Dr W Mimi Diyana W Zaki

Dept. of Electrical Electronic & Systems Eng.

Faculty of Eng. & Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Email: wmdiyana@eng.ukm.my
Office: 03 89216327
KKKL1124 Circuit Theory 2
Copyright

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Second Order Transient Circuits
v i
i v
L C

3
The Source Free Series RLC Circuit
In series RLC circuit, the circuit is being excited by the
energy initially stored in the capacitor and inductor
The energy represented by the initial capacitor voltage,
Vo and initial inductor current, Io
At t=0;
Applying KVL around the loop;
0
0
0
) 0 (
1
) 0 (
I i
V idt
C
v
=
=

=

0 ) ( ) (
1
0
= + +

t
dt
di
L dx x i
C
Ri
t
t
(1)
0
0
2
2
2
2
= + +
= + +
LC
i
dt
di
L
R
dt
i d
C
i
dt
di
R
dt
i d
L
Differentiating
Second-order differential equation
(2)
Let,
Where K and s are constants to be determined.
0
2
2
= + +
LC
i
dt
di
L
R
dt
i d
st
Ke i =
0
2
= + +
st st st
e
LC
K
se
L
KR
Ke s
0
1
2
=
|

\
|
+ +
LC
s
L
R
s Ke
st
0
1
2
= + +
LC
s
L
R
s
0
1
2
= + +
LC
s
L
R
s
2
1
2
1
1
2 2
(
(

\
|
+ =
LC L
R
L
R
s
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
(
(

\
|
=
LC L
R
L
R
s
(3)
The CHARACTERISTIC equation of RLC circuit is:
The ROOTs of the equation dictate the character of i.
The
A more compact way of expressing the roots is :
Where:
The CHARACTERISTIC equation can be written as:
2
0
2
2 , 1
= s
LC
1
0
=
Damping factor Undamped natural
frequency

=
0
Damping ratio
(4)
(5)
0 2
2
0
2
= + + s s
(6)
L
R
2
0
= =
0 ) ( 16 ) ( 8 ) ( 4
2
2
= + + t x t
dt
dx
t
dt
x d
0 ) ( 4 ) ( 2 ) (
2
2
= + + t x t
dt
dx
t
dt
x d
0 4 2
2
= + + s s
EQUATION STIC CHARACTERI
0 4 2
2
= + + s s
Example 1:
Determine the Characteristic Equation, Damping Factor, Damping Ratio
and Natural Frequency.
Solution:
Coefficient of Second Derivative must be one:
2
0
=
1 =
2 2 =
4
2
0
=
0

=
2
1
=
Natural Frequency
Damping Factor
Damping Ratio
0 4 2
2
= + + s s
0 ) ( 16 ) ( 8 ) ( 4
2
2
= + + t x t
dt
dx
t
dt
x d
0 2
2
0
2
= + + s s
From Eq. 4 we can infer that there are 3 types of
SOLUTIONs:
1) If , we have the over damped case
2) If , we have the critically damped case
3) If , we have the under damped case
1 >
1 =
1 <
a) Overdamped Case
From Eqs. (4) >1, implies C>4L/R
2
. When this happens,
both roots s
1
and s
2
are negative and real. The response is
( )
t s t s
e K e K t i
2
2
1
1
+ =
which decays and approaches zero as t increases.
(7)
1 >
b) Critically damped Case
When =1 implies C = 4L/R
2
and
L
R
s s
2
0 2 1
= = = =
For this case, the response is
( )
t
e t B B t i

+ = ) (
2 1
Critically damped response peaks and decays faster than the
overdamped response. It is similar to overdamped case.
(8)
1 =
c) Underdamped Case
For < 1 implies C <4L/R
2
and the roots may be written as;
Where and , which is called the
damping frequency.
d
j s + = + = ) (
2 2
0 1
d
j s = = ) (
2 2
0 2
1 = j
2 2
0
=
d
( ) t A t A e t i
d d
t

sin cos ) (
2 1
+ =

(9)
1 <
Note: =
0
2
L 1/8F
0
=
Solution:
LC
L
R 1
2
=
) 8 / 1 (
1
2
2
L
L
=
8 / L L =
H L
8
1
=
Example 2:
A series RLC circuit contains a resistor R = 2 and a capacitor C = 1/8 F.
Select the value of the inductor so that the circuit is critically damped.
What inductance cause critical damping?
Example 3:
Find i(t) for t>0 if v(0)=6V and i(0)=2A.
1
5
5
0
= = =

critically damped
( )
1
5
2 1
2 ) 0 ( ; ) ( B i e t B B t i
t
= = + =

[ ] ( ) [ ] { }
( ) A e t t i
B
B B B v
e t B B e B
dt
di
L t v
t
t t
5
2
2 1 2
5
2 1
5
2
13 2 ) (
13
20 2 10 2 6 ) 0 (
5 2 ) (

+ =
=
= = =
+ + = =
The Source Free Parallel RLC Circuit The Source Free Parallel RLC Circuit The Source Free Parallel RLC Circuit The Source Free Parallel RLC Circuit
Consider parallel RLC circuit shown above.
Assume initial inductor current Io and initial capacitor
voltage, Vo.
0
0
0
) 0 (
) (
1
) 0 (
V v
dt t v
L
I i
=
= =

All three elements have the same voltage v(t) (since they are parallel).
Apply KCL at the top node gives,
Taking derivative with respect to t and dividing by C results in,
Obtaining characteristic by following same reasoning used in
establishing Eq. 3,
0
1
= + +

dt
dv
C dt v
L R
v
t
0
1
2
2
= + +
LC
v
dt
dv
RC dt
v d
0
1 1
2
= + +
LC
s
RC
s
(10)
The ROOTs of the characteristic equations are:
Or
Where
LC RC RC
s
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 , 1

|

\
|
=
(11)
2
0
2
2 , 1
= s
RC 2
1
=
LC
1
0
=
Again there are three possible solutions. From Eqn. 11,
:
1) If , we have the over damped case
2) If , we have the critically damped case
3) If , we have the under damped case
1 >
1 =
1 <
(12)
(13)
a) Overdamped Case
From Eq. (11) >1, implies L>4R
2
C. When this happens, both roots s
1
and s
2
are
negative and real. The response is
( )
t s t s
e K e K t v
2
2
1
1
+ =
1 >
b) Critically damped Case
When =1 implies L = 4R
2
C . The roots are real and equal so that the response is
( )
t
e t B B t v

+ = ) (
2 1
1 =
Where
d
j s =
2 , 1
2 2
0
=
d
( ) t A t A e t v
d d
t

sin cos ) (
2 1
+ =

(14)
c) Underdamped Case
For < 1 implies L <4R
2
C and the roots are complex and may be written as;
The response is
1 <
Example 4:
Assuming R=2k, design a parallel RLC circuit that has the characteristic
equation
Solution:
0 10 100
6 2
= + + s s
Home Quiz:
The switch in the circuit moves from position A to position B at t=0.
Determine i(t) for t>0.
Let a step voltage of Vs is applied to a series RLC circuit.
Then the expressions for the voltage across the capacitor v(t) are:-
( )
t s t s
s
e A e A V t v
2 1
2 1
+ + =
( )
t
s
e t A A V t v

+ + = ) (
2 1
( )
t
d d s
e t A t A V t v



+ + = sin cos ) (
2 1
(1) (Overdamped)
(2) (Critically damped)
(3) (Underdamped)
RLC Circuits with DC Source RLC Circuits with DC Source RLC Circuits with DC Source RLC Circuits with DC Source