ME 382

Lecture 02

Suggested Reading:
A&J-1: 8 (not 8.8); 11.4

3 Important Terms for Mechanical Design
Stiffness




Strength




Toughness
How are
these
different?
Tensile test to measure mechanical properties
l
o
P
P
cross sectional
area A
o
1. Measure length and area
2. Pull specimen
Measure load, P
Measure extension, !
But, this curve depends on your choice of specimen .
Engineering (nominal) stress and strain
Engineering (nominal) stress: !
n
= P / A
o

(A
o
is original cross sectional area)


Engineering (nominal) strain: "
n
= # / l
o
(l
o
is original length)
Nominal stress-strain curve for a ductile metal
Nominal stress (MPa)
Nominal strain
X
necking
begins
(ultimate)
tensile strength
yield strength
(yield stress)
(onset of plasticity)
yield begins
linear elastic deformation
(slope =modulus)
plastic deformation
(movement of dislocations)
fracture
Other mechanical properties
Measures of ductility:
Percent elongation:


Reduction in area:
100!
l
f
- l
0
l
0
Energy absorption:
!
U = Pd"
#
Energy per unit volume:
!
u = "
n
d#
n
$
(area under stress strain curve)
(J)
(Jm
-3
)
100!
A
0
- A
break
A
0
100!
10mm - 5mm
5mm
=100%
100!
10mm - 7mm
7mm
= 42.9%
100!
10mm
2
- 5mm
2
10mm
2
= 50%
100!
10mm
2
- 7mm
2
10mm
2
= 30%
Unloading
Permanent deformation after yield
Note - not the
same slope for
1&2 unless its a
true stress-true
strain curve.
Why?
True Stress and True Strain
After yield, memory of original shape is lost
$ nominal stress and strain may be meaningless
True strain:
!
d " =
dl
l
l is current length
True stress:
!
" =
P
A
A is current area
!
" ="
n
1+#
n
( )
!
" = ln 1+"
n
( )
(if volume is conserved)
Work hardening (strain hardening) results in an increase in
yield strength - cold work
Often described by power-law hardening:
!

" = H

#
n
True stress / true strain tensile curve
Experimental data for a 5754 aluminum alloy
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
5754 Aluminum alloy
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
True strain
!

" = H

#
n
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1
5754 Aluminum alloy
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
True strain
! = 367 "
0.238 ~ ~
Determining the strain-hardening parameters
!
! = H
!
!
n
ln
!
! = nln
!
! +lnH
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
5754 Aluminum alloy
T
r
u
e

s
t
r
e
s
s

(
M
P
a
)
True strain
power law
experimental data
Comparison of power-law with experimental results
Pretty good!
There are other forms of uniaxial stress-strain curves.