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6
-0.5
This study investigated the feasibility of using dual curved ultrasound For a fixed acoustic output power, the exposure time of the focal spot 5
-1.0
at each location along the Y-D can be calculated for a known motion 4
phased-arrays with respiratory-gated strategy based on energy density -1.5
3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min)
trajectory and this exposure time distribution can be considered as the -2.0 Skin
2
method to perform thermal therapy on the target region with respiratory relative energy deposition density at the focal depth along the Y- -2.5 1
motion. The set of dual phased-arrays was tilted with a tilt angle of 30° to direction. Hence, the location of maximum exposure time is the -3.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
generate a confocus to increase the heating efficiency and reduce maximum deposited energy location. Figure 2(a) shows a simulated Time (seconds) Y-D (cm)
0.5 8
regular motion trajectory (trajectory #A) with a motion range of 3.0 cm Traject ory #C (d)
energy density in skin. The energy density method was employed to 0.0 7 Duty Cycle = 50%
and a period of 5 sec/cycle, which is conformed to the finite state model -0.5 6
determine the location of maximum energy density and a suitable gating -1.0
[1] for respiratory motion. Figure 2(b) shows the energy density along -1.5
5
4
window for a desired duty cycle. The set of dual phased-arrays was the motion direction, the location of maximum energy density and the -2.0
3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min)
-2.5
arranged to have their confocus coincident with the location of maximum gating window, which was determined as the ratio of accumulated -3.0 2
Skin
1
energy density and the acoustic power was turned on as the tracker energy to total energy equals to the desired duty cycle. The acoustic -3.5
Trajectory #C (c)
-4.0 0
power was turned on as the tracker moved in the gating window and 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
moved in the gating window and turned off as it moved out. The heating Time (seconds) Y-D (cm)
turned off as it moved out. 2.5 8
process was terminated as the maximum temperature of the target 2.0
(e)
7
Trajectory #D
Duty Cycle = 50%
(f)
1.5
region achieved the target temperature (Ttgt). Computer simulation 6
1.0 5
results demonstrated that the proposed heating system with energy 0.5
4
0.0
3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min)
density method was capable of generating a clinically useful thermal -0.5
Skin
2
-1.0
lesion within a short period of treatment time for a target region with a -1.5 1
Trajectory #D
-2.0 0
respiratory motion. In addition, the temperature of skin at the end of 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
Y-D (cm)
2 3 4 5
Time (seconds)
plane for the duty cycle equal to 10%, 50% or 100% for the motion deformation. Figures 5(c)-(d) further display the experimental results on
tumor thermal therapy.
trajectory #A, and target temperature 65℃. The results show that the X=0cm plane for the irregular motion trajectories #C and #D,
respectively, with a duty cycle of 50% and a sonication time of 120s,
lesion enclosed by 240 min for different duty cycles are similar, while a
Materials and Methods The thermal lesion was centered at about Y=0.3cm and 1.5cm,
100% duty cycle can enlarge the thermal effect on the adjacent tissue
with a tail-like high thermal dose region due to the motion, especially respectively, and the symmetric thermal lesion also expanded from the
• A. System Arrangement
for the region with TD equal to 10 min. Furthermore, a 100% duty cycle location of maximum energy density.
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the proposed ultrasound
also results in a much higher thermal dose region in skin. Figure 3(d)
thermal therapy system. Each phased-array consists of 80 elements indicates that the treatment time reduces as the duty cycle increases,
and its driving frequency, radius of curvature, length and width of the and the maximum temperature of skin rises significantly as the duty
phased-array are 1.0 MHz, 15.0 cm, 16.0 cm, and 1.5 cm, respectively.
cycle is greater than 50%.
The treatment tissue moved in the lateral direction (Y-D) with a given
respiratory motion trajectory and it was modeled as a rigid body above
8 8
Z = 1cm in the transverse direction covered with a motionless skin of 1 7
Duty Cycle = 10% (a)
7
Duty Cycle = 50% (b)
water was filled between the phased-arrays and the skin as a coupling 5 5
Z-D(cm)
Z-D(cm)
4 4
and cooling medium. The set of phased-arrays was mechanically
3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min) 3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min)
moved to have its confocus located at the location of maximum energy Skin Skin
2 2
density, which was obtained by the energy density method. 1 1
0 0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Z Y-D (cm) Y-D (cm)
8 80 68
Gating Window Duty Cycle = 100% (c) (d)
Treatment Time
7 70 66
Maximum Temp. of Skin (°C)
5 50 36.8 Sec. 62
Z-D(cm)
4 40 60
Treatment Tissue
3 TD = 240, 100, 10 (min) 30 58
The propsoed dual curved ultrasound phased-arays have the
r Target Region
Skin ( Z = 1 )
2
Skin
20 56 capability to perform thermal therapy for respiratory-gated tumors
1 10
55.3 °C
54 without producing a motion-induced deformed thermal lesion and with
Y 0 0 52 minimizing skin overheating within a reasonable treatment time. The
O -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.0 20 40 60 80 100
Tilt
Angl 0 cm plane for irregular motion trajectories #B, #C and #D [1], as
Curved Ultrasound Curved Ultrasound shown in Figures 4(a), 4(c) and 4(e),respectively, with 65℃ target
Phased-Array Phased-Array References
temperature and a duty cycle of 50%. The simulation results indicate
that the proposed ultrasound system can produce a thermal lesion for [1] H. Wu, G. C. Sharp, B. Salzberg et al., "A finite state model for
FIG. 1
different motion trajectories through the respiratory-gated strategy with respiratory motion analysis in image guided radiation therapy," Physics
energy density method. Medicine and Biology 49 (23), 5357-5372 (2004)
2009 Society for Thermal Medicine Annual Meeting, Tuscon, April 3-7, 2009.