L A N T M T E R I E T

1 (5)
Geodesi 2008-08-01
Gauss Conformal Projection
(Transverse Mercator)
Krgers Formulas

Symbols and Definitions
a semi-major axis of the ellipsoid
f flattening of the ellipsoid
2
e
first eccentricity squared
geodetic latitude, positive north
geodetic longitude, positive east
x grid coordinate, positive north
y grid coordinate, positive east

longitude of the central meridian
0

scale factor along the central meridian

0
k
difference
0

FN false northing
FE false easting
All angles are expressed in radians. Please note that the x-axis is
directed to the north and the y-axis to the east.
The following variables are defined out of the ellipsoidal parameters
a and f:
) 2 (
2
f f e =
) 2 ( f
f
n

+ + +
+
= ...
64
1
4
1
1
) 1 (
4 2
n n
n
a

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L a n t m t e r i e t
2008-08-01 2


Conversion from geodetic coordinates ) , ( to grid
coordinates (x,y).
Compute the conformal latitude *
1

( ) . . . sin sin sin cos sin *
6 4 2
+ + + + = D C B A

The coefficients A, B, C, and D are computed using the following
formulas:
2
e A =
( )
6 4
e e 5
6
1
B =
( ) . . . e 45 e 104
120
1
C
8 6
+ =
( ) . . . e 1237
1260
1
D
8
+ =

Let and
0
=
) cos / * arctan(tan =
) sin * (cos h arctan =
then
FN a k x +

+ +
+ + + +
=
K

8 cosh 8 sin
6 cosh 6 sin 4 cosh 4 sin 2 cosh 2 sin

4
3 2 1
0
FE a k y +

+ +
+ + + +
=
K

8 sinh 8 cos
6 sinh 6 cos 4 sinh 4 cos 2 sinh 2 cos

4
3 2 1
0


1
Older Swedish literature refers to this quantity as the isometric latitude. Today the term isometric
latitude is applied to the quantity
. The isometric latitude is related
to the conformal latitude by
} )] sin e 1 /( ) sin e 1 )[( 2 / 4 / tan( ln{
2 / e
+ + =
) 2 / * 4 / tan( ln + = . Cf. John P. Snyder: Map Projections -
A Working Manual, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395.
L a n t m t e r i e t
2008-08-01 3

where the coefficients are computed by
4 3 2 1
and , ,

. . . n
180
41
n
16
5
n
3
2
n
2
1
4 3 2
1
+ + + =
. . . n
1440
557
n
5
3
n
48
13
4 3 2
2
+ + =
. . . n
140
103
n
240
61
4 3
3
+ =
. . . n
161280
49561
4
4
+ =
L a n t m t e r i e t
2008-08-01 4

Conversion from grid coordinates (x,y) to geodetic
coordinates ) , (
Introduce the variables as and

a k
FN x
0

=
a k
FE y
0

=

Let

K
=


8 cosh 8 sin
6 cosh 6 sin 4 cosh 4 sin 2 cosh 2 sin
4
3 2 1

K
=


8 sinh 8 cos
6 sinh 6 cos 4 sinh 4 cos 2 sinh 2 cos
4
3 2 1


where

K + + =
4 3 2
1
n
360
1
n
96
37
n
3
2
n
2
1

K + + =
4 3 2
2
n
1440
437
n
15
1
n
48
1

K + =
4 3
3
n
840
37
n
480
17

K + =
4
4
n
161280
4397


The conformal latitude and the difference in longitude are
obtained by the formulas
*

) cosh / arcsin(sin * =
L a n t m t e r i e t
2008-08-01 5

) cos / h arctan(sin =

Finally, the latitude and the longitude are obtained by the
formulas

+ =
0
) . . . * sin * D * sin * C * sin * B * A ( * cos * sin *
6 4 2
+ + + + + =

where
.) . . e e e e ( * A
8 6 4 2
+ + + + =
.) . . e 30 e 17 e 7 (
6
1
* B
8 6 4
+ + + =
.) . . e 889 e 224 (
120
1
* C
8 6
+ + =
.) . . e 4279 (
1260
1
* D
8
+ =


Worked example:
ELLIPSOID GRS 1980
Semi-major axis (a) 6378137.0000 m.
Flattening (f) 1/298.257222101

TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PARAMETERS
Longitude of the central meridian 13 35 7.692000 degr. min. sec.
Scale factor on the central merdian 1.000002540000
False northing -6226307.8640 m.
False easting 84182.8790 m.

Latitude and longitude 66 0 0.0000 24 0 0.0000 degr. min. sec.
Grid coordinates 1135809.413803 555304.016555 m