Alexandria University

Faculty of Engineering
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
3
rd
Year
Presented To -:
r! Moha"ed Morsy E#-$ohary
Presented %y -:
& - "oha""ed o"ar
' - Moha""ed Ah"ed Ah"ed Elshie(h
3 - Mah"oud Ah"ed )assan Ah"ed
* - Mah"oud Ah"ed Mah"oud )assanin
+ - Mah"oud Elsaied ,-rahi" Elnaggar
. - Mostafa Moha""ed Ah"ed Aref
A-stract
steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized
steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by
Charles Parsons in 188.
It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine !invented by
"homas #ewcomen and greatly improved by $ames %att& primarily because of its
greater thermal efficiency and higher power'to'weight ratio. (ecause the turbine
generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator ) about 8*+ of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam
turbines. "he steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its
improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the
expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible
process.
)istory
"he first device that may be classified as a reaction steam turbine was little more than
a toy, the classic ,eolipile, described in the 1st century by -ero of ,lexandria in
.oman /gypt. , thousand years later, the first impact steam turbine with practical
applications was invented in 1001 by "a1i al'2in in 3ttoman /gypt, who described it
as a prime mover for rotating a spit. 4imilar smo5e 6ac5s were later described by
$ohn %il5ins in 178 and 4amuel Pepys in 177*. ,nother steam turbine device was
created by Italian 8iovanni (ranca in 179:.
"he modern steam turbine was invented in 188 by the /nglishman Charles ,.
Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated ;.0 5% of
electricity
Princi/le of 0/eration
,n ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy
process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is e1ual to the entropy
of the steam leaving the turbine. #o steam turbine is truly <isentropic=, however, with
typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 9*+':*+ based on the application of the
turbine. "he interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades, or <buc5ets= as
they are more commonly referred to. 3ne set of stationary blades is connected to the
casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. "he sets intermesh
with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to
efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.
Tur-ine stage design
"he efficiency of a turbine is optimized as the steam expands and does wor5 in a
number of steps or stages as it flows through the turbine. "hese stages are identified
from the manner by which the energy is removed from the steam.
"here are two types of turbine stages, impulse and reaction, and most turbines
combine features of both.
,"/ulse tur-ine
"his stage design is often compared with a waterwheel because nozzles direct the
steam that flows through high'velocity 6ets. "hese steam 6ets, which contain 5inetic
energy, flow against the moving turbine blades or buc5ets. "his energy is converted
into mechanical energy by rotating the shaft. In a pure impulse turbine, when the
steam passes through the stationary blades, it incurs a pressure drop. "here is no
pressure drop in the steam as it passes through the rotating blades. "herefore, in an
impulse turbine, all the change of pressure energy into 5inetic energy occurs in the
stationary blades, while the change of 5inetic energy into mechanical energy ta5es
place in the moving blades of the turbine.
1eaction tur-ine
"his design uses the reaction force resulting from the steam accelerating through the
nozzles. "he nozzles are actually created by the blades, as shown. /ach stage of the
turbine consists of a stationary set of blades and a row of rotating blades on a shaft.
4ince there is a continuous drop of pressure throughout each stage, steam is admitted
around the entire circumference of the blades and, therefore, the stationary blades
extend around the entire circumference. 4team passes through a set of stationary
blades that direct the steam against the rotating blades. ,s the steam passes through
these rotating blades, there is a pressure drop from the entrance side to the exit side
that increases the velocity of the steam and produces rotation by the reaction of the
steam on the blades.
Ma2or co"/onents of a tur-ine
"he ma6or portions of a turbine are shown . "he turbine consists of a shaft, which has
one or more dis5s to which are attached moving blades, and a casing in which the
stationary blades and nozzles are mounted. "he shaft is supported within the casing
by means of bearings that carry the vertical and circumference loads and by axial
thrust bearings that resist the axial movement caused by the flow of steam through
the turbine. 4eals are provided in the casing to prevent the steam from bypassing the
stages of the turbine.
&-%lades
3n the outer portion, or circumference, of each dis5 located on the shaft are blades
where steam is directed and converted into wor5 by rotation of the shaft. "here are
many blades in each turbine stage, and larger turbines have more stages. (lades
generally are made from low carbon stainless steel> however, for high'temperature
applications and
where high moisture is expected, alloy steels are used to provide the strength and
erosion resistance needed. 4pecial coatings on the blades are often used where high
erosion is anticipated. ,s the steam flows through the turbine, it expands and its
volume increases. "his increased volume is handled by having longer blades and thus
a larger casing for each stage of the turbine.a schematic showing how the blade size
varies as the steam flows through the turbine.
"he turbine efficiency, as well as its reliable performance, depends on the design and
construction of the blades. (lades not only must handle the steam velocity and
temperature but also must be able to handle the centrifugal force caused by the high
speed of the turbine. ,ny vibration in a turbine is significant because there is little
clearance between the moving blades and the stationary portions on the casing. ,
vibration of the moving blades could cause contact with the stationary components,
which would result in severe damage to the turbine.

'-1otor shaft and -earings
"he rotor shaft is supported at each end by bearings. "hese are normally ball
bearings on small turbines> however, on the larger turbines, a pressure'lubricated
6ournal bearing is used. (ecause of the axial thrust along the shaft that results from
the difference in steam pressure across the stages of the turbine, thrust bearings are
used to maintain the clearances between the moving blades and the stationary
portions in each stage of the turbine.
3-3asings and seals
Casings are steel castings whose purpose is to support the rotor bearings and to have
internal surfaces that will efficiently assist in the flow of steam through the turbine.
"he casing also supports the stationary blades and nozzles for all stages.
,t the turbine inlet, steam enters through a stop valve and steam chest. In high'
temperature turbines these components are separate from the main turbine structure.
In smaller units, the steam chest is usually mounted directly on the casing. ,t the
outlet of the turbine, an exhaust hood guides the steam from the last stage to the
condenser inlet.
?igure shows a cross section of a steam admission section. "his design has the stop
valves located in the steam chest, and when necessary, this can be removed without
having to dismantle piping.
"he control valves are suspended on a cross'bar that is moved by two stems.
"herefore, only two stuffing boxes are re1uired for passing the stems through the
casing, although four or five control valves are provided for nozzle group control.
"he steam chest and valve assembly shown show another design, and the illustration
identifies the ma6or components, including the steam inlet, the throttle valve,
governor valve, and valve actuators. In addition to being designed to support the
weight of the stationary nozzles and blades, the casing also must resist the
mechanical stresses that are caused by the reaction forces on these nozzles and blades
as well as the thermal stresses that are caused by the steam temperature differentials
that occur during operation in the various stages of the turbine. 4ince the shaft
penetrates through the casing as shown , seals are necessary to minimize the lea5age
of steam. In small, lowtemperature turbines, carbon pac5ing ring seals are used.
"hese seals are located directly on the shaft and are held in place by a spring
assembly. In larger turbines, labyrinth seals are used to control steam lea5age. In
many turbine designs, a combination of the two types of seals are used at the ends of
the shaft.
)igh4inter"ediate and lo5 /ressure tur-ine

6tea" tur-ine section
,"/ulse and reaction tur-ine
3o"/onent /arts of tur-ine
1eheat tur-ine