Underground Construction Pitfalls To Avoid

IEAust Singapore 12 Jan 2012
1
Underground Construction
Pitfalls to Avoid
D Wen, BSc, PhD
PE, PE(Geo), AC(Geo), CEng, MICE, MIEAust, CPEng
2
Soil Investigation & Interpretation
Maintenance
Interfaces
Base Stability
Gaps in Retaining Walls
Buildings on Mixed Foundations
Underground Construction - Pitfalls to Avoid
3
4
5
Interpreted Profile of Surface Wave Velocity
Interpreted Rock Profile
6
7
Maintenance
8
Maintenance
9
Maintenance
10
Maintenance
11
TBM Launching
12
TBM Launching
13
Braddell Road
Proposed Depressed Road
TBM Launching
14
F1
30m
3
F1 sands
flowing into the
TBM launching
chamber through
the gap between
the TBM shield and
the shotcrete
support of the
launching
chamber.
Road closed for
emergency repair.
CPT carried out to
confirm no cavities
under road.
TBM Launching
15
TBM Launching
16
TBM Launching or Docking
Ground treatment for TBM launching /
docking: TBM Length + One Ring Length
Quality control of ground treatment
17
Interface between Stable & Weak Soils
18
600mm of
settlement
on CTE
due to
DTSS
tunnelling
19
Weak ground / strong, stable ground
Face pressure governed by overlying
weak ground
20
IDEALISED PROFILE IN GRANITE
Interface between Rock & Soil
21
22
Flushing of the annular gap
Water ingress
Limit of EPB Technology
Coarse granular
material / rocks
Insufficient fines to form
plastic plug
23
Good EPB Spoil
24
Difficult to Turn a Mixture of Cut Rock and Granular Spoil into EPB Spoil
May Be Unable to Maintain Target Pressure
Cut Rock & Granular Spoil
25
26
27
Mixed face of strong or very strong rock
with flowing or squeezing soils
Predominantly granular spoil
Need to have high face pressure, but spoil
does not readily form a plug in EPB
machines
28
Cutterhead Intervention
29
Over-excavation by Slurry TBM
30
Feeding Pipe
Discharge Pipe
Flow meter
Density meter
Excavation Management System
31
Normal Excavation Condition Over-Excavation Condition
E
x
c
a
v
a
t
e
d

Q
t
y

(
C
u
m
)
Jack Stroke (m)
Theoretical
Value
Theoretical
Value
Jack Stroke (m)
E
x
c
a
v
a
t
e
d

Q
t
y

(
C
u
m
)
Excavation Management System
32
Base Stability of Excavation
Hydraulic uplift
g D
D
U k
1
k
2
33
Example of hydraulic uplift failure reported by Davies (1984)
Hydraulic uplift
34
35
Shaft Excavation
36
37
38
39
Soil stability in the gaps
marine clay squeezing through the gaps into
excavation, causing localized soil collapse
Large ground settlements at areas with
gaps in diaphragm walls
Water leaking through the gaps into the
excavation
40
41
42
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43
Ground level
Final excavation level
Underground services
Jet grouted piles to close
the gap in diaphragm wall
Untreated zones below the
service
Diaphragm wall
44
45
Sand
Grouts Gravel
coarse medium fine
Cement
Sodium silicate
Grain size (mm) 2 0.5 0.25 0.074
Groutability Based on Grout
Type vs Soil Particle Size
(after Henn, 1996)
46
UNIFORM
SETTLEMENT
UNIFORM TILT
Building on Mixed Foundations
47
Uniform Deformation: Not Damaging
48
BENDING/SHEAR
Damaging Modes of Movement
HORIZONTAL
EXTENSION
49
Adjacent buildings on different foundations: Old buildings on footings
butted against newer buildings on deep foundations.
50
Settled by 107mm
Piled
Building tilting away from
the adjacent structure
51
52
Annex structure
on footings
abutting buildings
on piles
53
Main frame on piles, floor slab not
suspended
54
FILL (6.5m THICK)
SOFT MARINE CLAY
(33m THICK)
SANDY OLD ALLUVIUM
SETTLEMENT
Buildings on Mixed
Foundations
55
Slabs are suspended; columns
not suspended
56
Walkway - piled
Main load bearing
column - shallow
foundations
57
Part of the building on piles and part on footings
Damaging at small differential settlements.
58
59
60
Masjid Wak Tanjong
61
Fill & Organic clay
Weathered Jurong Formation
No 7 No 9
62
63
Party Wall
to No 9
Shirlaw, Wen, Algeo & Patterson-Kane (2003)
64
Pocket of soft clay
65
Other Issues with Ground Settlement
66
Other Issues with Ground Settlement
Do not forget service connections to buildings!
67
To identify buildings on mixed foundations
- A&A drawings
To identify locations of variation in
geology, in particular along terrace houses
A general walk around the site building
inspection
68
Maintenance
Interfaces
Base Stability
Buildings on Mixed Foundations
Underground Construction - Pitfalls to Avoid
69
THANK YOU

Underground Construction Pitfalls To Avoid

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Underground Construction Pitfalls To Avoid

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IEAust Singapore 12 Jan 2012

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