IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO.

1, MARCH 2011 299

Grid Interface of Wind Power With Large
Split-Winding Alternator Using Cascaded
Multilevel Inverter
Paulson Samuel, Member, IEEE, Rajesh Gupta, Member, IEEE, and Dinesh Chandra, Member, IEEE
AbstractIn this paper, a wind energy conversion system based
on a cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) topology
has been proposed to be used for the grid interface of large split-
winding alternators (SWAs). Anewmethod has been suggested for
the generation of reference currents for the voltage source inverter
(VSI) depending upon the available wind power. The CHBMLI
has been used as a VSI and operated in a current control mode
in order to achieve the objectives of real power injection and load
compensation (power factor correction, load balancing, and har-
monic compensation) based on the proposed reference-generation
scheme. The eldexcitationcontrol of SWAprovides a single means
to vary the dc-link voltages of all the CHBs simultaneously and pro-
portionately. The equal distribution of switching stress and power
losses among H-bridge cells, reduction in their power ratings, and
high quality of inverter output makes the proposed arrangement
more efcient. The closed-loop performance of the VSI has been
shown to be adequate and fully achieves the control objectives, i.e.,
grid interface of distributed energy resource (wind) in addition to
load compensation. The simulation studies on the proposed scheme
have been obtained through the PSCAD/EMTDC software.
Index TermsCascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
(CHBMLI), grid interface, split-winding alternator (SWA),
wind energy conversion system (WECS).
I. INTRODUCTION
W
INDenergy has proved to be the most promising renew-
able energy source because of its environment friendli-
ness, sufcient availability, and good conversion efciency. The
current trend in wind turbines is to increase the size of the tur-
bine in order to harvest more energy and thus reduce cost per
megawatt of capacity. Power ratings of 35 MW per machine
are becoming common in areas with large wind potentials, es-
pecially offshore wind installations [1], [2]. The major problem
in interfacing such machines to the grid is the limitation im-
posed by the ratings of currently available switching devices in
the converter. The ratings of the semiconductor devices used in
the conventional two-level or three-level VSI topologies do not
support the higher power ratings necessary for the grid inter-
face of such large machines. This has motivated designers to go
Manuscript received November 8, 2009; revised February 15, 2010, June 6,
2010, and September 3, 2010; accepted October 23, 2010. Date of publication
January 17, 2011; date of current version February 18, 2011. Paper no.
TEC-00471-2009.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Moti-
lal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad 211004, India
(e-mail: paulson.samuel@gmail.com; rajeshgupta310@rediffmail.com;
dinuchandra@rediffmail.com).
Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEC.2010.2096538
for medium-voltage converters as these are more compact than
low-voltage converters for power larger than 1.5 MW [3], [4].
The use of multilevel VSI topology for distributing voltage
stress and power losses between a number of devices has been
well reported [5], [6] and the multilevel inverters are suitable
for modern high-power wind-turbine applications [7]. Due to the
great demand of medium-voltage high-power converters in in-
dustry, the cascade H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMLI) has
drawn tremendous interest ever since its inception. Five-level
CHBMLI is very common in industrial medium-voltage drives
applications [8], [9]. This converter topology is based on the
series connection of single-phase H-bridge cells with separate
dc sources. It requires the least number of components and is
known to eliminate the excessively large number of bulky trans-
formers required by the multipulse inverters, clamping diodes
required by the diode-clamped multilevel inverters (DCMLIs),
and additional capacitors required by the ying-capacitor mul-
tilevel inverters (FCMLIs). The CHBMLI topology with equal
dc-link voltages for each H-bridge cells and xed switching fre-
quency will be able to provide equal switching stress and power
handling for all the CHB cells.
Traditionally, wind turbines have been operated only as en-
ergy sources and have not been expected to provide grid support
functions like voltage support, frequency control, fault ride-
through, and spinning reserve, but as the penetration of wind in
the overall generation mix increases, new grid codes have been
constituted, which stipulate that wind farms must provide some
of these functionalities [10]. Recently, it has been suggested that
wind farms may be used to provide reactive power support to
the grid as a part of the ancillary service provisions [11], [12]. In
addition, control of doubly fed induction generator for compen-
sating torque pulsation under unbalanced supply voltage has
also been investigated and reported in [13][15]. In addition,
when located close to load centers as considered in this pa-
per, and connected to the distribution system, they may be even
required to perform harmonic compensation [16], [17].
It has been earlier suggested to use split-winding alterna-
tors (SWAs) for electrical vehicle drive systems [18], [19] for
synchronous reluctance machines [20] and for obtaining higher
phase-order induction machines [21]. Recently, multiple-pole
permanent magnet alternators (PMAs) have been suggested for
the grid interface of the wind power through ve-level cascaded
multilevel inverters using power electronics building blocks
(PEBBs) [6]. Each PEBB in this application consists of a rec-
tier, a dc link, and an H-bridge cell. The split windings in the
three phases produce ac voltages with equal peak values that
0885-8969/$26.00 2011 IEEE
300 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
can be rectied and used as independent and isolated dc sources
for the CHB cells of the multilevel inverter. With PMA, the
independent control of terminal voltage is not possible as the
main eld is setup by permanent magnets. A conventional syn-
chronous generator with external excitation has the capability of
terminal voltage control and hence gives an additional control
over dc-link voltages. Additionally, splitting of the windings
of the alternator in equal number of parts in each phase helps
in reducing the voltage and power ratings of the 3(n 1)/2
numbers of PEBBs for an n-level inverter. In particular, for a
three-phase seven-level inverter using three split windings per
phase of an alternator, total nine such units are required. Since
all the dc sources feeding the CHBMLI are equal in magni-
tude, an equal voltage CHBMLI can be appropriately used to
equally distribute losses among the different switching devices.
This is achieved by using a constant switching frequency for all
the CHB cells [22][24]. The symmetry involved in SWA with
equal voltages obtained at the output suits the modular structure
of H-bridges in the cascaded multilevel inverter.
In this paper, a CHB multilevel inverter has been proposed
with an SWA in order to interface the high power available from
a large wind turbine to the grid. A new method has been sug-
gested for the generation of reference currents for the voltage
source inverter (VSI), depending upon the available wind power.
The current control mode of operation of the CHBMLI-based
VSI fullls the need of real power injection and load compensa-
tion based upon the proposed reference-generation scheme. The
cascaded multilevel inverter is modulated using phase-shifted
multicarrier pulse width modulation (PWM) under closed loop
to maintain symmetry of switching among all the H-bridges [5].
The additional control provided by the dc eld voltage of the
alternator gives a slower control loop, which can respond to
steady-state changes in the demand for power at the point of
common coupling (PCC) in addition to the faster real-time con-
trol provided by the CHBMLI current control loop. The faster
control loop helps in compensating for imbalances in loading,
harmonics, and poor load power factor. The closed-loop per-
formance of this latter current control loop has been shown to
be adequate and fully achieves the control objectives, i.e., grid
interface of distributed energy resource (wind) in addition to the
load compensation with changing load and wind conditions.
II. PROPOSED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
(WECS) USING SPLIT-WINDING ALTERNATOR
In this paper, a variable-speed wind turbine has been proposed
as it can achieve a larger yearly energy yield as compared to
a xed-speed wind turbine [6]. Since these turbines make a
better utilization of the investment, all modern large wind energy
systems above 2 MW now use variable-speed turbines [3], [4].
The single-line diagram for a conventional synchronous gen-
erator with fully rated converter-based WECS is shown in Fig. 1.
Here, a three-phase alternator coupled to a large wind turbine
is connected rst to a three-phase uncontrolled diode bridge
rectier (DBR) followed by a dcdc converter for dc voltage
regulation [25]. The xed dc output is then interfaced to the
grid through a conventional two-level dcac converter [4], [6],
Fig. 1. Conventional synchronous generator-based WECS with fully rated
converter (shown for one phase only).
Fig. 2. Proposed SWA and cascaded multilevel inverter connections (shown
for one phase only).
[25], [26]. Transfer of high power through this arrangement has
to be at high voltage and/or current, and hence leads to higher
thermal stress on the power semiconductor switching devices
used. This requires the use of devices and components with
higher power handling capability. Additional problems are that
of current sharing and difculty in loss distribution among the
many switches, which might have to be used in series or paral-
lel in order to handle large voltages or currents. In addition, it
also produces an output, which has higher low-order harmonic
contents. Use of additional switches in the form of CHB cells
resulting in CHBMLI has been considered as a better option as
it eliminates the lower order harmonics, and produces a better
quality output and performance in addition to reduced ratings for
the switches [27]. In particular, a seven-level converter topology
alongside an SWA has been suggested in this paper.
The proposed wind energy conversion system (WECS) con-
sists of the wind turbine, SWA, and the ac/dc/ac conversion
system, as shown in Fig. 2. The switches used S
w11
, S
w12
, . . .,
S
w34
shown in this gure are insulated gate bipolar transistors
(IGBTs) with antiparallel diodes. A brief description of each
element of the system is given in the following.
SAMUEL et al.: GRID INTERFACE OF WIND POWER WITH LARGE SPLIT-WINDING ALTERNATOR 301
Fig. 3. Stator of an SWA with three split windings per phase.
A. Variable-Speed Wind Turbine
A variable-speed wind turbine can be operated over a wide
range of rotational speeds in order to optimize the power capture
from the wind turbine within the safe operating range of wind
speeds. In such a turbine, the rotational speed of the turbine is
controlled such that it corresponds to the optimal tip-speed ratio
(TSR) for a particular wind speed. In order to accomplish this,
the generator to be used must be designed for the appropriate
operating speed range.
B. Split-Winding Alternator
A synchronous generator has been proposed for this appli-
cation with each phase split into three windings having equal
number of turns and equal current ratings. Since the three split
windings in each phase are electrically isolated from each other,
they can be used to feed three separate rectiers and thus can
form three isolated dc sources for each phase of the CHBMLI.
Since the peak values of the ac voltages of each of the nine split
windings are equal, for balanced load condition, the dc-link volt-
ages for all cells will be equal. The alternator will operate within
its rated duty if the individual winding voltages and currents are
restricted to their rated limits and the three-phase loads on the
ac side are kept balanced.
Fig. 3 shows the stator of a split-winding three-phase alterna-
tor with three split windings per phase. Each of the three phases
have been split into three equally rated windings and all the six
terminals per phase (total eighteen terminals for all the three
phases of the stator) have been brought out so that they can be
connected independently to nine DBRs. The eld winding is on
the rotor and is supplied through two slip rings as usual.
C. Rectier Unit
Simple uncontrolled DBRs have been used for rectifying each
of the nine isolated ac voltages derived from the nine split wind-
ings. The rectied dc voltage sources act as the isolated dc volt-
age sources for the CHBMLI. Two schemes of dc-link voltage
control are possible.
The rst is to use a separate dcdc converter after each of the
nine DBRs in order to control the dc-link voltages (this may be
Fig. 4. Closed-loop modulation of single H-bridge of CHBMLI.
done when a PMA is used), which feed the CHBMLI, and the
second scheme, which is proposed in this paper is to use eld
excitation control to control all the nine induced ac voltages and
consequently control the nine dc-link voltages simultaneously.
Thus, a single variable V
f
(excitation voltage) can be used in or-
der to simultaneously control all the nine input dc-link voltages
of the three-phase CHBMLI.
D. Closed-Loop Multicarrier Modulation of CHBMLI
In this proposed scheme, the SWA gives three dc sources per
phase, which have been used to build a seven-level CHBMLI.
Each phase of the inverter has seven levels and hence a three-
phase CHBMLI has been achieved by connecting all the nine
dc sources in appropriate fashion to a seven-level CHBMLI.
The proposed inverter has the internal method of current control
together with the external control of the dc input voltages, and
hence the exibility of control is extended. A dc-link capacitor
has been used after each DBR to hold the dc input voltages to
the CHBMLI. The three H-bridge cells per phase are connected
in series on the ac side, and the output is connected straight to
the medium-voltage distribution grid without the need of any
interfacing transformer.
The cascaded multilevel inverter is controlled using closed-
loop multicarrier PWM method, as proposed in [22] and [23].
The phase-shifted PWM (PS-PWM) uses multiple carriers to
control each power switch of the converter. In this method,
multiple triangular carrier signals of frequency f
carrier
and am-
plitude A
c
are used to generate four unipolar PWM signals
needed for the four semiconductor switches in each H-bridge
cell, as shown in Fig. 4. The advantage of this method is that the
switches in the multilevel converter operate at a xed switching
frequency f
carrier
. Consider the modulation of a single H-bridge
of a seven-level CHBMLI, as shown in Fig. 4. It is assumed
that the converter has to inject the current i
sh
. This current i
sh
is compared with the reference current i
sh ref
and generates an
error signal. This error is amplied by a suitable gain K to gen-
erate the switching function signal K
Error
. This signal is then
compared with the carrier, as shown in Fig. 4, to generate the
gating signals for the switches S
w11
, S
w12
, S
w13
, and S
w14
of
the rst H-bridge [22], [23]. The resultant voltage levels for this
H-bridge are obtained as +V
dc
, 0, and V
dc
. The same pro-
cess is repeated with the remaining H-bridges with the carriers
phase-shifted by predened angles. For phase-shifted cascaded
PWM, the phase shift of each carrier is (i 1)/N, (where i is
the ith converter and N is the total number of H-bridge cells per
phase). This leads to a total n =(2N+1) number of levels in the
302 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 5 Equivalent block diagramof exciter, alternator split winding, DBR, and
H-bridge inverter.
output. For the seven-level inverter, the phase shifts of carriers
required are 0, /3, and 2/3 rad [23], [24]. This modulation
method tracks the reference current i
sh ref
and also leads to a
seven-level output at xed switching frequency (f
carrier
). The
advantage of using this modulation method is that it eliminates
the switching harmonic components up to the (n 1)f
carrier
frequency [22][24], and hence improves the total harmonic
distortion (THD) of the output quantities.
III. UNIFORM CONTROL OF DC-LINK VOLTAGE AND
CURRENT CONTROL IN THE CHBMLI
Two levels of control are proposed in this paper. The rst is
the slow simultaneous control of the input dc-link voltages to
the CHBMLI by control of set point of the terminal voltage V
t
of the alternator using excitation controller. This provides the
means to improve the dynamic performance of the fast instan-
taneous current control loop. The second is the instantaneous
current control of the VSI, as previously mentioned, whereby
the harmonic load currents, unbalance currents, as well as poor
power factor are corrected, and an additional real component
of current is injected into the PCC corresponding to the power
fromthe wind turbine, which can be computed using the method
to be discussed in Section III-B.
A. Slow DC-Link Voltage Control
The excitation system, alternator split winding, DBR, and in-
verter are shown in Fig. 5. The steady-state governing equations
for this system can be written as follows.
With a dc excitation voltage V
f
applied to the eld circuit and
a eld circuit resistance R
f
, the dc eld current I
f
is given by
I
f
= (V
f
/R
f
). The rms induced electromotive force (EMF) E
f c
in each split winding in case of three split windings per phase,
is given by
E
f c
=
4.44K
f
K
w
N
ph
360R
f
pnV
f
(1)
where p is the number of poles, n is the speed of alternator rotor
in rpm, N
ph
is the total number of winding turns per phase, and
K
f
and K
w
are machine constants. The average voltage output
V
dcc
, of each of the DBR + capacitor block is then computed
as follows:
V
dcc
=

2 V
tc
=

2

4.44K
f
K
w
N
ph
360R
f
pnV
f
cos() I
a
x
s
cos(90 )

(2)
where x
s
is the machine synchronous reactance, and is the
angle between the terminal voltage V
tc
and the current I
a
of each
split winding and is the angle between E
f c
and V
tc
. Equation
(1) shows that the induced EMF of each split-winding section
is directly proportional to the speed of rotor and the excitation
voltage V
f
, while (2) shows that the input dc voltage to the
CHBMLI is a function of excitation voltage V
f
, rotational speed
n, and the armature current I
a
. The terminal voltage will rise with
rise in rotor speed and drop with increase in load current I
a
. The
excitation controller is used to maintain a constant terminal
voltage at the output terminals of the alternator over the full-
load range and rotor speed range by control of excitation voltage
V
f
. Thus, it can ensure a constant dc-link voltage in spite of the
rotor speed and load current variations. However, if the set point
for the generator terminal voltage is varied, the dc-link voltage
V
dcc
can also be varied. It is also seen that for an SWA, all
the split-winding voltages can be controlled simultaneously by
controlling the one set point for the terminal voltage, and thus a
very ne control of all the nine dc-link voltages is achieved for
external voltage control of the VSI.
B. Generation of Reference Currents and Fast Current Control
of the CHBMLI
The second control loop, i.e., the instantaneous current control
loop implemented in the CHBMLI is used to inject a component
of current corresponding to the real power injection together
with the load compensation current component to offset the har-
monic, reactive, and unbalance components of the load current.
For achieving this, reference currents have to be generated for
each phase and these currents must be tracked using the closed-
loop multicarrier PWM algorithm [22][24]. The power from
the wind turbine p
wind
can be computed using the value of wind
speed measured by a wind speed sensor [28][33] or estimated
by [34][37], using the following:
p
wind
=
1
2
AC
p
V
3
W
(3)
where A is the wind-turbine rotor swept area in square meter,
V
W
is the speed of the wind in meter per second, C
P
is the
power coefcient, and is the air density in kilograms per cu-
bic meter. It may be noted that there is a time delay for the
changed wind power level to be reected in the generator be-
cause of the large turbine inertia. Hence, an appropriate time
delay may be incorporated in the computation/estimation of
equivalent available power using (3) for reference current gen-
eration. In most of the cases, the wind turbine is operated at
the maximum power point under the prevalent wind conditions
and the value of the maximum power can be estimated using
any of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques
like TSR control [28][32], and power signal feedback (PSF)
control [28], [30], [32]. In the former case, the rotor speed and
wind speed measurement/estimation have to be done in order
to calculate the TSR and run the machine at the optimum ,
whereas in the latter case, the rotor speed measurement has to
be done in order to select the stored speed power curve, which
gives the target optimum power to be tracked by the system.
In case the TSR technique of MPPT is used, the maximum
SAMUEL et al.: GRID INTERFACE OF WIND POWER WITH LARGE SPLIT-WINDING ALTERNATOR 303
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram for real power injected and load-compensated
distribution system.
available power from the wind turbine p
wind
can be obtained
using optimum value of C
P
in (3).
The proposed current reference-generation scheme is now
discussed. A three-phase four-wire compensated distribution
system is shown in Fig. 6. The three-phase load currents may be
unbalanced and consist of both linear and nonlinear elements,
thus resulting in unbalanced and distorted PCC voltages. It is
assumed that the compensator is lossless and comprises three
ideal current sources and they are controlled by three VSIs, re-
spectively. The three-phase shunt reference currents (i
sha
, i
shb
,
and i
shc
) are generated from the measurements of the PCC or
terminal voltages (v
PCCa
, v
PCCb
, and v
PCCc
) and load currents
(i
la
, i
lb
, and i
lc
). The source voltages and source currents are
represented by (v
sa
, v
sb
, and v
sc
) and (i
sa
, i
sb
, and i
sc
), respec-
tively, in the three phases.
Three conditions need to be satised in order to meet the
requirements of load compensation [38][40]. They are as fol-
lows.
1) Assuming perfect compensation, the zero-sequence com-
ponent of the source currents will be zero, i.e.,
i
sa
+ i
sb
+ i
sc
= 0. (4)
2) The reactive power delivered fromthe source is controlled
by the phase angle between the positive sequence voltage
v
PCCa1
and positive sequence current i
sa1
. This results in
the following relationship:

v
PCCa1
=

i
sa1
+ (5)
where is the phase angle between the voltage v
PCCa1
and the current i
sa1
. For unity power factor, the combined
load and compensator system draw a current from the
source in-phase with the PCC voltage and therefore =
0. Using instantaneous positive sequence components, (5)
can be rewritten for unity power factor ( = 0) as follows:

{v
PCCa
+ v
PCCb
+
2
v
PCCc
}
=

{i
sa
+ i
sb
+
2
i
sc
} (6)
where = e
j(2/3)
, and the following can be written after
substituting the value of and
2
in (6)

v
PCCa

1
2
v
PCCb

1
2
v
PCCc

(i
sb
i
sc
)
=

i
sa

1
2
i
sb

1
2
i
sc

(v
PCCb
v
PCCc
). (7)
Simplifying (7), we obtain
(v
PCCb
v
PCCc
) i
sa
+ (v
PCCc
v
PCCa
) i
sb
+(v
PCCa
v
PCCb
) i
sc
= 0. (8)
3) The source should supply only the required active power
(p
active
), which is given by
v
PCCa
i
sa
+ v
PCCb
i
sb
+ v
PCCc
i
sc
= p
active
. (9)
Since the VSI is also injecting a real power corresponding
to the computed/estimated wind power (p
wind
) using (3), there-
fore the source should supply only the balance power, i.e., the
required active power p
active
in (9)
p
active
= p
lav
p
wind
(10)
where p
lav
is the average load power that is obtained by a mov-
ing average lter using the continuous measurement of instan-
taneous power that is given by
p
l
= v
PCCa
i
la
+ v
PCCb
i
lb
+ v
PCCc
i
lc
. (11)
The averaging windowis considered half the fundamental cycle.
Assuming that the VSI will track the reference shunt currents,
the following expression can be written for the reference shunt
currents in three phases:
i
shkref
= i
lk
i
sk
, where k = a, b, c. (12)
Combining (4)(12) and using the following condition
v
PCCa
+ v
PCCa
+ v
PCCc
3
= v
0
(13)
where v
0
is the zero-sequence voltage at the PCC, the expres-
sions for generation of the reference current for three phases of
the shunt converter can be obtained as follows:
i
sharef
= i
la
i
saref
= i
la

(v
P C C a
v
0
)

(p
lav
p
wind
)
i
shbref
= i
lb
i
sbref
= i
lb

(v
P C C b
v
0
)

(p
lav
p
wind
)
i
shcref
= i
lc
i
scref
= i
lc

(v
P C C c
v
0
)

(p
lav
p
wind
)

(14)
where, = v
2
PCCa
+ v
2
PCCb
+ v
2
PCCc
3v
2
0
, and p
wind
is the
maximum turbine power computed using the optimum value of
power coefcient C
p
in (3).
The currents i
shkref
and i
skref
(k = a, b, c), respectively, are
the reference shunt currents and the reference source currents
for the three phases. The voltage v
0
= 0 in (14), in case the
PCC terminal voltages are balanced. In this paper, the volt-
ages v
PCCa
, v
PCCb
, and v
PCCc
used in (14) are taken as the
fundamental positive sequence components of the actual PCC
terminal voltages. This will ensure the derivation of reference
source currents i
sa ref
, i
sb ref
, and i
sc ref
from (14) to be bal-
anced and sinusoidal [41]. The fundamental positive sequence
304 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 7. Power ow diagram for the WECS.
components are extracted online from the measurements of the
actual voltages samples [38], [39]. This makes the terminal
voltages used in (14) balanced, i.e., v
0
= 0, and free from the
high-frequency ripples due to the switching components of the
VSI. Use of only positive sequence component of voltages in
(14) will ensure that the reference for the source currents to
be balanced, and the extraction of fundamental component of
the voltages will make sure that the currents will be free from
the harmonics and high-frequency switching ripples and hence
results in perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) [41]. For more
details on the different conditions of supply imbalancing and
source references, [40] and [41] may be referred for any further
modication in (14).
The reference shunt current (14) will inject the real compo-
nent of the current corresponding to the equivalent real power
available from the wind turbine, in addition to the reactive, har-
monic, and unbalanced components of the load using closed-
loop multicarrier PWM method discussed in Section II-D with
the detail given in [22] and [23]. As a result of this, the source
currents drawn from the grid are balanced, sinusoidal, and in
phase with the PCC voltage. In addition, the real power injected
at the PCC takes up part or whole of the load as maybe the case,
depending upon the wind power generated and the net excess
power produced if any is exported to the grid.
C. Steady-State Power Flow Equations
The single-line diagram in Fig. 7 shows the power ow be-
tween the CHBMLI fed by the SWADBRVSI block and the
PCC. If the reactance of the line and external lter reactor con-
nected in between the VSI and PCC is assumed to be X, the rms
phase to neutral voltage at the PCC is assumed to be V
PCC
, the
rms phase to neutral voltage of the VSI is assumed to be V
i
, and
the rms shunt current injected into the PCC by the VSI is I
sh
;
then, the power transfer equations for the link connecting the
VSI to the PCC are given as [42][44]
I
sh
=
V
i
V
PCC
jX
(15)
where I
sh
, V
i
and V
PCC
are the injected current, inverter voltage,
and PCC voltage phasors, respectively,
P = 3
V
PCC
V
i
sin
X
= 3
V
PCC
M
i
V
dc
sin

2X
. (16)
From the above, it is clear that since the PCC voltage V
PCC
and link reactance X are constant, the three-phase real power
ow between the VSI (CHBMLI) and PCC is proportional to
the modulation index M
i
, dc-link voltage V
dc
, and sine of the
power angle between the voltages V
i
and V
PCC
. Since we
are using the three VSIs in current control mode, the controller
basically injects three currents according to the three references
generated in (11). The maximum value of real power is given
by
P
max
= 3
V
PCC
M
i
V
dc

2X
from which it can be concluded that P
max
is decided by V
dc
[43], [44].
The mechanical power input to the turbine in case of con-
ventional energy sources can be controlled and hence the
prime mover input power is continuously controlled by inlet
valve/governor control, etc., in order to match the variable load
power. However, in case the of wind turbines, the energy/power
source is not controllable and hence the operating strategy is
to match the load power to the generated power at all instants
while operating in the safe wind speed limits. In the case of
grid-connected WECS, the power produced is injected into the
grid assuming that it can absorb all the power produced by the
wind turbine. The strategy proposed in this paper easily satises
the aforementioned condition using (14). When the load power
required is more than the power produced by the WECS, the re-
maining power is supplied by the grid. In case of excess power
produced by the WECS than required by the load, the balance
power will be injected into the grid.
The reactive power Q is given by [43], [44]
Q=3
V
i
V
PCC
X
cos 3
V
2
PCC
X
=3
V
PCC
M
i
V
dc

2X
cos 3
V
2
PCC
X
.
(17)
The reactive power ow is decided by the variable M
i
and V
dc
.
Thus, for xed V
dc
, the reactive power ow can be controlled
by control of the VSI output voltage by controlling M
i
. In case
the demand for reactive power exceeds the maximuminjected at
M
i
= 1, the dc-link voltage V
dc
can be increased by controlling
the reference of the excitation voltage using (2).
As a result of compensation using the proposed scheme, the
source current becomes sinusoidal, in-phase with the PCC volt-
age, and perfectly balanced. Accordingly, the PCCvoltage qual-
ity is also improved and the magnitude is also boosted as a good
part of the load power is fed from the local WECS (distributed
generation) rather than being imported via the weak link from
the grid. The grid is relieved of feeding distant loads thus avoid-
ing line losses and voltage drop. The wind-turbine alternator is
free to operate at close to unity power factor as reactive power
injection is done by the VSI, which results in optimum use of
the alternator. The only ip side is that the VSI will have to
be sized to handle the reactive and harmonic power demand of
the load in addition to the real power output of the alternator.
SAMUEL et al.: GRID INTERFACE OF WIND POWER WITH LARGE SPLIT-WINDING ALTERNATOR 305
TABLE I
SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR WIND TURBINE FED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Hence, the rating of the VSI (CHBMLI) will be considerably
larger than the rating of the alternator, depending on the level of
load compensation required.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The parameters of the system that have been used for simu-
lation studies are given in Table I. A 6.6-kV four-wire distribu-
tion system has been considered. It is desired to use commonly
available IGBTs rated about 2.5 kV [27]. Using a seven-level
inverter with three H-bridges, as shown in Fig. 2, fullls this re-
quirement. The dc-link voltage across each H-bridge is around
2.2 kV (max).
The changes in the wind power p
wind
are assumed to be in-
stantaneous as a worst-case situation in (14). In actual, these
changes due to wind speed will take place slowly because of
rotor inertia and mechanical time constants. The simulations
shown in this paper are considered in a short time frame as per
power system dynamics, in which it is assumed that the ma-
chine speed is constant for the period of consideration and the
generator is modeled as a voltage source to verify the reference
generation and control method proposed in this paper. The sim-
ulation studies have been shown through the PSCAD/EMTDC
software [45].
Case I: studies the effect of the wind-turbine-supported VSI
on the PCC voltages and source currents, and the effect of the
VSI on sharing of the load power between the grid and wind
turbine.
Case 2: studies the performance of the converter during a step
change in the reactive load. It shows that the increase in dc-link
voltages using eld excitation control of the alternator improves
the converter capability to track the higher reference currents
due to increase in the reactive component of the load.
Case 3: studies the effect of increase in wind-turbine power
output caused by an increase in the wind speed. It has been
shown that the source power becomes negative when all of the
load power is fed by the wind turbine, and power produced over
and above the local load requirement is exported to the grid
(source).
A. Case 1
For this case, a combination of linear unbalanced load and
nonlinear load is connected to the PCC and the VSI is switched
on at time t = 0.06 s. The reference for the VSI is generated
using (14) and controlled using the closed-loop multicarrier
modulation discussed in Section II-D with the carrier frequency
of 1 kHz. Fig. 8(a) shows the seven-level cascaded output of the
VSI, whereas Fig. 8(b) shows the three-phase load and source
currents before and after the VSI has been switched on to the
PCC. It has been shown in Fig. 8(b) and (c) that due to presence
of nonlinear loads, the source currents and PCC voltages get
distorted, and as soon as the VSI is switched to the PCC, the
voltages become close to sinusoidal and source currents become
balanced, sinusoidal, and in-phase with the PCC voltage. This
indicates that all the harmonic, reactive, and unbalanced currents
are fed from the VSI connected in shunt, and the source is
relieved of supplying these components and only supplies the
real part of the load. This also improves the PCC voltage. As
shown in Fig. 8(d), the power available from the wind turbine
is injected into the PCC after the VSI is switched on, and as
a result, the power coming from the source is reduced from
0.95 to 0.24 MW. Since the PCC voltage is improved both in
quantity and quality, the load power also increases from 0.95
to 1.22 MW. The contribution of wind to this load power is
approximately 1.05 MW. It is also observed that THD of the
source current is improved from 8.3% to 2.5%. The use of
PS-PWM eliminates the switching harmonics components up
to 6 kHz for a carrier frequency of 1 kHz and along with the
compensated source current improves the waveform of the PCC
voltage close to sinusoidal. Fig. 8(e) shows the relationship
between PCC voltage and source current in phase A before and
after switching on the VSI. It is clearly seen that the source
currents that were lagging and nonsinusoidal earlier are now in-
phase with the PCC with sinusoidal wave shape. Fig. 8(f) shows
the reference shunt current tracking by the VSI for phase A in
order to transfer real power and also provide load compensation.
Tracking characteristics for the phases B and C are also similar.
Fig. 8(g) shows that all the nine split-winding voltages are equal
and Fig. 8(h) shows that the nine dc-link voltages from the nine
DBRs are also equal in magnitude. All the nine dc-link voltages
can be controlled by setting the terminal voltage set point of the
excitation controller using (2).
B. Case 2
The second simulation starts with the grid supplying a lin-
ear unbalanced load while the proposed WECS is operating in
parallel with the PCC. The wind power is assumed constant.
The dc-link voltage V
dc
is controlled to 1.8 kV between t =
0 and 0.10 s. At the instant t = 0.05 s, a predominantly reac-
tive balanced linear load is connected to the PCC, as shown in
Fig. 9 (a). The VSI shows inferior tracking due to increased
306 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 8. Simulation results for Case 1: Effect of VSI on PCC voltage, source, load currents, and powers. (a) Cascaded seven-level inverter output for phase A.
(b) Three-phase source and load currents before and after the VSI is switched on. (c) PCC terminal voltages before and after the connection of VSI. (d) Average
load, source, and wind power before and after the connection of VSI. (e) PCC voltage and source current before and after switching on the VSI for phase A. (f)
Reference and actual shunt injected current (VSI current tracking). (g) Split-winding ac voltages (three per phase, equal for same phase). (h) DC-link voltages for
all the nine cells (three per phase, equal for same phase).
SAMUEL et al.: GRID INTERFACE OF WIND POWER WITH LARGE SPLIT-WINDING ALTERNATOR 307
reference current, i.e., beyond M
i
= 1, as discussed in
Section III-C and seen in Fig. 9 (b). The effect of this can
be seen in Fig. 9 (a), where the source currents are no longer
balanced and sinusoidal. The dc-link voltage is then increased
to V
dc
= 2.2 kV by increasing the reference eld excitation
voltage at the instant t = 0.10 s, the effect of which is clearly
seen in the seven-level cascaded output of the VSI in Fig. 9
(c). The tracking performance is now improved. The simulation
shows that V
dc
of 1.8 kV is adequate to perform the required
compensation at the low load, but when the load is increased at t
= 0.05 s, the compensation becomes inadequate and the source
currents get distorted. However, when V
dc
is increased, this is
sufcient to provide proper load compensation as the closed-
loop modulation is linear, i.e., M
i
< 1. This justies the need
to increase V
dc
for increased Q in (17). Fig. 9 (a) shows the
improvement in the source current waveforms at t = 0.10 s with
increased V
dc
. The THD of source current increases to 4.7%
from 0.26% initially and improves again to 0.20% after V
dc
is
increased. Fig. 9 (d) shows the phase A PCC voltage and source
current, and it can be seen very clearly that the source current
is in-phase with the PCC voltage, whereas Fig. 9 (e) shows that
the load current is predominantly real up to t = 0.05 s and has
a much higher reactive component after t = 0.05 s.
C. Case 3
The third simulation shows the effect of increased wind power
on the system. This simulation is done with a xed load of ap-
proximately 1 MW. At t =0.05 s, the wind-turbine power output
is increased from 0.382 to 1.565 MW, i.e., a jump of 1.18 MW,
as shown in Fig. 10(a). It is observed that not only is the source
(grid) relieved of supplying the real power, but, in addition, a
power of 0.386 MW is injected back into the grid now because
the wind power has increased due to increase in wind speed
from 6.55 to 10.5 m/s. The change in the direction of power
ow is evident from Fig. 10 (b), which shows that the source
current that was in-phase with PCC voltage earlier becomes
180

opposite in-phase to it, signifying a change in direction.

The load power remains more or less constant, and the entire
load power is supplied by the wind turbine and excess power is
exported back into the source, i.e., the grid. This simulation also
shows in Fig. 10 (c) that when the reference currents generated
for the VSI contains a large increase in real component, the VSI
is not able to faithfully track the reference currents and hence
the source current THD increases. However, the performance
is improved on the increase of dc-link voltage from 1.9 to 2.2
kV at t = 0.1 s. Thus, the dependence of P with V
dc
has been
demonstrated as stated in (16).
Since the capacity of the distribution system is limited by the
transformer connecting the 6.6-kV distribution system with the
11- or 33-kV grid, it can import or export at the most 1500 kVA.
However, a much larger wind turbine can be used than the rating
of the distribution systemif there is a local load connected at the
PCC, as shown in Table I. In this case, although the distribution
system is rated for only 1500 kVA, a wind turbine of 2-MW
rating has been used.
Fig. 9. Simulation results for Case 2 Effect of dc-link voltage on the perfor-
mance of the current control loop. (a) Three phase source and load currents
as dc-link voltage, and load is varied. (b) Reference and actual shunt injected
current, and tracking error for phase A. (c) Cascaded seven-level VSI voltage
output. (d) PCC voltage and source current for varying load, and V
dc
for phase
A. (e) PCC voltage and load current for varying load, and V
dc
for phase A.
308 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 1, MARCH 2011
Fig. 10. Simulation results for Case 3: Effect of increased wind speed on the
system. (a) Power drawn from source, wind, and load power. (b) PCC voltage
and source current for phase A. (c) Three phase source and load currents.
V. CONCLUSION
It has been shown that an SWA with a CHBMLI can be suc-
cessfully used to interface a large wind turbine to the grid with
better power quality at the PCC. The performance of the pro-
posed reference-generation scheme is shown to be satisfactory
both in terms of real power injection depending upon the avail-
able wind power as well as load compensation. The effect of
wind and load variations on the distribution of power between
the VSI and source has been demonstrated. It is shown that in
case the wind power supply is more than the demanded load,
the excess power is exported to the grid. The effect of change in
the set point of the terminal voltage using eld excitation con-
trol loop has also been demonstrated. It has been observed that
although the VSI is designed for the maximum dc-link voltage,
it need not always be operated at the maximum value as the VSI
losses depending upon the dc-link voltages. The equal distribu-
tion of losses among three CHBs per phase makes it possible to
use commonly available switching devices, which will help in
reducing the cost of the power electronics component.
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Paulson Samuel (S08M09) received the Bach-
elor of Engineering (Electrical) degree from the
G. S. Institute of Technology and Science, Indore,
India, in 1984, and the Master of Engineering in Com-
puter Science and Engineering degree from Motilal
Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
India, in 1998, where he is currently working toward
the Ph.D. degree.
From 1990 onward, he has been a faculty member
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Motilal
Nehru National Institute of Technology, where he is
presently an Associate Professor. From 1984 to 1990, he was an Engineer at
the National Thermal Power Corporation, New Delhi, India. His research inter-
ests include power quality, distributed generation, automation, control of power
converters, and multilevel inverters.
Rajesh Gupta (S05M08) received the Bachelors
degree from the Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineer-
ing College, Gorakhpur, India, in 1993, the Masterss
degree fromthe Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi,
India, in 1995, and the Ph.D. degree from the Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, in 2007, all in
electrical engineering.
From 1996 to 1999, he was a Lecturer at the
Govind Ballabh Pant Engineering College, Pauri
Garhwal, India. He is currently an Associate Pro-
fessor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India. His research
interests include control theory, power quality, distributed generation, control
of power electronics systems, and multilevel converters.
Dinesh Chandra (M09) received the Bachelors de-
gree in electrical engineering fromthe Madan Mohan
Malaviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur, India, in
1973, and the Masters Ph.D. degrees in electrical en-
gineering from the Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, India, in 1979, and 2002,
respectively.
Since the past 35 years, he has been with Motilal
Nehru National Institute of Technology, where he is
currently a Professor and Head in the Department of
Electrical Engineering. His research interests include
control systems, reduced order modeling, optimization, and converters control.