ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) - pp435-448

ICCBT2008


Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking
Facilities in College of Engineering UNITEN


S. Norhisham*, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, MALAYSIA
N. Ismail, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, MALAYSIA


ABSTRACT

This paper was about a study on supply and demand parking in Universiti Tenaga Nasional
(UNITEN) main campus. This is predominantly case study based project and the main focus
was on the supply and demand car-parking facilities for students in College of Engineering
(COE), UNITEN. The objectives were to identify the current parking supply and next five
years parking demand in case study area and gave suggestions or recommendations to
solving the problem. The study consist parking inventory, parking usage survey using license
plate numbers method and parking interview for determination the current parking supply in
COE. From the result of current data, the next five years future parking demand had been
estimated by study and information from the administration data, questionnaire, parking
space zoning regulation and parking generation. A recommendation had been suggested
according to the result of demand parking facilities for the next five years. As a result from
parking interview, 88% students claimed, they had a parking problem in COE. But this
situation was opposite as in calculation of current parking supply which give only parking
area A2 exist 85% parking load percentage which was 89% and can considered as have
parking problem. For future parking demand 1540 parking spaces should be provided in five
years time. As recommendation, besides built a new parking area, which more costly, law
enforcement must do strictly to restrict the non-stickers users park at COE parking. As
another alternative, a grass area in front of COE caf parking should be built as new parking
spaces.

Keywords: Parking Supply, Parking Demand, and Parking Facilities







*Correspondence Author: Shuhairy Norhisham, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Tel: +6003 8921 2020
ext. 6331, Fax: +60389212116. E-mail: shuhairy@uniten.edu.my
Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 436
1. INTRODUCTION

Drivers love parking. This is evidenced by their behavior. Heated discussion erupts in parking
lots when one driver steals a space from another. Drivers pay parking garage high prices for
the right to park one block closer to their destination [4]. The car trips were generated by a
development demand car parking spaces. It is important to provide adequate parking, both in
respect of the traffic impact on the local highway network and also for he commercial success
of development.

Parking facilities and programs were also considerable importance in traffic engineering.
Most urban and regional commercial centers were access primarily by automobiles. The
viability of these areas depends in a large part on the availability of convenient parking
facilities adjacent to or easily accessible to desired destinations. Thus, comprehensive parking
programs involve planning, design, construction, operation and financing parking facilities, as
well as placement and enforcement of parking regulations [2].

Experts agree that, when it comes to on-campus parking, there is no such thing as a one-size-
fits-all approach. The parking problem can be different in each case to another and the
parking problem solution also can be varies [7].

This study is about a study on the supply and demand car-parking facilities for the next five
years in College of Engineering, UNITEN for students. The objectives are to identify the
current and next five years supply and demand parking facilities in case study area. As a result
of identify the current parking supply, the parking problem of case study area was also
determined. From the future parking demand, a suggestion of recommendation to solve the
problem was also identified.


2. PROBLEM STATEMENTS

In Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), according to UNITEN Students Representation
Council Honor Secretary, Mr. Khairul Fadzli Bin Azmi, among the most complaint from
UNITEN students, are the parking facilities problems for College of Engineering (COE)
students. For COE students, UNITEN had provided various parking area surround the COE
building. As COE students, they have choices to park at COE parking (behind COE building)
and COE caf parking (in front COE caf), BV building parking or Administration building
parking. Although they are several of parking facilities near COE building, the students are
still having the parking problem. Figure 1 show the congestion in College of Engineering to
enter parking area.There are only complaints from students about this parking problem in
COE and no technical evidences to prove it.

S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 437

Figure 1. Congestion in College of Engineering to enter parking area


3. LITERATURE REVIEWS

Various researches and theories have been developed to determine the supply and demand of
parking facilities. There are also many theories about the recommendation and solution of
solving the parking problem.

Parking studies was divided to three main study, which is inventories studies, administrative
studies and dynamic studies. Inventories studies was included list of graphic display of
existing information, geometric design, traffic characteristic, traffic operation and traffic
control and regulation [1]. For the administrative studies, result of survey involves field
measurement, past case studies result and analysis and the data of the relevant information
about the case study area. In Dynamic studies, data collected under operational conditions
such as speed study, travel time and delay, traffic volume, parking, accidents and others.


4. METHODOLOGY

Determination of current parking was focused on parking inventory, parking usage survey
using License Plate Numbers Method and the parking interview studies [3]. This entire works
had given the parking characteristic (existing condition) and the total load of the current
parking.

Thus, determination of future parking demand was more concentration on parking zoning
regulation, parking generation table and parking demand calculation [5]. In order to determine
the future parking demand, administration data and information from questionnaire was
needed as a figure when calculating the parking demand.

Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 438
Parking facilities in UNITEN that provided parking at several area such as library,
administration building, College of Engineering building, College of Information Technology
building and students and staffs apartment building. The facilities was provide to car parking
and motorcycles parking. The restriction area divided to yellow zone for staffs and lecturers
and red zone for students and visitors.

The focus of the project was at car parking facilities for students in College of Engineering. In
COE, the alternative of parking area was at COE building, which labeled as A1, A2 and A3.
And others two area which was in front of COE caf, labeled as B and near to BV building,
labeled as C. Figure 2 show the labeled parking area A1, A2, A3, B and C.




A3
B

A2
C


A1


Figure 2. The labeled parking area A1, A2, A3, B and C.


5. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Current Parking Supply

Parking area in COE is divided to five areas to do the analysis of this project. Which are A1,
A2, A3, B and C. A1, A2 and A3 are parking areas in front of COE building. Meanwhile,
parking area B is in front of COE caf and parking area C at the BV building parking area.
The total parking spaces of these parking are 321 parking spaces and the total areas are
1443.56 m
2
.

The characteristics of parking supply in COE are analysis by accumulation (total parking
supply), duration distribution, violations (illegal parking) and parking turnover rates. At
parking area A1 only on Tuesday at interval 1:30pm to 2:00pm, 2:00pm to 2:30pm and
3:00pm to 3:30pm the parking area were fully occupied. Which is mean only 1 and half hours
in Tuesday parking area A1 the accumulation is 100%. In parking area A2, the 100%
accumulation only happened on Tuesday from 2:30pm until 4:00pm and on Thursday from
10:00am until 10:30pm. The result also similar as A3 and B parking areas, which only three
intervals is fully occupied, which is from 10:00am to 12:00pm for both areas and 2:00pm to
2:30pm in parking area A3, 3:30pm to 4:00pm for parking area B. This accumulation result is
S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 439
compare in table 1, with informations from parking user survey which give, 43% user said
10:00am until 12:00 is the peak hours.

Table 1. Accumulation parking
















Total parking supply had been measured in terms of hour many vehicles can be parked during
the period of interest within the study area.

P = ( NT / D) * F
where
P = parking supply, vehicles
N = numbers of parking of given type and time restriction
T = time that N spaces of given type and time restriction are available during the study
period, hours
D = average parking duration during the steady period hours / vehicles.
F = insufficiency factor to account for turnover values range from 0.85 to 0.95 and
increase as average duration increase

Table 2. Parking supply
A1 527 237.15
A2 1067 480.15
A3 183 82.35
B 203 91.13
C 37 16.65
Total 2016.5 907.425

Total parking load as calculate as parking supply in table 2 give a result that 908 vehicles
could be parked in study area over 11 hours period of the study. However, it does not mean
that all 908 vehicles could be parked at same time. This is not meant 908 cars can park at 321
parking spaces in same time. It only give a value of capability of 321 parking spaces can
receives 908 vehicles in one day (11 hours).
Peak hours or 100% accumulation

A1 1:30pm to 2:30pm (Tuesday)
3:00pm to 3:30pm (Tuesday)
A2 2:30pm until 4:00pm (Tuesday)
10:00am until 10:30pm (Thursday)
A3 10:00am until 12:00pm (Thursday)
2:00pm until 2:30pm (Tuesday)
B 10:00am until 12:00pm (Tuesday)
3:30pm until 4:00pm (Tuesday)
C

None
Parking User Survey
(Questionnaire)
10:00am until 12:00pm
Area NT P = ( NT / D) * F
Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 440

FIGURE 3 Numbers of car vs. duration time
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Duration time
N
u
m
b
e
r
s

o
f

c
a
r
A1 A2 A3 B C
In figure 3, the highest parking duration is in parking area A2, for 1 hours (2 intervals.), which
is 149 vehicles. The longer duration is 20 hours (10 intervals), which is 2 cars in parking area
A1, and 1 car in parking area A2. The calculation of average parking durations is record in
table 3. The average duration for total area is 0.936 hours.

Average parking duration is computed as:

D = (N
x
* X * I)
N
T

where
D = average parking duration, hour/vehicles
N
x
= number of vehicles parked for x intervals
X = number of intervals parked
I = length of the observation interval, h
N
T
= total number of parked vehicles observed











S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 441
Table 3. Average parking duration
Area (N
x
* X * I) N
T
D (h/vehicles)
A1 527 254 0.93
A2 1067.00 498 0.96
A3 183 71 1.16
B 202.5 98 0.93
C 37 24 0.69
Total Average 2016.5 945 0.936

Table 4.Total illegal parking

A1 60 20
A2 81 27
A3 230 77
B 434 147
C 0 0

A violation for parking area, which is total illegal parking, is record in table 4. The total
illegal parking in one day is 271 cars. Which get from, 20 illegal parkers in A1, 27 in A2, 77
in A3 and 147 in parking area B. Parking area B has a large numbers of illegal parking,
which is they user park their car on motorcycles parking spaces and a along the road to the
COE building. Figure 4 show users park their car at motorcycles parking spaces. Figure 5
show users park their car along the road to the COE building.



Figure 4. User park their car at Figure 5. Users park their cars
motorcycles parking spaces along the road to the COE building.

From table 5 the average turnover rate for all area in COE is 0.532. It is mean for whole
COE parking area each parking spaces is have a rate of 0.532 of parking occupy in one hour.

TR = N
T
. (1)
Ps * Ts

Area Total illegal
parking in 3 days
(for 22 intervals)
Average total illegal parking for one day
(for 22 intervals)
Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 442
where
TR = parking turnover rate, veh/stall/h
N
T
= total number of parked vehicles observed
Ps = total number of legal parking stall
Ts = duration of the study period, h

Table 5. Parking turnover rates

In Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), according to UNITEN Students Representation
Council Honor Secretary, Mr. Khairul Fadzli Bin Azmi, among the most complaint from
UNITEN students, are the parking facilities problems for College of Engineering (COE)
students. This approved by 300 questionnaires among the COE students, 88% said they have
parking problem in COE . Meanwhile, 41% claimed they have more than 5 times parking
problem in one week.




In determination of parking supply load, table 6 state for total area of COE parking it is only
60.9% of parking supply load. Which proportion in each area as 70.4% in parking area A1,
89% in parking area A2, 77% in parking area A3, 77.9% in parking area B and 5.16% for
parking area C.

Table 6. Parking supply load

A1 A2 A3 B C TOTAL
Numbers of intervals (a) 22 22 22 22 22 22
Numbers of parking (b) 74 199 20 24 64 323
Numbers of car in 22 intervals 1147 2331 339 412 98 4325
Parking load = a/(b*c) 70.4% 89.0% 77.0% 77.9% 5.16% 60.9%

5.2 Future Parking Demand

Statistic from Safety Office (car sticker registration) give from 3500 COE students in table 7,
only 870 students apply for car sticker. This total numbers are come proportion from out
campus which is 256 applications, Ilmu apartment 165 applications, Murni apartment 110
Area Total number of
parked vehicles, N
T

Total numbers of
Parking stalls, Ps
Duration study
period, Ts
Turnover
rates, TR
A1 254.00 74 22 0.60
A2 498.00 119 22 0.73
A3 71.00 20 22 0.62
B 98.00 24 22 0.71
C 24.00 86 22 0.001
Total 945 323 - -
Average - - 22 0.532
S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 443
applications, Cendiakawan apartment 148 applications and Amanah apartment 191
applications.

Table 7. Numbers of car sticker registration

Numbers of car sticker registered
Out Campus 256
Ilmu Apartment 165
Murni Apartment 110
Cendiakawan Apartment 148
Amanah Apartment 191
Total 870

Questionnaire data give, 42% from 3500 COE students which about 1470 students driving to
COE by car. For comparison, only 870 students from 1470 students whos driving car to COE
have car sticker registration, which give a value of 59.18%. The rest, about 40.81% of
students dont have car stickers.

As the recommended zoning requirements is 85
th
percentile demand and from table of
Recommended Parking Spaces Zoning Requirements in Suburban, the zone regulation is plus
with 0.1% from calculation. Therefore the recommended parking spaces zoning requirements
in suburban settings for university and college is 86%.

From parkinng generation, average parking rate per base unit for technical college is 0.44 and
the total of student in College of Engineering is 3500 students in five years (this data will get
from administration data collection). From this two data the estimation of future parking
demand in 5 years for 3500 students in COE is 1540 parking spaces. And as a calculation with
zoning requirement, the future parking demand is 1325 parking spaces.

With parking demand calculation, with data 3500 students, assuming 1000 students are there
in peak hours, assuming average 10 classes happened in one hour (110 activities in 11 hours),
42% students COE driving a car, average auto occupancy is 1, most purpose coming to COE
consider as 1 (coming to COE for class), the parking demand (with zoning requirement) is
1325 parking spaces. Table 8 shows the two value of different method, which is parking
generation table and parking demand calculation

Table 8. Differentiate values of parking generation table and parking demand calculation

Parking generation table Parking demand
calculation
Future parking demand
(with zoning requirements)

1324.4 parking spaces

1324.27 parking spaces






Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 444
6. DISCUSSION

As claims by parking users, 88% of them having a parking problem. But in the parking usage
survey, only at parking A2 is consider have parking problem. The others and average parking
load doesnt consider as having problem. The parking area A2 always nearly occupied
because it is at strategic location near to BM and BL building which is most lecture conduct at
those building.

The user also claims they have parking problem because they really search for free parking
spaces. It is can be approve by accumulation data which give average parking spaces 100%
occupy is only one and half hours in one day and each areas. Besides that even though, the
others intervals (times) is not 100% occupy the numbers of illegal parking give a big statistic,
which is average 271 illegal parking in one day (11 hours). This proves, it is not the parking
areas are always fully occupied, but the attitudes of user who are in hurry not really searching
the empty parking spaces.

The car sticker registration statistic gives only 59.18% from 1470 of COE car students
parking user whose 88% of them have a parking problem. If consideration of only for whose
have a car sticker, which is 870 users, the parking supply is consider enough because from
total parking supply analysis it can receives 908 vehicles in one day (11 hours) for value
capability of 321 parking spaces.

As a recommended parking spaces zoning requirements and parking generations, the future
parking demand is calculate (with zoning requirements) as 1325 parking spaces for 3500
students in next five(5) years.

In parking demand calculation, with data statistic from data collection and parking user
survey, the future parking demand is calculate same as parking generation table which is 1325
parking spaces for 3500 students in next five(5) years. As a result, it proves the calculation is
same as theoretical table of parking generation.


7. CONCLUSION

The main focus of this predominantly case study based project was on the supply and demand
car-parking facilities for students in College of Engineering (COE), UNITEN. The objectives
were to identify the current parking supply and next five years parking demand in case study
area and gave suggestions or recommendations to solving the problem. The study consist
parking inventory, parking usage survey using license plate numbers method and parking
interview for determination the current parking supply in COE. From the result of current
data, the next five years future parking demand had been estimated by study and information
from the administration data, questionnaire, parking space zoning regulation and parking
generation. Recommendations had been suggested according to the result of demand parking
facilities for the next five years. As a result from parking interview, 88% students claimed,
they had a parking problem in COE. But this situation was opposite as in calculation of
current parking supply which give only parking area A2 exist 85% parking load percentage
which was 89% and can considered as have parking problem. For future parking demand
1325 parking spaces should be provided in 5 years time.
S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 445
8. RECOMMENDATION

Back to solving the parking problem, there are two ways to solve the problem, either supply
new parking spaces or reduce the parking demand.

8.1 Supply New Parking Area

In next five year the future parking demand is five times more than current parking spaces. To
supply a new parking can be reconstruct and reline the parking bay, develop a new area or
built a parking building. To reconstruct and reline the parking bay in COE parking it is
impossible because in part of parking spaces area has a divided island and cover drainage
system. To build parking building will be costly and need also new area.

The suitable solution is to develop a new area which is a grass flat area besides of COE caf
parking area B. Figure 6.1 show a new suggested parking area.


Figure 6. New suggested parking area

8.2 Reduce Parking Demand

One way to reduce the parking demand is controlling system and regulates charging policy.
There was number of reason why some form of control system may be required for a
development car park. These include:
1) Desire to generate revenue from car park
2) To deter car parking not associated with the development itself
3) To prevent vehicles entering the car park when it is full
4) Security
5) To restrict times of use of car park

In this case study, the pioneer task must to reduce the parking is to have a regulation of user
that can park the car. Although the car system is introduce, but the local authority, which is
Safety Officer, should strict in the regulations. The regulations to not allow first years
students that had done 4 years ago should be continue to reduce the parking demand. The
rational is all first year student is given priority to register staying in hostel, which have
shuttle bus in campus movement. In the same time the quality of service in public
transportation should be also improve to make a better organize transportation system. The
campaign of using shuttle bus should be conduct to reduce the demand. As example the
Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 446
shuttle bus riders should give a merit to collect in whole semester and whos having the
highest merit should be priority to parking in next semester. Park and Ride system should be
introduced to make sure more parking demand decrease.

REFERENCES

[1]. William R. McShane, Roger P. Roess, 1990, Traffic Engineering. United States:
Prencite-Hall, Inc.
[2]. Roger P. Roess, Elena S. Prassas, William R. McShane, 2004, Traffic Engineering Third
Edition. United State: Pearson Prencite-Hall.
[3]. James H. Bank, 2004, Introduction to Transportation. New York: Mc Graw Hill.
[4]. Thomas R. Currin, 1990, Introduction to Traffic Engineering A Manual for Data
Collection and Analysis. London:
[5]. Carol Ashley, 1994, Traffic and Highway Engineering for Development. Great Britain:
Black Scientific Publications
[6]. M. Slinn, P. Matthews & P. Guest, 1998, Traffic Enginering Design: Principle &
Practice. Great Britain: Arnolds Publishers.
[7]. Ellen Kollie, staff writer, College planning & Management, May 2004
http://www.peterli.com/archive/cpm/681.shtm
[8]. http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~uplan/subjects/transpo/BRWreport.html
[9]. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/19-25/CH27.htm
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[12]. http://www.desman.com/hotproperty/task,view/id,44/Itemid,168/
[13]. http://www.trafficgroup.com/services/parkingOcc.html
[14]. http://www.wenck.com/sitepages/pid177.php
[15]. http://www.cityofseattle.net/transportation/parking/parkingstudy.html
[16]. http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~uplan/subjects/transpo/BRWreport.html












S. Norhisham and N. Ismail.
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 447
Questionnaires result from 300 students

a) Percentage of students College of Engineering driving a car to COE.

YES NO
41.67% 58.33%

b) Origin and destination of the vehicular trip






c) Trip purpose to COE






Trip frequency

Trip in one day




Trip in one week




d) Duration in COE


e) Occupancy per trip (numbers of person in one car)




f) Parking place




Apartments
/home
Others building
than COE
Caf Others
75% 15% 6% 4%
Class Lecturer
Appointment
Society
activities
Others
75% 14% 8% 3%
1 2 3 4 5 More than 5
15% 37% 21% 7% 4% 16%
1 2 3 4 5 More than 5
0% 3% 9% 24% 29% 35%
1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours More than 5 hours
9% 18% 18% 15% 10% 30%
1 2 3 4 5
71% 31% 10% 5% 1%
A1 A2 A3 B C
71% 31% 10% 5% 1%
Case Study on Supply and Demand for University Parking Facilities in College of Engineering
UNITEN
ICCBT 2008 - E - (36) pp435-448 448
A1, A2, A3 : In Front of COE building
B : In front COE caf
C : BV building

g) Have a parking problem






i) Frequency having parking problem in one week









h) Peak hours of parking







YES NO Sometimes
88% 7% 12%
none 1 2 3 4 5 More than 5
7% 7% 15% 20% 7% 3% 41%
8am

10am
10am

12pm
12pm

2pm
2pm
-
4pm
4pm
-
6pm
6pm
-
8pm
13% 43% 23% 18% 2% 1%