Further Mathematics Statistics

Poisson Distribution 1, 2, 3, 13
1. A computer help line receives on average 2 calls every 10 minutes.
a. Find the probability that they will receive less than 5 calls in a ten
minute period
b. Find the probability that they will receive exactly 12 calls in a thirty
minute period
c. Find the probability that they will receive exactly 4 calls in each of
the next ten minute periods! giving your answer correct to three
signi"cant "gures
2. A bad stretch of road has! on average! #5 accidents per year.
Assuming a $oisson model is applicable%
a. Find the probability that during a given wee& there will be%
i. 'o accidents
ii. (ore than one accident
b. Find the probability that during a 10)wee& period there will be
exactly 5 wee&s with no accidents
c. *omment on the suitability of a $oisson model
3.
a. +tate the conditions for the $oisson distribution to be a valid
approximation to the ,inomial distribution
0.5- of the population su.er from a particular disease. A sample of
200 people is ta&en.
b. Find the approximate probability that at most 5 people su.er from
the disease
c. /se a suitable approximation to "nd the probability that out of 50
samples of 200 people! 40 contain at most "ve people su.ering
from the disease! giving your answer correct to three signi"cant
"gures.
Normal Distribution as an Approximation 9 ,1 , 11
!.
a. +tate the conditions under which a binomial distribution may be
approximated by a normal distribution
b. A driving test examiner &nows that the overall pass)rate is 40-. 1f
he has tested 200 people! use a suitable approximation to "nd the
probability that%
i. at least 25 passed
ii. exactly 00 passed
1n fact! this examiner has only passed 20 people.
c. Find the probability of 20 or fewer people out of 200 passing
d. 1s it fair to conclude this examiner is tougher than normal3 4xplain
your reasoning
". A typist has been found to ma&e one typing mista&e per page! on
average. 1t is assumed that the number of mista&es he ma&es per page
can be modelled by a $oisson distribution
a. 5he typist types six pages. Find the probability he ma&es between
"ve and eight mista&es inclusive
b. 5he typist is given 50 pages to type. Find an approximate value for
the probability of his ma&ing at most 45 mista&es
c. 4xplain what assumptions are made when a $oisson distribution is
used to model this situation! and comment on their validity
#.
a. +tate the conditions under which a $oisson distribution may be
approximated by a normal distribution.
5elephone calls arrive at a switchboard at a rate of 2 every minutes
during o6ce hours. /se a suitable approximation to "nd the probability
that
b. 5here are less than 0 calls in an hour
c. 5here are more than 220 calls in "ve hours
d. 5he switchboard is overloaded if there are more than ' calls in an
hour. 7iven that the switchboard is overloaded less than 1- of the
time! "nd the smallest possible value of '.
$ontinuous %an&om 'ariables (, 9 ,#, 1!
). A continuous random variable 8 has a probability density function
given by
f9x: ;
x
9
0 x a
0 otherwise
2

a. *alculate the value of the constant

b. Find the median value of 8
c. +&etch the graph of y;f9x:! and state the modal value of 8
(. 5he number of orders received per wee& nationally 9in tens of
thousands: by the ta&eaway pi<<a chain =$i<<as > /s? is modelled by a
continuous random variable 8 with probability density function f9x:
de"ned below%
f9x: ;
k(10x x - 24) 4 x 6
0 otherwise
2

x ; tens of
thousands of orders
a. *alculate the value of &
b. *alculate the mean number of pi<<as sold per wee&
c. *alculate the probability that the number of pi<<as sold in a
given wee& will be above 55000
d. *alculate! to four decimal places! the probability that sales in
exactly one out of three wee&s will be above 55000
A student @uestions the suitability of a continuous model.
e. 4xplain why the student was @uestioning using a continuous
model! and give one reason to Austify the use of a continuous
model.
f. 7ive a reason why this particular model may not be realistic
9. A continuous random variable 8 has probability density function f9x:! as
de"ned below
f9x: ;
kx(60 x) 0 x 60
0 otherwise

a. Find the value of &

b. Find 498:
c. Find Bar98:
d. Find $90815:
1. 5wo independent continuous random variables 8 and C have probability
density functions f and g respectively! where%
f9x: ;
x
4
1 x 3
0 otherwise

and g9y: ;
1
2
a y 4
0 otherwise

a. Find the value of a

b. Find the probability that both 8 and C are between 2 and
c. Find 498 ) 2C:
11. 5he continuous random variable X has probability density function

< <

=
otherwise. , 0
, 10 7 ,
45
2
9
4
, 7 2 ,
15
2
, 2 0 ,
15
) ( f
x
x
x
x
x
x
a. +&etch f9x: for all values of x.
b. Find expressions for the cumulative distribution function! F9x:
c. Find $9X 0.2:
d. Find! to signi"cant "gures! 49X:
*stimation 1, (, 1, "+
12. A random sample of 20 students had a mean height of 1.24 metres.
5hese heights are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 0.1
metres
a. Find a symmetrical D5- con"dence interval for the mean height of
students
b. 4xplain what is meant by a D5- con"dence interval for the mean.
13. 5he diameters of ca&es at a ba&ery are normally distributed with mean
Ecm and variance 0.01cm
2
. A sample of 50 ca&es is found to have
mean diameter 12.0cm.
a. Find a symmetrical DD- con"dence interval for E
Fne hundred samples of 50 ca&es were ta&en.
b. Find how many of these samples would be expected to produce a
DD- con"dence interval for the mean which did not contain E.
c. Find the probability that all 100 samples produced con"dence
intervals containing E.
1!. A researcher obtained details on the salaries of 100 married couples.
+he then noted the "gure obtained by subtracting the earnings of the
wife from the earnings of the husband. 1n the sample! the mean and
standard deviation of these "gures were G# and G240.25 respectively.
a. Find an unbiased estimate for the population standard deviation
b. Find a DD- con"dence interval for the di.erence between
husbandsH and wivesH salaries.
c. Ience comment on the assertion that husbands earn signi"cantly
more than wives! explaining the reasons for your comments.
1". 1n order to obtain an estimate of the mean length of a species of worm!
a biologist measured the lengths of a random sample of 20 worms.
From this sample! she estimated the population mean and standard
deviation to be 12.1cm and 1.1cm respectively.
a. Find a DD- con"dence interval for the population mean length.
5he biologist decided to use a con"dence interval for the population
mean length that was of width 1.0cm.
b. Find the con"dence level of the biologistHs con"dence interval.
c. +tate one assumption that was re@uired for your calculations.
1#. A random sample of three independent variables X
1
! X
2
and X

is ta&en
from a distribution with mean and variance
2
a. +how that
3
2
X
1
J
2
1
X
2
K
6
5
X

is an unbiased estimator for .

An unbiased estimator for is given by

; aX
1
K bX
2
where a and b
are constants.
b. +how that Bar 9

: ; 92a
2
J 2a K 1:
2
c. Ience determine the value of a and the value of b for which

has
minimum variance.
Probabilit, -eneratin. Functions
1). 5he discrete random variable 8 has the probability distribution given
below. Lrite down the probability generating function of 8! and use it
to "nd the mean and variance of 8
x 1 2
p(X =
x) 0. 0.# 0.1
1(. An unbiased octahedral die has one face numbered 1! one face
numbered 4! three faces numbered 2 and three faces numbered .
Lhen the die is thrown once on to a hori<ontal table the score X is the
number on the face in contact with the table.
a. +how that the $7F of X can be written in the form 1M0t91 Kt:

b. /se the $7F to "nd the mean and variance of X

c. 5he die is thrown four times and the sum of the scores obtained is
Y. Lrite down the probability generating function of Y! and "nd $9Y
; 10:.
19. 5here are three colours of marble 9red! yellow and blue: in a bag! each
of which are e@ually li&ely to be pic&ed. A person selects a marble at
random and places it bac& in the bag. As soon as the person selects a
red marble! they stop%
a. Lrite down the probability distribution for 8! the number of times a
person has to select a marble before stopping
b. Find the probability generating function for the number of times the
person has to pic& before they select a red marble.
c. Find 498: and Bar98:
2. A shop hires out carpet cleaners by the day. 5he number of re@uests X
per day to hire a cleaner can be modelled as a $oisson distribution with
mean .
a. Find! in terms of e! the probability that on a particular day there will
be
i. exactly 2
ii. at least 4 re@uests to hire a cleaner.
b. 5he random variable Y represents the number of carpet cleaners
hired on a particular day. 5he shop has 4 cleaners. +how that the
probability generating function of Y! 7
Y
9t: is given by
7
Y
9t: ; e
J
91 K t K 4.5t
2
K 4.5t

J 1t
4
: K t
4
.
c. /se the probability generating function to "nd the mean and the
standard deviation of Y.
21.5hree balls a! b and c are placed at random in boxes A! B and C so that
each box contains one ball. 5he random variable X is de"ned by X ; 1
if ball a is in box A! and X ; 0! otherwise.
a. +how that the probability generating function of X is given by
( )
3
2
G
+
=
t
t
X
b. A second random variable Y has probability generating function
( )
5
3 2
G
+
=
t
t
Y
. 7iven that X and Y are independent! show that the
probability generating function of Y X Z + = is given by
( )
15
6 7 2
G
2
+ +
=
t t
t
Z
c. Find the mean and variance of Z.
Moment -eneratin. Functions
22. 5he random variable X has moment generating function
(
X
9t: ; 1 K 1t K DDt
2
K 522t

K ...
Find%
a. 49X:
b. Bar9X:
23. 5he continuous random variable X has probability density function

=
otherwise. , 0
, 2 0 , 5 . 0
) ( f
x
x
a. +how that the moment generating function is given by
t 2
1
9e
2t
1:
b. /sing this moment generating function! "nd the mean and the
variance of X
2!. 5he random variable P has moment generating function given by
(
P
9t: ; 1 K ...
8 4 2
3 2
+ + +
t t t
a. Lrite down the value of 49P:.
b. *alculate Bar9P:.
c. Find 49P

:.
5he random variable Y ; 4P 1.
d. Find (
Y
9t: in the form a K bt K ct
2
K N where a! b and c are
constants.
2". 5he random variable X has probability density function
f 9x: ;

otherwise. , 0
, 0 ,
1
a x
a
$rove that the moment generating function of X is (
X
9t: ;
at
1
9e
at
J 1:.
a. A second random variable Y has mean
4
5
and moment generating
function
(
Y
9t: ;
4
1
91 K Ae
t
K Be
2t
:.
Find the value of A and the value of B.
b. 7iven that X and Y are independent! write down the moment
generating function of Z ; X K Y.
2#. 5he continuous random variable Y has an exponential distribution
with mean
3
1
a. Lrite down the moment generating function for Y.
b. 5he continuous random variable X has probability density
function! f9x:! given by
( )

>
=

otherwise. , 0
, 0 , e 9
f
3
x x
x
x
+how that the moment generating function of X is
( )
.
3
9
2
t
OCou may assume that for
( )
( ) . 0 e li 3
3
= <


x t
x
x t
P
c. 4xplain the connection between the distributions of X and Y.
d. Ience! or otherwise! "nd the mean and variance of X.