digital Communication System
Baseband signal
Recovered Baseband signal
Block Diagram of a Generic Communication System
Description of Communication Systems (1)
Sources of Information
Speech: 300~3300 Hz (0-4KHz)
Music: 20 Hz ~ 15 kHz
Picture and video: ~4.2 MHz
Computer data: wideband
Description of Communication Systems (2)
Channels
Wireline: twisted-pair, coaxial cable, wave guide
Fibers
Wireless: broadcast, mobile communications, satellite communication
Description of Communication Systems (3)
Channel Properties
Channels can be modeled as a system (has input and
output), such as a filter
Linear vs. Non-linear
Time invariant vs. Time varying
Primary Communication Resources (1)
System Resources
1) Transmitted Power
Average power of the transmitted signal, affect SNR
2) Channel Bandwidth
Band of frequencies allocated for the transmission of message signal,
affect transmission speed
Example:
Dial-up modem: limited bandwidth (~4 kHz), power not very important
(can be tens of watts, SNR is high)
Satellite: extremely power limited (low SNR), bandwidth not very
critical (can be several GHz)
Bandwidth for certain Channels
For cable transmission, the usable spectrum is determined by the cable, and
can be reused by using more cables
Unlimited spectrum (e.g., fiber optics)
For wireless transmission, the spectrum is shared by all applications (TV,
radio broadcasting, satellite, wireless LAN, cellular, etc)
Spectrum becomes a scarce resource
Only spectrum of 3MHz 30 GHz range is especially suitable for
general purpose wireless communications
This is why we look for optimal
bandwidth efficiency
Primary Communication Resources (2)
Concept of SNR
1 ) Signal-to-noise ratio
Ratio of the average signal power to the average noise power
2) Transmission power is quantified by SNR
If noise is small (such as in telephone channel), transmitted power need not
be large for a high SNR
If noise is large (such as in wireless channel), transmitted power has to be
large in order to guarantee certain SNR
Objective of communication system design
Efficiency: use transmission power and bandwidth as effectively as
possible and a achieve certain transmission speed with minimum
bandwidth, and guarantee certain SNR with minimum transmitted
power
Basic Types of Communication System
Multiplex Systems
Multiplexing
To combine multiple signals (analog or digital) for transmission over a
single line or media.
A common type of multiplexing combines several low-speed signals for
transmission over a single high-speed connection.
Multiplexing Methods
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM): Each signal is assigned a different
physical link
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM): Each signal is assigned a
different frequency
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): Each signal is assigned a fixed time
slot in a fixed rotation
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM): Time slots are assigned to
signals dynamically to make better use of bandwidth
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): Each signal is assigned a
particular wavelength; used on optical fiber
Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
It is a form of signal multiplexing where multiple baseband signals are
modulated on different frequency carrier waves and added together to
create a composite signal
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Short for Time Division Multiplexing, a type of multiplexing that
combines data streams by assigning each stream a different time slot in a
set.
TDM repeatedly transmits a fixed sequence of time slots over a single
transmission channel.
TDM combines Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) streams created for each
conversation or data stream
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
The term Wavelength Division Multiplexing is commonly applied to an
optical carrier (which is typically described by its wavelength), whereas
Frequency Division Multiplexing typically applies to a radio carrier (which
is more often described by frequency).
However, since wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, and
since radio and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, the two
terms are closely analogous.
Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal, typically a sinusoidal
signal, in order to use that signal to convey information.
The three key parameters of a sinusoid are its amplitude, its phase and its
frequency, all of which can be modified in accordance with an information
signal to obtain the modulated signal.
In analog modulation, the change is applied continuously in response to the
data signal. The modulation may be applied to various aspects of the signal
as the lists below indicate.
In digital modulation, the changes in the signal are chosen from a fixed list
(the modulation alphabet) each entry of which conveys a different possible
piece of information (a symbol). The alphabet is often conveniently
represented on a constellation diagram.
Table of Modulation Methods
AM/FM/PM: Amplitude / Frequency / Phase Modulation
ASK/FSK/PSK: Amplitude / Frequency / Phase shift-keying
Modulating Signal Modulation performed on
Analog Modulation Methods AM FM PM
Digital Modulation Methods
ASK FSK PSK
( ) sin(2 ) s t A ft
Modulation
Carrier Wave
Message or Baseband Signal, m(t)
AM m(t) used to vary carrier Amplitude
FM m(t) used to vary carrier Frequency
Advantages of Modulation
Ease of Radiation
Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals
Exchanging the SNR with Bandwidth
A Brief History of Communications
1837: Telegraph, Morse code
1864: Electromagnetic theory, Maxwell equations
1875: Telephone (Bell)
1918: Super-heterodyne radio receiver (Armstrong)
1928: TV (Farnsworth), Signal transmission theory (Nyquist)
1937: PCM system (Reeves)
1947: Geometric representation of signal (Kotelnikov)
1948: Digital communication theory (Shannon)
1955: Satellite communications (Pierce)
1966: Fiber optic communications