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Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises

Techniques of IntegrationTrigonometric
Integrals
Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2
Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman
1/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
Recall
_
sinx dx =cosx+C
_
sin
2
x dx =
_
1
2
(1cos2x) dx =
1
2
x
1
4
sin2x+C
2/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
Example.
Consider
_
sin
3
xdx.
Note that
sin
3
x = sin
2
x sinx
= (1cos
2
x) sinx
= sinxcos
2
x sinx
Thus,
_
sin
3
xdx =
_
_
sinx cos
2
x sinx
_
dx.
Let u =cosx, du =sinxdx. Therefore,
_
sin
3
xdx =
_
_
1u
2
_
du =u+
1
3
u
3
+C =cosx+
1
3
cos
3
x+C
3/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
xdx, m N
mis odd
split off a factor of sinx
express the rest of the factors in terms of cosx, using
sin
2
x =1cos
2
x
use the substitution u =cosx, du =sinxdx
mis even
use the half-angle identity
sin
2
x =
1
2
(1cos2x)
4/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
cos
m
xdx, m N
mis odd
split off a factor of cosx
express the rest of the factors in terms of sinx, using
cos
2
x =1sin
2
x
use the substitution u =sinx, du =cosxdx
mis even
use the half-angle identity
cos
2
x =
1
2
(1+cos2x)
5/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
cos
5
xdx
_
cos
5
xdx =
_
cos
4
x cosxdx
=
_
_
cos
2
x
_
2
cosxdx =
_
_
1sin
2
x
_
2
cosxdx
=
_
_
12sin
2
x+sin
4
x
_
cosxdx
Let u =sinx, du =cosxdx.
_
cos
5
xdx =
_
_
12u
2
+u
4
_
du
= u
2
3
u
3
+
1
5
u
5
+C
= sinx
2
3
sin
3
x+
1
5
sin
5
x+C
6/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx.
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx =
_
cos
2
x sin
2
x cosxdx
=
_
_
1sin
2
x
_
sin
2
x cosxdx
=
_
sin
2
x cosxdx
_
sin
4
x cosxdx
let u =sinx du =cosxdx
_
cos
3
x sin
2
xdx =
_
u
2
du
_
u
4
du
=
1
3
u
3

1
5
u
5
+C =
1
3
sin
3
x
1
5
sin
5
x+C
7/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
mis odd
split off a factor of sinx
express the rest of the factors in terms of cosx, using
sin
2
x =1cos
2
x
use the substitution u =cosx, du =sinxdx
8/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
n is odd
split off a factor of cosx
express the rest of the factors in terms of sinx, using
cos
2
x =1sin
2
x
use the substitution u =sinx, du =cosxdx
both mand n are even
use the half-angle identities
cos
2
x =
1
2
(1+cos2x) and sin
2
x =
1
2
(1cos2x)
use the rule for
_
cos
m
xdx
9/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
sin
m
x dx or
_
cos
m
x dx
_
sin
m
x cos
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
sin
2
xcos
4
x dx.
_
sin
2
xcos
4
x dx =
_
sin
2
x(cos
2
x)
2
dx
=
__
1cos2x
2
__
1+cos2x
2
_
2
dx
=
__
1cos2x
2
__
1+cos2x
2
_
2
dx
=
1
8
_
_
1+cos2xcos
2
2xcos
3
2x
_
dx
=
1
8
__
1+cos2x
_
1+cos4x
2
_
(1sin
2
2x) cos2x
_
dx
=
1
8
_
x+
sin2x
2

1
2
_
x+
sin4x
4
_

1
2
_
sin2x
sin
3
2x
3
__
+C
10/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
3
xdx.
_
tanx tan
2
xdx =
_
tanx
_
sec
2
x1
_
dx
=
_
tanx sec
2
xdx
_
tanxdx
let u =tanx, du =sec
2
xdx
_
tan
3
xdx =
_
uduln| secx| +C
=
1
2
u
2
ln| secx| +C
=
1
2
_
tan
2
x
_
ln| secx| +C
11/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
tan
m
xdx
split off a factor of tan
2
x and write this as tan
2
x =sec
2
x1
use the substitution u =tanx, du =sec
2
xdx
_
cot
m
xdx
split off a factor of cot
2
x and write this as cot
2
x =csc
2
x1
use the substitution u =cot x, du =csc
2
xdx
12/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
cot
4
3xdx.
_
cot
2
3x cot
2
3xdx =
_
cot
2
3x
_
csc
2
3x1
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3xcot
2
3x
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3xcsc
2
3x+1
_
dx
=
_
_
cot
2
3x csc
2
3x
_
dx+
1
3
cot 3x+x+C
let u =cot 3x, du =3csc
2
3xdx
_
cot
4
3xdx =
1
3
_
u
2
du+
1
3
cot 3x+x+C
=
1
9
u
3
+
1
3
cot 3x+x+C
=
1
9
cot
3
3x+
1
3
cot 3x+x+C
13/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
csc
6
x dx.
_
csc
6
xdx =
_
(csc
2
x)
2
csc
2
xdxdx
=
_
_
1+cot
2
x
_
csc
2
xdx
=
_
(1+2cot
2
x+cot
4
x) csc
2
xdx
let u =cot x du =csc
2
xdx
_
csc
6
xdx =
_
(1+2u
2
+u
4
) du
=
_
cot x+
2cot
3
x
3
+
cot
5
x
5
_
+C
14/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
_
sec
n
xdx
n is even
split off a factor of sec
2
x.
express the rest of the factors in terms of tanx, using
sec
2
x =1+tan
2
x
use the substitution u =tanx, du =sec
2
xdx.
_
csc
n
xdx
n is even
split off a factor of csc
2
x.
express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x, using
csc
2
x =1+cot
2
x
use the substitution u =cot x, du =csc
2
xdx
15/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
sec
3
xdx.
Note that sec
3
x =secx sec
2
x. By IBP,
u =secx , dv =sec
2
xdx
du =secx tanxdx , v =tanxdx
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx
_
tanx(secxtanx) dx
=secxtanx
_
tan
2
xsecxdx
=secxtanx
_
(sec
2
x1) secxdx
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx
_
sec
3
xdx+
_
secxdx
2
_
sec
3
xdx =secxtanx+ln| secx+tanx| +C

_
sec
3
xdx =
1
2
(secxtanx+ln| secx+tanx|) +C
16/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
x dx or
_
cot
m
x dx
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
sec
n
x dx or
_
csc
n
x dx
_
sec
n
xdx
n is odd
split off a factor of sec
2
x
use IBP with dv =sec
2
xdx and u to be the remaining factors
_
csc
n
xdx
n is odd
split off a factor of csc
2
x
use IBP, with dv =csc
2
xdx and u to be the remaining factors
17/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx.
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx =
_
tan
2
x secx secx tanxdx
=
_
_
sec
2
x 1
_
secx secx tanxdx
=
_
_
sec
3
xsecx
_
secx tanxdx
let u =secx, du =secxtanxdx
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx =
_
_
u
3
u
_
du
=
1
4
sec
4
x
1
2
sec
2
x+C
18/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
tan
m
x sec
n
xdx
mis odd
split off a factor of secx tanx
express the rest of the factors in terms of secx using the identity
tan
2
x =sec
2
x1
use the substitution u =secx, du =secxtanxdx
_
cot
m
x csc
n
xdx
mis odd
split off a factor of cscx cot x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cscx using the identity
cot
2
x =csc
2
x1
use the substitution u =cscx, du =cscxcot xdx
19/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
tan
m
x sec
n
xdx
n is even
split off a factor of sec
2
x
express the rest of the factors in terms of tanx using the identity
sec
2
x =1+tan
2
x
use the substitution u =tanx, du =sec
2
xdx
_
cot
m
x csc
n
xdx
n is even
split off a factor of csc
2
x
express the rest of the factors in terms of cot x using the identity
csc
2
x =1+cot
2
x
use the substitution u =cot x, du =csc
2
xdx
20/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
cot
2
x cscxdx.
_
cot
2
xcscxdx =
_
(csc
2
x1) cscxdx
=
_
(csc
3
xcscx) dx
=
_
csc
3
xdxln| cscxcot x|
Exercise:
_
csc
3
xdx =
1
2
cscxcot x+
1
2
ln| cscxcot x| +C
=
1
2
cscxcot x
1
2
ln| cscxcot x| +C
21/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Example.
Evaluate
_

tanxsec
4
xdx.
_

tanxsec
4
xdx =
_

tanxsec
2
xsec
2
xdx
=
_

tanx(1+tan
2
x) sec
2
xdx
=
_
_

tanx+
_
tan
5
x
_
sec
2
xdx
=
2
3
_
tan
3
x+
2
7
_
tan
7
x+C
22/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Trigonometric Integrals
Integrals of the form
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
tan
m
x sec
n
xdx
mis even and n is odd
express the even power of tanx in terms of secx using the
identity tan
2
x =sec
2
x1
use the rule for
_
sec
m
xdx
_
cot
m
x csc
n
xdx
mis even and n is odd
express the even power of cot x in terms of cscx using the
identity cot
2
x =csc
2
x1
use the rule for
_
csc
m
xdx
23/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Trigonometric Integrals
F. Integrals of the form
_
sin mxcos nxdx,
_
sin mxsin nxdx or
_
cos mxcos nxdx
Recall. Product to Sum Formula
sinmx cosnx =
1
2
[sin(m+n)x+sin(mn)x],
sinmx sinnx =
1
2
[cos(m+n)xcos(mn)x],
cosmx cosnx =
1
2
[cos(m+n)x+cos(mn)x].
24/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
_
tan
m
xsec
n
x dx or
_
cot
m
xcsc
n
x dx
_
sin mx cos nx dx,
_
sin mxsin nx dx or
_
cos mxcos nx dx
Example.
Evaluate
_
cos3x cos5xdx.
_
cos3x cos5xdx =
1
2
_
(cos(3x+5x) +cos(3x5x)) dx
=
1
2
_
(cos8x+cos2x) dx
=
1
2
_
1
8
sin8x+
1
2
sin2x
_
+C
=
1
16
sin8x+
1
4
sin2x+C
25/ 26
Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Trig Integrals Exercises
Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals.
1
_
1
0
sin
2
xcos
2
x dx
2
_
cos
3
x

sinx
dx
3
_
csc
4
x
cot
2
x
dx
4
_
cos 4x cos 3x dx
5
_
tan
3
(lnx) sec
8
(lnx)
x
dx
26/ 26

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