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    Terra_eco
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    Existing and proposed international climate change cooperation arrangements vary in their focus and degree of centralization and coordination. Linkages among regional, national, and sub-national climate policies offer potential climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. Many climate policies can be more effective if implemented across geographical regions.

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    Existing and proposed international climate change cooperation arrangements vary in their focus and degree of centralization and coordination. Linkages among regional, national, and sub-national climate policies offer potential climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. Many climate policies can be more effective if implemented across geographical regions.

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    Existing and proposed international climate change cooperation arrangements vary in their focus and degree of centralization and coordination. Linkages among regional, national, and sub-national climate policies offer potential climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. Many climate policies can be more effective if implemented across geographical regions.

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    SummaryforPolicyMakersSection5.

    2FinalVersionasApprovedbyGovernments

    April12,2014

    TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)isthemainmultilateral
    forumfocusedonaddressingclimatechange,withnearlyuniversalparticipation.Otherinstitutions
    organizedatdifferentlevelsofgovernancehaveresultedindiversifyinginternationalclimatechange
    cooperation.[13.3.1,13.4.1.4,13.5]

    Existingandproposedinternationalclimatechangecooperationarrangementsvaryintheirfocusand
    degreeofcentralizationandcoordination.Theyspan:multilateralagreements,harmonizednational
    policiesanddecentralizedbutcoordinatednationalpolicies,aswellasregionalandregionally
    coordinatedpolicies.[FigureTS.37,13.4,13.13.2,14.4]

    TheKyotoProtocolofferslessonstowardsachievingtheultimateobjectiveoftheUNFCCC,
    particularlywithrespecttoparticipation,implementation,flexibilitymechanisms,andenvironmental
    effectiveness.(mediumevidence,lowagreement).[5.2,13.7.2,13.13.1.1,13.13.1.2,14.3.7.1,Table
    TS.9]

    UNFCCCactivitiessince2007haveledtoanincreasingnumberofinstitutionsandotherarrangements
    forinternationalclimatechangecooperation.[13.5.1.1,13.13.1.3,16.2.1.1]

    Policylinkagesamongregional,national,andsubnationalclimatepoliciesofferpotentialclimate
    mitigationandadaptationbenefits(mediumevidence,mediumagreement).Linkagescanbe
    establishedbetweennationalpolicies,variousinstruments,andthroughregionalcooperation[13.3.1,
    13.5.1.3,13.5.3,14.5].

    Variousregionalinitiativesbetweenthenationalandglobalscalesareeitherbeingdevelopedor
    implemented,buttheirimpactonglobalmitigationhasbeenlimitedtodate.(mediumconfidence)
    Manyclimatepoliciescanbemoreeffectiveifimplementedacrossgeographicalregions.[TableTS.9,
    13.13,14.4,14.5]

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