Stefano Cammelli

Manager Tall Building Group

Adel Stitou
Regional Manager
Wind Engineering
for Tall Buildings
in the Gulf
Dubai Municipality, City Hall
20
th
May 2008
Tall buildings & super tall buildings
Tall buildings The outlook
Tallest 20 in 2020 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
What is a tall building?
Kuwait, 412m UK, 101m
Dynamic load augmentation
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind angle [deg]
M
/
M
p
e
a
k

[
-
]
Peak Static Peak Dynamic
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind angle [deg]
M
/
M
p
e
a
k

[
-
]
Peak Static Peak Dynamic
(1 + Cr) ~ 1.7
Tall buildings Flow features
Three-dimensional complex
flow patterns
Fluctuating wind loading
governed by flow separation
Strong downdraught driven by
pressure gradients Local
suctions at low levels &
impact on pedestrian activities
Vortex-shedding
Given conditions
(geometry & wind speed)

More organised flow

Vortices alternatively
from each side

Net cross-flow force

Tall buildings Flow features
Overall wind loading
Wind direction
Along-wind loading
Across-wind loading
Torsional loading
Gust-excited response of tall buildings
Across-wind response lateral turbulence & vortex wake
Eurocode 1, NBC, AS/NZS 1170.2, RLB-AIJ , ESDU + Wind tunnel testing
3-D response in complex built-up environment mean, longitudinal &
lateral turbulence, vortex wake, wake buffeting & interference effects
Wind tunnel testing
Along-wind response mean & longitudinal turbulence
BS 6399 Part 2, Eurocode 1, ASCE 7, NBC, AS/NZS 1170.2, RLB-AIJ , SNiP,
GB 50009, ESDU, etc + Wind tunnel testing
v (x,y,z,t)
U (x,y,z) + u (x,y,z,t)
Along-wind
Across-wind
Torsion
International wind codes used in the Gulf
Building motion
Ultimate loads
Structural integrity design Serviceability design
Prismatic shape
Isolation
H < 200m
0.2 Hz < n < 1 Hz
Along-wind &
across-wind
response
ASCE 7 NBC AS/NZS 1170
Prismatic shape
Isolation
Along-wind &
across-wind
response
Prismatic shape
Isolation
n < 1 Hz
Along-wind
response only
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Height [m]
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

[
H
z
]
Structural properties
Case study 1
Case study 1
Case study 1 Building motion
N
S
Across-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
Along-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
Torsional Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
V10-yr = 28m/s (3-sec gust)
47 Floors, ~185m tall
Density ~ 300kg/m
3
Linear & uncoupled mode shapes
1% structural damping
d=300kg/m^3 - NBC
d=300kg/m^3 - WTT
Case study 2
Case study 2 Building motion
Along-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
Across-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
V10-yr = 28m/s (3-sec gust)
35 Floors, ~127m tall
Density ~ 400kg/m
3
Linear & uncoupled mode shapes
1% structural damping
d=400kg/m^3 - NBC
d=400kg/m^3 - WTT
Case study 2 Building motion
Across-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
Along-Wind Response
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

(
m
g
)
V10-yr = 28m/s (3-sec gust)
35 Floors, ~127m tall
Density ~ 400kg/m
3
Linear & uncoupled mode shapes
1% structural damping
d=400kg/m^3 - NBC
d=400kg/m^3 - WTT
Case study 3
Case study 3 Wind base shears
V50-yr = 38m/s (3-sec gust)
54 Floors, ~188m tall
Density ~ 350kg/m
3
Linear & uncoupled mode shapes
2% structural damping
NW
SW
Along-Wind Response - ASCE
Along-Wind Response - WTT
Across-Wind Response - WTT
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
M
N
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
n (Hz)
B
a
s
e

S
h
e
a
r

(
M
N
)
NW SW
Overview Wind tunnel facilities
Wind tunnel techniques
High-frequency force balance study
Quick turnaround
Flexible re-analysis
Primary modes of
vibration
Estimation of wind
load distribution
High-modulus carbon
fibre shell
Carbon fibre spine &
lightweight foam
Wind tunnel techniques
High-frequency pressure integration study
Flexible re-analysis
Primary & higher
modes of vibration
Accurate evaluation
of wind load
distribution
Design HVAC &
cladding pressures
Low-range, 1152 channel
simultaneous pressure
measurement system
Modifications to corner geometry
Fins
Vented fins
Slotted corners
Chamfered corners
Aerodynamic modifications: form finding
& shape tailoring
Modifications to building shape
Modification & variation of cross-
sectional shape and / or size with
height: tapered and twisted
geometries
Through-building openings
Vented top
Modifications to corner geometry
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00
nD/U
s
q
r
t
(
n
S
(
n
)
)
/
(

r
h
o
U

D
H

)
D
3/2 D
Radius ~D/6
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00
nD/U
s
q
r
t
(
n
S
(
n
)
)
/
(

r
h
o
U

D
H

)
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00
nD/U
s
q
r
t
(
n
S
(
n
)
)
/
(

r
h
o
U

D
H

)
Size of cut ~D/6
Basic shape response
highly driven by the
resonant contribution
Rounded corners
reduction of resonant
contribution to peak
base overturning
moments of ~45%
Chamfered corners
reduction of resonant
contribution to peak
base overturning
moments of ~50%
Case study China World Trade Centre Phase 3, Beijing, P.R.C.
Modifications to corner geometry
D Size of cut ~D/18
Reduction of peak wind base
overturning moments of ~25%
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00
nD/U
s
q
r
t
(
n
S
(
n
)
)
/
(

r
h
o
U

D
H

)
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00
nD/U
s
q
r
t
(
n
S
(
n
)
)
/
(

r
h
o
U

D
H

)
Twisted geometry and vortex-shedding
Case study Chicago Spire, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Twisted geometry reduction of wind-induced
peak accelerations of ~80%
Structural system adjustments
Sensitivity of peak wind-
induced response to variation
of natural frequencies
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind Direction [deg]
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

[
m
i
l
l
i
-
g
]
-10% Frequency Nominal case +10% Frequency
Sensitivity of peak wind-
induced response to variation
of inertial properties
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind Direction [deg]
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

[
m
i
l
l
i
-
g
]
-10% Inertia Nominal case +10% Inertia
Damping
tot = s + a + d
Damping devices
Aerodynamic
Structural
0.1
1
10
10 100
Height [m]
ESDU (Most probable)
AIJ
ESDU (Upper limit)
Design structural damping ratios, RC buildings
0.1
1
10
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l

d
a
m
p
i
n
g

r
a
t
i
o

(
%

o
f

c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
)
Australia
China
HK
Austria
Germany
Canada
ISO 4354
EC1
France
Sweden
Structural damping and reliability of
structural & serviceability design
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind Angle [deg]
P
e
a
k

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

[
m
i
l
l
i
-
g
]
0.7% 1% 2%
Underestimation of wind-induced
peak accelerations of ~40%
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Wind Angle [deg]
M
/
M
p
e
a
k

[
-
]
0.7% 1% 2%
Underestimation of peak wind
base overturning moments of
~15%
Wind environment studies
Flatiron, NY, The Windiest Corner in the World - 1903
Masterplan approach
Suitability
Outdoor Recreation
Access (Ingress/Egress)
Access (Thoroughfare)
Mitigation
Not Required
Beneficial
Required
Proposed Development
Comfort Ratings
Long Periods of Standing/Sitting
Short Periods of Standing/Sitting
Uncomfortable for All Uses
Strolling / Window Shopping
Fast / Business Walking
Safety Ratings
Safe for All Users
Unsuitable for General Public
Unsuitable for Able Bodied
North [0]
West
[270]
Prevailing
Sector
East
[90]
South [180]
TI LLING RO AD
Subw ay
H EAT HFIE L D GA R DEN S
D rain
D rai n
Riv e r Bren t
BM65 .62m
6 5.0m
R OMA NR O AD
E stat e Ind u stria l
E l SubS ta
Su b S ta El
Sh elter
ElS ub S ta
El Sub Sta
Th eE dg e B usin es sCe n t re
S G a nt ry
M P6 .25
F B
4 0 .3 m
E lSu b S ta
44 .7m
S P
FB
FB F B
4 0.1 m
FB
40.0 m
40.6m
42.6 m
Br entJu nct ion
E l Sub S t a
B M4 0. 6 5 m
L T w r
Shel te r
FB
P os t
Po s t
El S ubS ta
LB
T CB
R e crea t io n G r o und
Gan try
L B
L B
5 3 .8m
Wat ling Stree t RO M A N RO A D
T ank
S ig nalGa ntr y
Br en tJunct ion
Br e nt Ju n cti on
5 5. 0m
Po st s
BM 5 5.60m
F lyov e r
Fly ov er
C arP ar k
Un derpas s
F B
S ubwa y
Un derpass
Foo tb allG r o und
Terr aces F lood lig h t P ylon
F lood lig ht Pylo n
L Tw r
E lSub S ta
Br ent Sidin gs
Clit te rhou s e
Play in gFi e l d s
F oo tbal l Gr o u nd
Terra ces
T erra ce s
Play gr o un d
E l Su b Sta
F B
4 2.4m
B M44 .74 m
46.4 m
45. 8 m
S ub w ay
W e ir
P osts
D ef
Boro Con st,G L As lyC on st & LBB dy
Bo roCo ns t& W ard B d y CR
D ef
B or oCo ns t ,G LA sl y Const &L BBdy
C R
B oro C o n st,G LA sly C on st&L B B dy
Wa rd Bdy U nd
Bo roC on st& W ard Bdy C R
CF
Bo roCo nst &Wa rdB dy
C H IP STE AD G A RDE N S
TANKR ID GE
RO AD
H ORS E SHOE
C LOS E
HU MBER R OAD
O XG AT EL A NE
E D GW AR EROA D
N OR TH C IRCU L ARR OA D
M 1
ADRIA N AVEN UE
GER O NWA Y
ED G W ARE RO AD
E DG WA R ER O A D
A 5
(F lyo v er)
A 4 06
(F ly over)
N OR T H C IR CULA R ROA D
M1
DAN IELPLA CE NIC OLL
LA YFIELD CLO SE
S TU RG ES SA VE NUE
LAY F IELD C RES CEN T
L AY FIE LD RO A D
B RE N TPA RK RO AD
M 1
PLA CE
M 1
N ICOLL PLACE
PA R KR OA D STURGESSAVENUE
FA IRFIE LD AVE NU E
CL ITT ERHO USE
CR E SC ENT
CL ITTE R HO US ER O AD
OXG AT EGA RDE N S
ED G WA R ER OA D
CO N W A Y RO AD
D O LLIS H ILLL AN E
DOLL IS HILL A VENU E
N O RT H C IRC UL AR RO AD
TI LL IN G R OA D
CLAREMO NTROAD
CLITTERHOU SECRESCENT
C LITT E RHO U SE CRE S CEN T
CLI TTE RHOUS EROA D
C LAR E MO NT RO A D
BR ENT C ROSS FLY O VER HEN DO NW AY
NO RTH CI RCU LA RRO AD
SPAL D I NGROA D
RO A D
B RE NTC R OSS FL YOV ER
H ALE Y ROA D
FA I RF IE LD AV E NU E
PR I NC E
CH ARLES
D RIV E
C OTSW OLD G ARD EN S
QU A NT OC K GA R DE NS
R O AD
CLA R EMO N TRO A D
Q UA NTO CK GAR DE NS
CLE VE LAN DG ARD EN S
PEN NI NEDR IV E
BR ENTT ER R AC E
H OUSE
CLIT TE R
CAN EY ME WS
DO VE RCL OSE
C LA RE MO NT R OAD
CLAREMONTROAD
PRAYLEGROVE
W AL LCO T E AVEN UE
P RA YLE G ROV E
A MB ER G R OV E
NO RTH CI RCU LA RRO AD
H IG HF IE LDA VEN U E
HE ND ONW AY
BR ENT F IELD G ARD E NS
BR ENT C ROS SF LYO VE R
W OO DV ILL E G AR D E NS
AM BER G ROV E
J A DE CL OSE
M AR B L E DR IVE
R E NTE RS AV EN UE
C O O PE RR OA D
C HA R LES D RIV E PRIN CE
B RE NTCRO SS GARD ENS
3 10 0
fi v e a xlea r tic
five axlea rtic
five a x le artic
7
24
94
96
2
8
19
104
86
105
106 99
88
74
80
84
83
26
23
25
20 21
15
17
14
10
13
4
56
57
58
64
47
36
54
53
29
31
33
34
28
27
48
49
61
63
68
67
110
121
111
109
113
115
116
114
119
120
122
124
123
126
1
3
5
6
9
11
12
16
18
22
30
32
35
37
38
39
40
41
42 43
44
45
46
50
51
52
55
59
60
62
65 66
69
70
71
72
73
75
76
77
78
79 81
82
85
87
89
90
91
92
93
95
97
98
100
101
102
103
107
108
112
118
125
127
128
117
Clitterhouse Playing Fields
(Phase 2)
Clitterhouse Pla
(Phase 1)
Claremont Park
Eastern Park
School Square
Market Square
Station Square
Tower Square
Northern
Nature Park
Office District Square
Modelling complex wind flows
Massing development through interactive
wind tunnel workshop
Wind mitigation measures developed
through interactive wind tunnel workshop
Dubai wind climate study
DM specification
Design wind speeds for Dubai
V50-yr = 45m/s
(3-sec gust)
V50-yr = 38m/s
(3-sec gust), in
conjunction with
wind tunnel testing
V50-yr ~ 30m/s
V10-yr ~ 27m/s
V5-yr ~ 25m/s
V1-yr ~ 21m/s
(3-sec gust)
Prevailing direction of
extreme events: NW
Long-term wind
speed surface level
records (Dubai
International Airport,
1986 to 2005)
Separation of
thunderstorm events
Mixed terrain
roughness analysis
(pre- and post-1996)
Thank you