Persian Idioms in English

International Journal of Language Learning and Applied Linguistics World
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STRATEGIES USED BY PERSIAN TRANSLATORS IN
TRANSLATING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS FROM ENGLISH
INTO PERSIAN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON
GOTTLIEBS (1997) MODEL

Nasser Rashidi
Associate Professor, Shiraz University

Rahele Mavaddat
MA in TEFL, Shiraz University
ABSTRACT
This purpose of this study is to investigate the strategies used by Persian translators in
translating idiomatic expressions from English into Persian. It is an attempt to understand which
strategies in translating idiomatic expressions are the most and which are the least frequently
used ones. To this end, the story of Animal Farm and three of its Persian translations were
analytically contrasted with regard to the rendering of idiomatic expressions based on the model
proposed by Gottlieb. The works were carefully studied and all the idiomatic expression in both
the English work and its Persian equivalents were determined. Then, the gathered data was
subjected to descriptive statistics and the frequency and percentage of the used strategies were
also given. The findings of this study revealed that the most frequently used strategies were
Paraphrasing (PAR), Lesion (LES), Elimination (ELI), and Transposition (TRA), respectively.
The least frequently used ones were Reduction (RED), Adherence (ADH), Compensation
(COMpen), Falsification (FAL), Elaboration (ELA), and Alienation ( ALI), respectively. While
Complication (COMpli), Lacuna ( LAC), and Emulation (EMU) had not been used at all.

KEYWORDS: translation strategies, quality of rendering, idiomatic expressions, non-idiomatic
expressions.

INTRODUCTION
Every language has a large number of phrases, idiomatic expressions, which can be trouble
making for those involved in translating or learning that language. These are phrases which
cannot be understood literally no matter how well your knowledge of grammar or individual
vocabulary is. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines and exemplifies the word idiom in
the third entry of the word as: 3 [C] (abbreviated as idm in this dictionary) a phrase or sentence
whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of individual words and which must be learnt as a
whole, e.g. give way, a change of heart, be hard put to it p.589. Understanding this aspect of
language is of primary importance for every native speaker of the language in order to be able to
communicate effectively. However, obtaining this knowledge is of more importance in
interlingual communication. For this reason, there have been a large number of researchers who
have studied different aspects of idioms. Some research on translation and on contrastive analysis
has also focused on idiomatic expressions; expressions containing idioms. In doing so, they have
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had benefits from a number of different models (Yarmohammadi & Rashidi, 2010). One of the
most prominent models is proposed by Gottlieb (1997). In his study on the rendering of English
idioms in Danish television subtitles vs. printed translationhe proposes, Gottlieb propsed a matrix
for judgements of semantic and stylistic quality between idioms in source and target texts
(p.332). The matrix includes three relations between idioms in source and targerrt texts:

Effect Quality of Rendering
1) Correspondent +
2) Insufficient -
3) Defective

In the above matrix, A plus (+) represents an idiom, a minus (-) represents a non-idiom, and a
void () indicates a missing expression.
Gottlieb (as cited in Yarmohammadi & Rashidi, 2010) defines these relations in the following
way:

Correspondent rendering (CR)(+ Quality) is a way of rendering Source Language (SL) text into
Target Language (TL) in which there is a positive agreement of semantic/stylistic quality
between SL idiomatic expressions and their TL counterparts.

Insufficient rendering (IR)(-Quality) is a way of rendering SLT into TL in which the translation
strategies used cannot acceptably meet the needs of a particular situation or a proposed end
suggesting somehow a negative semantic/stylistic quality of rendering SL idioms into the TL text.

Defective rendering (DR)( Quality) is a way of rendering SL text into TL in which the
translation lacks something essential or necessary for SL idioms completeness, adequacy, or
perfection carrying void semantic/stylistic quality of rendering between SL idioms and TL ones
(pp. 154-155).

Based on the above difinitions therefore, correspondent rendering can be regarded as the most
successful and effective way of translating from SL text into TL.

Gottlieb further stated that each of the above general strategies includes other specific strategies
based on quality of rendering the idiomatic expressions in the specified languages. These
strategies have been defined under their relevant categories in the following section

Correspondent rendering (CR):
Paraphrase (PAR) is a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered as
a TL phrase. It is an expression of the meaning of an idiom using the words and phrases often in
an attempt to make the meaning easier to understand.
Transposition (TRA) is a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered
as a TL idiom.
Expansion (EXP) is a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is correspondently rendered as
a TL phrase through using circumlocution.
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Elimination (ELI) is a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is set aside while translated
into TL text without creating a considerable semantic deficiency in target text.
Adherence (ADH): a structural relation between idioms in SL and TL texts in which the
idiomatic expressions in the SL, are rendered metaphorically in TL texts.
Compensation (COM(pen)) is a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL is correspondently
translated as a TL idiom. In this idiom translation strategy one may either omit or play down a
feature such as idiomaticity at the point where it occurs in the source text and introduce it
elsewhere in the target text (Baker, 1992, p078).
Elaboration (ElA) is a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL is correspondently
translated as a TL idiom using more words in the target text with no counterparts in the source
text. It is done for sake of clarity and understandability of the SL text.
Idiomatization (IDI) is a structural relation between idioms in the SL and the TL texts in which
non-idioms in SL text are rendered metaphorically while translated into the target text (Gottlieb,
as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).

Insufficient rendering (IR):
Reduction (RED) is a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently rendered as a
TL word.
Lacuna (LAC): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently cut off in the TL text
creating a negative semantic quality in the TL text.
Emulation (EMU): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is insufficiently treated as an
equal TL idiom, or it tries to approach quality with the target language carrying a somehow
negative semantic quality in the target language text.
Deletion (DEL): a structural relation between idioms in the SL and TL texts in which the SL
idioms are omitted while translated into TL text.
Literalization (LIT): a structural relation between idioms in the source and the target texts in
which the idioms in the SL are rendered non-metaphorically in TL texts. In other words, it is a
translation which approximates to a word-for-word representation of the original involving strict
meaning of the words not figurative or metaphorical ones.
Complication (COM(pli)): a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL, is insufficiently
rendered as a TL idiom. Here the translation involves more complexity and intricacy of
comprehension than the SLT (Gottlieb, as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).

Defective rendering (DR)( Quality):
Lesion (LES): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is defectively treated as a non-idiom
in TL text causing an unusual structural change or lexicalized abnormality in the body of target
language text.
Falsification (FAL): a translation strategy in which the SL idiom is defectively rendered as a
false TL idiom.
Amputation (AMP): a translation strategy in which SL is cut off from the translation while it
creates an inadequate and defective effect in the semantics of the target language text.
Alienation (ALI): a translation strategy in which a non-idiom SL, is rendered as a TL idiom
causing a diverted change of meaning which is totally different from that of the original text
meaning (Gottlieb, as cited Yarmahmoudi & Rashidi, 2010, pp. 154-156).
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In the following sections some of the studies on translation, with an amephasis on Persian and
English languages have been presented.

LITRATURE REVIEW
Eftekhar Paziraie (2012) did a discourse analysis of the novel "Things Fall apart" and two of its
translations, one by Bahrami and the other by Safavian, at micro and macro levels based on the
models proposed by Halliday and Hasan (1976), Hatch (1992), and Farzad (2008). The results of
her study indicated that Bahramis translation was the most successful one as it was the most
coherent one and depicted the theme of the novel, the postcolonial theme, better than the other
two works.

Khajeh (2003) investigated the rendering of English idiomatic expressions into Persian English
dramas and their corresponding Persian translations in contrast. In conducting her study, she used
two sets of data. The first set constituted the English drama Makbeth and its two Persian
translations, one by Ashuri (1999) and the other by Ahmadi (2001). The second set included the
English drama Waiting for Godt and its two Persian translations, one by Abedinifar (2001) and
the other Rastegar (2002). Based on her findngs, both translations of Makbeth were successful
because they had benefitted from correspondent rendering of the source text into target text to a
large extent. However, in case of the second drama, the translation by Abedinifar seems more
successfulthan that by Ashuri because it had benefitted from corresponding rendering strategies
more. Furthermore, of the all strategies mentioned above, only 13 strategies were used by Persian
translations. Paraphrase, Expansion and Transposition were the most frequent strategies used by
Persian translators in translating the two works. Elimination and Reduction were among the least
frequent used strategies.

In their study, Khajeh, Mobaraki, Farooghi, and Gorjan, (2013), utilized Bermans (1985)
framework to investigate those deforming tendencies,of a subtitler to favor a strategy over
another, which had the highest frequency in Persian and their English-equivalent subtitles of five
animations. Their findings revealed that the most frequent tendencies in translating the subtitles
were the destruction of expressions and idioms and the destruction of linguistic patterning,
respectively.

Khosravi and Khatib (2012) examined strategies which were used in translation of English
idioms into Persian in novels To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee and Of mice and men by
John Steinbeck and their translations. They did their study based on Bakers (1992) model who
proposed four strategies for translating idioms, i.e., using an idiom of similar meaning and form,
using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form, translation by paraphrase, and translation
by omission. Baesd on their findings, paraphrasewas the most common strategy and using an
idiom of similar meaning and form was the least common strategy applied in translation of the
two novels. Marashi and Poursoltani (2009) used Gottliebs classification of interlingual
subtitling strategies to do an analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed in
Iranian feature film. The materials used in their study were two corpora of the Farsi audio scripts
of twelve Iranian films and their translations in English which were in the form of subtitles.
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Based on their finfings, Gottliebs model was applicable was applicable to Farsi to English
subtitling of Iranian feature films. In addition, their study revealed transfer as the most frequenly
used strategy and deletion as the least frequently one in translating the subtitles.

Of the models which have been utilized in the above studies, Gottiebs model for translating
idiomatic expressions seems as the most applicable one because as he has stated in his study,
such a typology [of the potential strategies developed by him] may also serve for contrastive
analysis of ther other phenomena, extra-linguistic as well as intra linguistic, e.g. culture-specific
elements (p.323). Therefore, Gottliebs model for rendering idiomatic expressions was selected
to conduct the present study. A few Persian researchers, as it was mentioned above, have used
this model for investigating the rendering of idiomatic expressions from English to Persian. But
more studies still are needed to be done to determine the strategies which are used by Persian
translators in translating idiomatic expressions and to see whether the previous findings will be
confirmed or not. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the strategies used by
translators in translating idiomatic expressions from English to Persian. To achieve this objective,
the story of Animal Farm (George Orwell, 1950) was selected and contrastively compared with
three of its translations. This story has been translated into many languages and it has also been
translated into Persian by different translators. Therefore, by selecting this book for analysis, the
present researchers were able to examine different possible ways of rendering SL idiomatic
expressions into the TL through comparing the translations. The translations which were selected
were produced by Firoozbakht (2004); Alizadeh (2005); and Moosaie (2007). These are among
the most recent translations of the story and they even have gone to their fifth editions.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to do a contrastive analysis on the story of Animal Farm and three
of its Persian translations with regard to the rendering of idiomatic expressions based on the
model proposed by Gottlieb (1997). It is an attempt to understand which translation strategies are
most frequently used by Persian translators in translating the mentioned work.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Considering the effects of strategies in translating idiomatic expressions from SL to the
TL, as proposed by Gottlieb (1997), how successful Firoozbakht (2004); Alizadeh (2005);
and Moosaie (2007) have been in benefiting from corresponding rendering in their works?
2. Which strategies in translating idiomatic expressions are the most and which are the least
frequently used in the Persian translations of the Animal Farm?

METHODOLOGY
Material
In order to conduct the study the story of Animal Farm, full text, which has ten chapters was
selected. Then, three of the recent Persian translations of the book were selected; Firoozbakht
(2004), Alizadeh (2005), and Moosaie (2007). These works have been published times. For
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contrastively analyzing the story and becoming aware of the strategies in translating idiomatic
expressions, three chapters of the book were selected and compared with each of the three
corresponding Persian translations. In order to identify idiomatic expressions, Oxford advanced
Learners Dictionary was used.

Procedures
For doing a detailed analysis, first three chapters of the Animal Farm were selected. They were
Chapters One, Six, and Ten, respectively. Then they were studied several times carefully and
every supposed idiomatic expression was looked up so that it was made certain that all the
idiomatic expressions had been identified and included in the analysis. It should be mentioned
here that Khaje (2003) enumerated idioms, phrasal verbs, collocations, proverbs, metaphoric
chunks and fixed lexical phrases as idiomatic expressions (Yarmohammadi, Rashidi, 2010).
However, in his analysis there was no trace of common phrases which are among collocations
and can be regarded as idiomatic expressions. Thus, common phrases have been investigated in
the present study along with other idiomatic expressions. It is also worth mentioning that Oxford
Dictionary identifies common phrases in thick, some along with a definition in parenthesis,
below each specified individual entry. Thus, in identifying the common phrases, individual
entries were looked up as well when necessary. After identifying each idiomatic expression, its
definition was written beside it. Then the Persian translations were studied in order to find the
corresponding translations for the identified idiomatic expressions. At last, the idiomatic
expression, its definition, three of its translation and also the three strategies applied in translating
the English idiom were obtained and depicted through a table. It should be mentioned here that
Persian translations were also investigated for finding other Persian idiomatic expressions. When
a Persian idiomatic expression was found in each of the translation, its English correspondent
was found to see what strategy has been employed in rendering it. Each of the other two Persian
correspondents were further found and checked to see whether they involve any idiomatic
rendering or not. In order to have a better understanding of these Persian idioms and their
correspondents, they were depicted in separate tables.

Dependability of the collected data was approved through interrater agreement. After identifying
all the idioms and the strategies used in translating/rendering idiomatic expressions in the two
languages, the raw transcripted data was given to a translator. She had a B.A. degree in English
Translation major. First, all the strategies were explained to her and she was instructed how to
detect each strategy through some examples. Then, she read all the73 pages of the transcript and
determined all the idiomatic expressions. Next, points of disagreement between the two sets of
analyzed transcripts were identified and discussed with her and finally, the nature of each specific
strategy was decided upon.

Then the frequency and percentage of occurrence of each strategy was computed and the
translations were ranked based on their quality. With regard to the term Quality, it is worth
mentioning again that correspondent rendering can be regarded as the most successful and
effective way of translating from SL text into TL.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After studying the story and its three translations, 202 cases of idiomatic expression were found.
Of this, 170 idiomatic expressions were found in the I Animal farm and 32 Persian idiomatic
expressions in the translations. The 32 Persian idiomatic expressions had non-idiomatic
counterparts in the source text included 12, 8, and 10 idiomatic expressions in translations by
Firoozbakt, Moosaiee, and Alizadeh, respectively. As presenting all the identified idiomatic
expressions is beyond the scope of this study, the identified idioms in Chapter One of the book
and their Persian translation equivalents are presented in the following tables so that a better
picture will be obtained.

Table 1: The list of idiomatic expressions found in Chapter One of the animal farms and their translations
counterparts
..kick off his boots at the back
door
Kick sth off:
To remove sth by kicking
1. Pootinhayash ra ba noke panjeash
be poshte dar partab kard.
CR:PAR
2. Pootinhaye khod ra poshte dar be
goshei part kard.
CR: ELI
3. Poshte dar pootinhayash ra az pa
dar avard va be sooi part kard.
CR:PAR
..drew himself a last glass
of beer from the barrel
1.
2.
3.
.and made his way up to
bed
Make ones way (to/toward
sth):
To go; to make progress
1. Baraye raftan be rakhtekhab
amade shod.
CR:PAR
2. be samte takhte khabe khod raft. CR:PAR
3. Be tarafe otaghe khab dar
tabagheye bala raft.
CR:PAR
As soon as the light in the
bedroom went out
(used as a conj) at the
moment that; not later than
the moment when
To stop burning or shining
1. Hamin ke Cheraghe Otaghe khab
khamoosh shod
CR:PAR(as
soon as)
CR:PAR
2. be mahze inke otaghe khab tarik
shod
CR:PAR
DR:LES
3. be mahze khamoosh shodane
cheraghe otaghe khab
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
Word had gone round during
the day that

(of a news, a story, etc) to
pass from person to person;
to circulate
1. An rooz baraye Meijer e pir be har
hal gozashte bood.
DR:LES
2. Shaye shode bood ke Meijer . CR:PAR
3. Dar toole rooz shaye shode bood
ke Meijer e Pir
CR:PAR
It had been agreed that they
should meet in the big barn as
soon as Mr. Jones was safely
out of the way
The idiomatic expression
has been mentioned in the
previous cells. (!)
1.
2. ...
3.
Old Major (so he was always
called, though the name under
which he had been exhibited
was Willingdone Beauty) was
so highly regarded on the.
Under the name of sth:
using sth as a name instead
of ones real name
1. Meijere Pir (Hamishe oo ra be in
nam seda mi kardand, garche be
esme zibaye velingdon dar
namayeshga sherkat karde bood.
DR:LES
2. Meijere pir (hamantor ke hamishe
namide mishod, garche esmi ke
hame oo ra ba an mishenakhtand;
CR:PAR
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zibaye veling dan bood)
3. Mejere Pir (Agarche dar midel
vayt ba name vilingdon biyooti
sherkat karde bood, vali hamishe oo
ra be in nam seda mizadand
DR:LES
was quite ready to lose an
hours sleep in order to hear
what he had to say.
in order (to do sth) (fml)
allowed according to the
rules of a meeting, etc
1. Chenan ke har kasi mayel bood
saati az vaghte khabash ra bedahad
va goftehaye oo ra beshnavad
CR:PAR
2. Va hame hazer boodand ke yek
saat az khabe khod ra baraye
shanidane anche ke mikhast begoyad
az dast bedahand

CR:PAR
3. Ke hame hazer boodand saati az
khabe khod bogzarand va be
harfhaye oo goosh fara dahand
CR:PAR
but he was still a majestic-
looking pig, with a wise and
benevolent appearance in
spite of the fact that his
tushes had never been cut
In spite of sth : or being
prevented by sth; regardless
of sth; despite sth
1. Ba zaheri mehraban va jeddi va
kheradmand. Dar haghighat
dandanhaye
DR:LES
2. Amma hanooz yek Khoke por
obohhat va zaheri modabberane va
kheir khahane dasht ba vojode in
CR:PAR
3. Amma hanooz ba azemat bood va
ba in ke dandanhaye nishash ra
hargez naboride boodand zaheri
aaghel va mehraban dasht.
CR:PAR
Before long the other animals
began to arrive and make
themselves comfortable after
their different fashions.
After the fashion of sb/sth
Like sb/sth; in the style of
sb/sth
1. Ghabl az inke digar heivanat
beresand va jaye khod ra entekhab
konand, pish az hame se sag
amadand
CR:ELI
2. Moddate ziyadi nagozasht ke
sayere heivanat ham residand va har
kodam jaye rahati baraye khod peida
kardand
CR:ELI
3. Tooli nakeshid ke sayere heivanat
amadand va har kodam be shiveye
khasse khod dar goshei aram
gereftand
CR:PAR
and then the pigs, who
settled down in the straw
immediately in front of the
platform.
To get into a comfortable
position, either sitting or
lying
A position further forward
than but close to sb/sth
1. Va sepas khokha ke be tondi
khodeshan ra joloye jaygah rooye
kahha be zamin andakhtand va aram
gereftand
CR:PAR
2.Va baad khookha ke roye kah
moghabele sakkoo rahat neshastand
CR:PAR
3.Va baad khookha dorost joloye
sakko roye kah ja gereftand
CR:ELI
Clover who had never
quite got her figure back after
her fourth foal.
Get sth back
To obtain sth again after
having lost it; to recover sth
1. Va az zamane korregi ta be hal dar
shekel oo farghi hasel nashode bood
DR:LES
2. Va baad az choharomin korreye
khod hanooz az shekl va ghiyafe
nayoftade bood.
DR:FAL
3. Va baad az tavallode choharomin CR:PAR
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korreash hargez andame avvaliyeash
ra baz nayafte bood
.. and as strong as any two
ordinary horses put together.
(used after a n or ns
referring to a group of
people or things) combined;
in total
1. Bakster janevari bozorg ba
hodoode hijdah pa ghad va be
ghodrate do asbe maamooli bood
CR:ELI
2. va be andazeye do asbe
maamooli ghavi bood
CR:ELI
3. va ghodratash moaadele do
asbe maamooli bood
CR:ELI
in fact he was not of first-rate
intelligence, but he was
universally respected for his
steadiness of character and
tremendous powers of work.
In (actual) fact: (used for
emphasizing that sth is
true)
Actually, really
1. Dar haghighat oo hoosh va
kherade khobi nadasht.
CR:PAR
2. Albatte dar haghighat oo ziyad
ham bahoosh nabood
CR:PAR
3. Dar vaghee kheli bahoosh nabood CR:PAR
For instance, he would say
that God had given him a tail
to keep the flies off, but that
he would sooner have had no
tail and no flies.
for instance: as an
example; for example
Keep sb/sth off
Keep off: to prevent sb/sth
from approaching,
touching, etc sb/sth
1. Baraye mesal migoft: khoda
baraye in be oo dom dade ke
magasha ra az khod beranad
CR:PAR (for
instance)
CR:PAR
2. Masalan migoft ke khodavand be
oo domi dade ast ke magasha ra az
khod door konad
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
3. Masalan migoft khodavand be
man domi dade ke mitavanam ba an
magasha ra az khod beranam
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
he would say that he saw
nothing to laugh at.
Laugh at sb/sth
To show that one is amused
by sb/sth
1. Migoft chizi nemibinam ke
khande dar bashad
CR:PAR
2. Migoft ke chizi baraye khandidan
be an nemibinad
CR:PAR
3. Goft chize khandedari nemibinad CR:PAR
he was devoted to Boxer

Devote oneself/sth to sb/sth
To give ones time, energy,
etc to sb/sth
1. aasheghe bakster bood CR:PAR
2. nesbat be bakser sadegh bood
va oo ra doost dasht
CR:EXP
3. Nesbat be bakser eradate khassi
dasht
CR:PAR
the two of them usually spent
their Sundays together in the
small paddock beyond the
orchard, grazing side by side
and never speaking.
Close together, facing in
the same direction
1. Vaghteshan be chara migozasht.
Az in soo be an soo miraftand .
DR:LES
2. Pahloo be pahlooye yekdigar rah
miraftand
CR:TRA
3. va bi anke harfi bezanand
kenare ham micharidand
CR:PAR
a brood of ducklings .
wandering from side to side
to find some place where they
would not be trodden on.
From side to side (side: any
of the surfaces of sth that is
not the top or bottom, front
or back)
1. Va az in soo be an soo sargardan
boodand ta jaee baraye neshastan
peyda konand

CR:PAR
2.Va az yek taraf be tarafe digar
miraftand ke jaee ra peyda konand ta
lagadmal nashavand
CR:PAR
3. be in taraf va an taraf miraftand
va be donbale jaie boodand ta zire pa
leh nashavand
CR:PAR
Clover made a sort of wall
round them with her great
foreleg
A sort of sth (infml)
An uncertain or unusual
type of sth
1.Kelaver pahaye bozorgash ra
joloye anha gozasht va nowee divar
barayeshan dorost kard
CR:PAR

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347
2. Kelaver ba pahaye joloie khod
atrafe anha divari dorost kard va joje
ordakha dakhele an gharar gereftand
CR:PAR
3. kelooverdasthaye bozorgash ra
dore anha halghe zad va ordakha
dakhele an gharar gereftand
CR:ELI
At the last moment Mollie,
.., came
The last minute/moment
The latest possible time
before an important event
1. Dar akharin lahzat CR:PAR
2. Dar akharin daghighe CR:PAR
3. Dar akharin lahze CR:PAR
hoping to draw attention to
the red ribbons it was plaited
with.
Draw (sb s ) attention to
sth/sb
To cause sth/sb to be
noticed
1. Va baraye jalbe tavajjohe digaran
shorooe be takan dadane pahaye
khod nemood ba omidvari be in ke
be roobanhaye sorkh range roye
balhayash tavajjoh konand
CR:PAR
2. Va shorooa be var raftan ba yale
sefide khod kard be omide inke
tavajjohe hame ra be roobane
ghermezi ke ba an yalash bafte shode
bood jalb konad
CR:PAR
3. Va mashghoole bazi ba yale
sefidash shod, be in omid ke
tavajjohe hame ra be roobane
ghermezi ke be an bafte shode bood
jalb konad
CR:PAR
Last of all came the cat, who
looked round, as usual, for
the warmest place,
Look round/around: to turn
ones head in order to see
sb/sth
as usual:
1. Akhar az hame gorbe amad ke
tebghe maamool be atraf baraye
peida kardane jaye garm va narm
minegarist
CR:PAR (as
usual)
CR:EXP
2. Akhar az hame gorbe amad dar
hali ke mesle hamishe be atraf negah
mikard ta garmtarin mahal ra peyda
konad
CR:PAR
CR:EXP
3. Akharin nafari ke amad gorbe
bood va tebghe maamool, donbale
jaye garm va narmi migasht
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
and before I die, I feel it my
duty to pass on to you such
wisdom as I have acquired.
Pass sth on (to sb)
To hand or give sth to sb
else, esp after receiving or
using it oneself
1. Va ghabl az inke bemiram vazife
khod midanam kherad va tajrobeie ra
ke kasb kardeam ba shoma niz dar
miyan begozaram.

CR:TRA
2. Ehsas mikonam ke in vazife man
ast chizhaee ra ke amokhteam be
shoma enteghal daham.
CR:PAR
3. Va ghabl az inke bemiram,
vazifeye khod midanam ta tajarobi ra
ke dar toole salha be dast avardeam
be shoma montaghel konam.
CR:PAR
And the very instant that our
usefulness has come to an end
we are slaughtered with
hideous cruelty.
Come to an end (ie
finished)
1.Va zamani ke digar mofid
nabashim va bahre nadahim be tarze
vahshatnaki az bein miravim
CR:EXP
2. Besyar mohemtar inke vaghti
digar be dardkhor nistim va bifayde
CR:EXP
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348
mishavim ba birahmi va ghesavate
dardnaki koshte mishavim.
3.Va be mahze in ke be dard
sahebaneman nemikhorim ba
birahmiye tamam va be tarze fajiae
koshte mishavim
CR:TRA
it is capable of affording food
in abundance to an
enormously greater number
of animals than now inhabit
it.
In abundance (common
phrase)
Abundance: a quantity that
is more than enough; a very
large amount
1. Khake ma ghader ast kheili bishtar
az in meghdar heivani ke darad,
ghaza be sakenin dar an arzani darad.
IR:DEL
2. ghader ast baraye teadade
besyar ziyadi az heivanati ke rooye
an zendegi mikonand be meghdare
ziyad ghaza faraham konad
CR:PAR
3. In sarzamin ghader ast ta teadade
kheli bishtari az sakenane fealiash ra
az lahaze mavadde ghazai, dar hadde
vofoor tamin nemayad.
CR:PAR
.....It is summed up in a single
word Man.
Sum (sth) up
To give a brief summary of
sth
1. Banabarin rofagha in javabe
hameye soalhast ke mohasebe shode
va dar yek kalame bayan mishavad
(ensan).
CR:LIT
2. Rofagha pasokhi ke baraye
tamame moshkelate ma vojood darad
dar yek loghat kholase mishavad-
ensan.
CR:PAR
3. Ari rofagha, pasokhe tamami
moshkelate ma dar yek nokte nahofte
ast va in nokte dar kalameye ensan
kholase mishavad.
CR:PAR
and the root cause of hunger
and overwork is abolished
forever.

Forever (common phrase)
Ever: always
1. ta sarcheshme va risheye
gorsnegi va bigari baraye abad
rishekan shaved.
CR:PAR
2. Ta ellate asliye gorsnegi va kare
ziyad baraye hamishe az bein
beravad.
CR:PAR
3. Agar ensan ra az sahne kharej
konim risheye bigari va gorsnegi
baraye abad khoshk mishavad.
CR:PAR
The rest have all gone to
market to bring in money for
Jones and his men.
Bring (sb) in sth to make or
earn a certain amount of
money
1. Ghesmate bishtari az an be
maghazeha rafte ta baraye jonz va
adamhaye oo pool beshavad.
CR:TRA
2. DR:AMP
3. Baghiye, hame be bazar rafte va
poole an be jibe jonz va afradash
rafte east.
DR:FAL
In return for your four
confinements and all your
labor in the fields, what have
you ever had except your bare
rations and a stall?

In return (for sth)
As payment or reward for
sth
1. Dar moghabele an chahar zayeman
va tamame bardegi va karat che chizi
be joz jire khoshk va yek aghole
khali dari?
CR:PAR
2. Dar avaze chahar zayeman va
tamame kari ke dar zamin anjam
midahi che chizi ta be hal dashti be
CR:PAR
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349
joz haddeaghal sahmiyeye ghaza va
yek akhor?
3. Dar ezaye chahar dafea zayeman
va an hame jan kandan dar mazraae,
joz haddeaghal jire ghazaie va yek
akhor che chizi nasibe to shode ast?
CR:PAR
But no animal escapes the
cruel knife in the end.
1.at last; finally 1. Vali hich khoki ya heivani digar
nemitavanad az tighe tiz va birahme
jallad bogrizad.
DR:LES
2. Amma hich heivani dar nahayat
nemitavanad az zire chaghoye
khashm va ghesavate ensan farar
konad.
CR:PAR
3. Amma aghebat hich heivani az
labeye chaghooye birahm jonz jane
salem bedar nakhahad bord.
CR:PAR
You young porkers who are
sitting in front of me, ..
! 1. ...
2.
3.
To that horror we all must
come cows, pigs, hens,
sheep, everyone.
Come to sth
2 (used esp. with this, that
or what as object) to reach
a particular (usu. bad)
situation or state of affairs
1. ba in andooh va gham hameye
ma ashena khahim shod.
CR:PAR
2. be khatere in ke dochare
vahshat mishavim
DR:LES
3. In vahshat roozi bar dele hameye
ma khahad oftad
CR:PAR
Is it not crystal clear, then,
comrades, that all the evils of
this life of ours spring from
the tyranny of human beings?

Spring from sth
To have sth as a source or
origin
1. Aya in vazeh va roshan nist ke
tamame badbakhti va bicharegiye in
zendegi az hokoomate zalemaneye
ensan sarcheshme migirad?
CR:PAR
2. Pas rofagha vazeh ast ke
badbakhtiye zendegiye ma be khatere
zolm va setame ensanhast.
CR:PAR
3. Banabarin, rofagha, aya mesle
rooz roshan nist ke tamame in
badbakhtiha az zolm va bidadgariye
ensan sarcheshme migirad?
CR:PAR
Only get rid of Man, and the
produce of our labor would
be our own.
Be/get rid of sb/sth
To be/become free of sb/sth
that causes one annoyance
or trouble
1. Faghat bar ensan mosallat shavid
va pas az an anche tolid mikonid
male khodetan ast.
DR:LES
2. Vaghti az daste ensan khalas
shavid dastranje khodeman baraye
khodeman khahad shod.
CR:TRA
3. Agar az daste ensan khalas
shavim, tamame dastranjeman az ane
khodeman khahad bood.
CR:TRA
work night and day, body and
soul
1.continuously; all the time
2.with all ones energies;
completely
1. Bayad rooz va shab kar konim. Ba
rooh va jesm,

CR:PAR
(night and
day)
IR:LIT
2. Shab va rooz ba jan va del bayad
baraye engheraze basher kar konid
CR:TRA
CR:TRA
3. Bayad shab va rooz az jan va del, CR:TRA
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350
baraye engheraze nezhade basher
talash konim.
CR:TRA
that sooner or later justice
will be done.
1.One day; eventually;
whether soon or later on
2.Do justice to sb/sth: do
sb/sth justice
1. Be zoodi ya dirtar farmanravaiye
ma shorooe khahad shod.
IR:LIT
IR:LES
2. Motmaen hastam ke edalat dir ya
zood anjam khahad shod.
CR:PAR
IR:LIT
3. Ke dir ya zood edalat
bargharar khahad shod.
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
And above all, .. Most important of all;
especially
1. Va baraye tamame an, DR:LES
2. Va az hame balatar IR:LIT
3. Va az hame mohemtar CR:PAR
pass on this message of mine
to those who come after you,
Pass (sth) on (to sb):
To hang or give sth to sb
else, esp after receiving or
using it oneself
1. In payame mara be naslhaye baad
az khod beresanid.
CR:PAR
2. In payame manra be anhai ke baad
az shoma miayand beresanid
CR:PAR
3. In ke in peygham ra be gooshe
kasani ke baad az shoma miayand
beresanid
CR:PAR
so that future generations
shall carry on the struggle
until it is victorious.

Carry on (with sth/doing
sth); carry sth on: to
continue doing sth
1. Garche ba saay va kooshesh nasle
ayande be piroozi dast khahand yaft

CR:ELI
2. Be in tartib naslhaye ayande
mobareze ra edame midahand ta
pirooz shavand.
CR:PAR
3. Ta naslhaye ayande ta lahzeye
piroozi be mobarezeye khod edame
dahand
CR:PAR
No argument must lead you
astray.
Lead sb astray (common
phrase):
Astray: a way from the
correct path or direction
1. Hich moshajere va mojadelei
nabayad shoma ra az rahe khodetan
monharef sazad.
CR:PAR
2. Va be khater dashte bashid
rofagha, azm va eradeye shoma
hargez nabayad zaif va motezalzel
shaved.
CR:ELI
3. " Rofagha, be yad dashte bashid ke
hargez tardid be del rah nadahid
CR:ELI
The dogs had suddenly
caught sight of them,
Catch sight of sb/sth:
To see sb/sth for a moment
1. Sagha ke in vaza ra didand baraye
gereftane anha be sorat jast zadand

IR:LIT
2. Sagha nagahan anha ra didand CR:PAR
3. ke nagahan chashme sagha be
anha oftad
CR:PAR
The vote was taken at once, Immediately; without delay 1. Ray be sorat gerefte shod CR:PAR
2. Raygiri be sorat anjam shod CR:PAR
3. Raygiri bedoone moaatali anjam
shod
CR:PAR
No animal must .. engage
in trade
To take part in sth or make
sb take part in sth
1. Hich heivani mojaz nist va dar
tejarat sherkat nemayad
CR:PAR
2. Hich heivani nabayad va ya
varede tejarat shavad
CR:PAR
3. Hich heivani hargez nabayad
va ya dad va setad konad.
CR:PAR
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351
And, above all, no animal ! 1.
2.
3. ...
But it reminded me of
something that I had long
forgotten.
Remind sb of sb/sth:
To cause sb to remember or
think about sb/sth because
of certain similar features
or mental associations
1. Vali an chizi ra be yadam andakht
ke az moddatha ghabl faramoosh
karde boodam.
CRPAR
2. Amma man ra be yade chizi
andakht ke moddatha bood
faramoosh karde boodam.
CR:PAR
3. Amma in khab chizi ra be
khateram avard ke moddatha bood
faramoosh karde boodam.
CR:PAR
it came back to me in my
dream. And what is more, the
words of the song also came
back-..
Come back (to sb):
To return to sb s memory
Came back: !
1. . DR:AMP
2. Dishab dobare an avaz be khabam
amad va loghate an avaz dobare be
zehnam amadand
IR:LIT
CR:PAR
3. Ta in ke shabe gozashte, dar alame
roya an ahang va hamintor shearash
ra dobare be khater avardam.
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
Old Major cleared his throat
and began to sing.
(common phrase):
(i.e. make a small sound
like a small cough (1) in
order to be able to speak
clearly)
1. Meijere pir galooyash ra saf va
shorooa kard be khandan.
CR:TRA
2. Meijere pir galooyash ra saf kard
va shorooe be khandan kard.
CR:TRA
3. Meijere pir galooi saf kard va
shorooa kard be khandan.
CR:TRA
Soon or late ! 1.
2.
3.
On the day that sets us free.

(common phrase)
Set: (of a person) not a
slave or prisoner; allowed
to go where one want
1. Roozi ke hame chiz azad ast DR:LES
2. Va dar an rooz ma azad hastim. CR:PAR
3. Roozi ke azadi az ane ma bashad. CR:PAR
All must toil for freedoms
sake.

For sb/sth s sake:
In order to help sb/sth or
because one likes sb/sth
1.Hame bayad baraye azadi zahmat
bekeshand
CR:PAR
2.Hame bayad baraye azadi berizand
araghha
CR:PAR
3.Hame bayad baraye azadi aragh
berizand
CR:PAR
The singing of this song
threw the animals into the
wildest excitement.
Throw oneself/sth into sth:
To begin to do sth
enthusiastically
1. Ba khandane in tarane hayajane
vahshiyanei be heivanat dast dad.
IR:LIT
2. Khandane in avaz anchenan
hayajani ra dar beine heivanat
bevojood avard ke
CR:PAR
3. Khandane in sorood heivanat ra
sakht be hayajan avard.
CR:PAR
Even the stupidest of them
had already picked up the
tune and a few of the words,
Pick sth up:
To learn a foreign
language; a technique, etc
by hearing or seeing it
often, rather than by
making a deliberate effort.
1. Hatta ahmaghtarine anha tone
ahang va chand kalame az tarane ra
yad gerefte bood
CR:PAR
2. Hatta kodantarine anha az ghabl
ahang va chand kalame az an ra yad
gerefte boodand.
CR:PAR
3. Hatta nadantarine anha ahang va CR:PAR
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352
yeki do kalame az sheer ra fara
gerefte bood.
and as for the clever ones,
such as the pigs and dogs,
they had the entire song by
heart
As for sb/sth: with regard to
sb/sth
Such as: Like; for example
By heart: from memory
1. Va hamintor hoshyaran va zirakha
choon khookha va sagha tamame
tarane ra ba alaghe va az tahe del
mikhandand.
CR:PAR (as
for)
CR:PAR
(such as)
IR:LIT
2. Bahooshtarine anha mesle
khookha va sagha hameye avaz ra
dar arze chand daghighe hefz
kardand.
IR:DEL
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
3. Va heivanate bahooshtar mesle
khookha va sagha tamame sorood ra
dar arze chand daghighe az hefz
shode boodand.
CR:P
CR:PAR
CR:PAR
the whole farm burst out into
Beasts of England .
Burst out: to speak
suddenly, loudly, and with
strong feeling; to exclaim
1. Lahazati baad tamame mazrea az
taraneye janevarane sarzamine ma
monfajer shod ke ba hamahangiye
khassi mikhandand.
CR:TRA
2. Baad az kami tamrin va talash
hameye mazrea avaze heivanate
engelestan ra betore besyar
hamahang va yekseda khandand.
CR:PAR
3. Sepas ba kami tamrin nagahan
tamame mazrea yekseda soroode
heivanate engelis ra sar dadand.
CR:PAR
they sang it right through five
times in succession,
(common phrase)
Succession: a number of
things or people following
each other in time or order;
a series

1. In tarane ra panj bare pey dar pey
ejra kardand.
CR:PAR
2. ke . Poshte sare ham an ra
khandand.
CRA:PAR
3. ke panj martabe poshte sare
ham an ra tekrar kardand
CR:PAR
The pellets buried themselves
in the wall of the barn and the
meeting broke up hurriedly.

Break up:
(of members of a group) to
go away in different
directions

1. Sachmeha dar divare tavile dafn
shodand va jalase be ajale ghat shod.
CR:LIT
2. Gololeha be divare tavile esabat
kardand va jalase be sorat be ham
khord.
CR:PAR
3. Gololeha dar divare tavile foroo
raftand va jalase be sorat beham
khord.
CR:PAR
and the whole farm was
asleep in a moment.

Common phrase: very soon 1. Chand lahze baad tamame mazrea
dar khab bood.
CR:PAR
2. Va dar yek lahze hameye mazrea
be khab raft.
CR:PAR
3. Va tamame mazrea dar yek lahze
be khab raft.
CR:PAR

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353
Table 2: Persian idiomatic expressions and their English counterparts in Chapter One of the story
Yet he is lord of all the animals.

1. Oo khodavande heivanat ast. CR:IDI
2. Amma hanooz sarvar va khodaye
tamame heivanat ast
CR:ELA
3. Ba in hame oo arbabe tamamiye
heivanat ast

What has happened to that milk ..

1. Bar sare anha che rafte CR:IDI
2. Va hala che ettefaghi baraye an shirha
oftade ast

3. Che bar sare shiri ke bayad amade
ast?
CR:IDI
..The wild creatures, such as rats and rabbits-are they..?

1. Makhlooghate zaban baste DR:ALI
2. Heivanate vahshi mesle mooshha va
khargooshha

3. Aya heivanate vahshi, az ghabile
mooshha va khargooshha .

.who sprang out of bed.
Spring: to jump quickly or suddenly esp from the ground in
a single movement; to move suddenly upwards or forwards
1. Mesle fanar az rakhtekhab biroon jahid CR:IDI
2. moteassefane aghaye jonz ra ke taze
az khab paride bood

3. az rakhtekhab biroon parid
All must toil for freedoms sake.
Toil: To work very hard or for a long time.
1. Hame bayad baraye azadi zahmat
bekeshand.

2. Hame bayad baraye azadi berizand
araghha
CR:IDI
3. Hame bayad baraye azadi aragh
berizand
CR:IDI
Who should have been the support and pleasure of your old
age?

1. Che kasi az to dar zamane piri va
natavani hemayat khahad kard.

2. Va bayad hami va mayeye delkhoshiye
salhaye piri to bashand koja hastand?

3. Va bayad sare piri asaye dast va mayeye
delkhoshiye to mishodand
CR:IDI
Is it not crystal clear that

1. Aya in vazeh va roshan nist ke ..
2. Pas rofagha vazeh ast ke .
3. Aya mesle rooz roshan nist ke CR:IDI
Almost overnight we could become rich and free.

1.
2. Va ma mitavanim taghriban yek shabe
servatmand va azad shavim.
CR:IDI
3. Taghriban yek shabe servatmand va
azad khahim shod
CR:IDI

As it can be seen, the above tables include most of the 21 strategies proposed by Gottlieb. It can
also be seen that the most frequently used strategies are PAR, and TAR in table.1 and IDI in
Table.2.

But in order to answer the first question as to how successful the translations have been, a further
investigation through the following tables based on the analysis of all the identified idiomatic
expressions in the English text, are necessary.

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354
Table 3: Strategies used in the translation of idiomatic expressions in Firoozbakht (2004)
Frequency Percentage
CR:PAR 94.0 55.3
CR:TRA 9.0 5.3
CR:EXP 4.0 2.4
CR:ELI 13.0 7.6
CR:ADH 1.0 .6
IR:DEL 4.0 2.4
IR:LIT 10.0 5.9
DR:LES 21.0 12.4
DR:AMP 14.0 8.2
Total 170.0 100.0

Table 4: Strategies used in the translation of Idiomatic expressions in Moosaie (2007)
CR:PAR 119 70.0
CR:TRA 7 4.1
CR:EXP 4 2.4
CR:ELI 14 8.2
IR:DEL 4 2.4
IR:LIT 6 3.5
DR:LES 10 5.9
DR:FAL 1 .6
DR:AMP 5 2.9
Total 170 100.0

Table 5: Strategies used in the translation of idiomatic expressions in Alizade (2005)
CR:PAR 137 80.6
CR:TRA 12 7.1
CR:EXP 2 1.2
CR:ELI 8 4.7
IR:RED 1 .6
IR:DEL 1 .6
IR:LIT 2 1.2
DR:LES 5 2.9
DR:FAL 1 .6
DR:AMP 1 .6
Total 170 100.0

The above tables reveal that the most successful and effective translation belonges to Alizadeh:
CR: 159 (93.53%), IR: 4 (2.35%), DR: 7 (4.12%). The most frequently used strategies by him
have been PAR (80.6%), TRA (7.1%), and ELI (4.7%), respectively. The least frequently used
strategies by him have been RED, DEL, FAL, and AMP, each with 0.6% of frequency.

Mosaiees translation comes in the second place: CR: 144 (84.70%), IR: 10 (5.88%), and DR: 16
(9.41%). She has used PAR (70%), ELI (8.2%), and LES (5.9%) as the most and FAL (0.6%),
DEL (2.4%), and EXP (2.4%) as the least frequent strategies in her translation.
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Firoozbakht, as compare to the other two translators, ha used fewer corresponding rendering
strategies and much more defective rendering strategies. Therefore, the least successful
translation among the three belonged to Firoozbakht: CR: 121 (71.18%), IR: 14 (8.23%), and
DR: 35 (20.59%).The most frequently used strategies by him have been PAR (55.3%), LES
(12.4%), and AMP (8.2%), respectively. And ADH (.06%), EXP (2.4%), and DEL (2.4%) have
been the least frequently used strategies in his translation.

One can see that EMU, and LAC has not been used in these translations at all.
The following tables present strategies which involved idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic
expressions

Table 6: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Firoozbakht (2004)
FIROOZBAKHT
Frequency Percentage Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid CR:ELA 1 4.5 8.3 8.3
CR:IDI 7 31.8 58.3 66.7
DR:ALI 4 18.2 33.3 100.0
Total 12 54.5 100.0
Missing System 10 45.5
Total 22 100.0

Table 7: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Mosaiee (2007)
MOOSAIE
Valid CR: COMpen 1 4.5 12.5 12.5
CR:ELA 2 9.1 25.0 37.5
CR:IDI 4 18.2 50.0 87.5
DR:ALI 1 4.5 12.5 100.0
Total 8 36.4 100.0
Total 22 100.0

Table 8: The idiomatic rendering of non-idiomatic expressions in Alizadeh (2005)
ALIZADEH
Valid CR:ELA 1 4.5 8.3 8.3
CR:IDI 11 50.0 91.7 100.0
Total 12 54.5 100.0
Total 22 100.0

As one can see above, COMpli strategy has not been used in the above translations. Alizadehs
translation with 12 occurances of CR strategies (37.5%) can be considered as the best translation.
Mosaiees translation has included 7 occurences of CR strategies (21.9%) and one occurrence of
IR strategy (3.12%) and can be considered as the next best translation. And finally, the translation
by Firoozbakht with 8 occurences of CR strategy (25%) and 4 occurences of ALI strategy
(12.5%) has been the least successful translation among the three.
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356
With regard to the next question, the frequency of each of the used strategies in the three
translations has been presented below:
1. PAR=350
2. LES=36
3. ELI=35
4. TRA=28
5. IDI=22
6. AMP=20
7. LIT=18
8. EXP=10
9. DEL=9
10. ALI=5
11. ELA=4
12. FAL=2
13. RED=1, ADH=1, COMpen=1

As it is obvious now, one can see that the most frequently used strategies in all the three
translations have been PAR, LES, ELI, TRA, respectively. The least frequently used ones are
RED, ADH, COMpen, FAL, ELA, ALI, respectively. And the COMpli, LAC, and EMU
strategies have not been used at all.

In the present study, PAR was the most frequently used strategy in the translations. This confirms
the findings of Khajeh (2003). In the study done by Khajeh (2003), however, ELI and RED were
the least frequent used strategies. But in the present study, although RED has been amongst the
leaset frequent strategies, Eli has been the third most frequent strategy in the translations.

Khosravi and Khatib (2012) used Bakers (1992) model and examined strategies which were used
in translation of English idioms into Persian in novels To kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee and
Of mice and men by John Steinbeck and their translations. Thir results reveled paraphrase as
the most common strategy used in the translations. in the present study too, as it was mentioned
before, PAR was the most common strategies in the translations.

Marashi and Poursoltani (2009) used Gottliebs classification of interlingual subtitling strategies
to do an analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed in Iranian feature film. Their
study revealed TRA as the most frequenly used strategy and DEL as the least frequently one in
translating the subtitles. In the present study however, TR has been the fourth most frequent
strategy used in the studied translations and DELcannot be included amongst the least frequent
strategies in these studies.

Finally, again it should be mentioned that although the extent to which translators benefit from
correspondent rendering and avoid insufficient and defective rendering can be considered as a
criterion in determing the success of each translation work, Quality is not easily quantifiable.
No mater how many factors or diminsions translation scholors or critics insert between the
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357
phrasing of the texts analyzed and their individual judgements on quality, their own (hopefully
fine-tuned) intuition will be always the final judge (Gottlieb, 1997, p.322).

CONCLUSION
The contrastive analysis of the Animal farm and its three translations showed that all the three
translations are almost well qualified. CR was the most overall strategy within the source texts.
The most successful translation belonged to Alizadeh and translations by Mosaiee and
Firoozbakht in the next places, respectively. With regard to the rendering of non-idioms to
idioms, one can state that for a translation to be well qualified, the important criterion is not how
many strategies the translator has used. Rather the important criterion is the fact that whether the
translator has been successful in rendering the SL text into TL in an acceptable way. This can be
approved by comparing the translations by Mosaiee and Firoozbakhtthe through which one can
see that although Mosaiee has used fewer strategies, her translation quality is better than that of
Firoozbakht who has used more but less appropriate strategies.

In conclusion, translators should be faithful as much as possible to the source text because
faithfulness to the source text is the most important strategy in every translation.

Limitations of the study
In this study, only three chapters of the storyAnimal Farm and its Persian equivalents were
selected and contrastively analyzed. It was not possible to investigate opinions of the three
Persian translators in terms of the way they have translated the story and the probable factors
which might have affected the quality of their works. It was not possible to compare other works
of the three translators and their English equivalents to see whether they follow the same pattern
in translating idiomatic expressions.

REFERENCES
Alizadeh, Z. (2005). Animal farm. ( G. Orwell, Trans.). Tabriz: Yaran Publication.
Eftekhar Paziraie, M. (2012): A discourse analysis of "Things fall apart" and two of its Persian
translations at micro and macro levels, English Linguistic Research, 1(2), 13-24.
Firoozbakht, M. (2004). Animal farm. (G. Orwell, Trans.). Tehran: Hekayati Digar Publication.
Gottlieb, H. (1997). Quality revisited: The rendering of English idioms in Danish Television
subtitles vs. printed translation in Trosborg, A (E.d.), Text typology and translation.
Amsterdam: Benjamin.
Khajeh, Z. (2003). The rendering of English idiomatic expressions into Persian English dramas
and their corresponding translations in contrast. MA Thesis. Shiraz: Shiraz Islamic Azad
University.
Khajeh, M., Mobaraki, M., Farooghi, J., & Gorjan, B. (2013). Deforming tendency in subtitling
animations. Advances in Asian Social Science (AASS), 4(2), 815-819.
Khosravi, S., & Khatib, M. (2012). Strategies used in translation of English idioms into Persian
in novels. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(9), 1854-1859.
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Marashi, H., & Poursoltani, k. (2009). An analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies
employed in Iranian feature film. Journal of Teaching English as a Foreign Language
and Literature, 1(1), 15-29.
Moosaiee, H. (2007). Animal farm. (G. Orwell, Trans.). Tehran: Selsele Mehr.
Orwell, G. (1950). Animal farm. Esfahan: Jungle Publication.
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2005). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yarmohammadi, L., & Rashidi, N. (2010). Practical contrastive analysis of English and Persian
with special emphasis on vocabulary. Shiraz: Fanoose Andishe.

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