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Hand scraping involves using a blued master fixture to transfer blue to the high spots of a surface being scraped, which are then scraped off by hand. This process is repeated until an even transfer of blue indicates a uniformly flat surface. While hand scraping is difficult and time-consuming work, it produces surfaces that are flatter and have better lubrication than machined surfaces, improving machine tool accuracy and reducing friction. The key benefit of hand scraping is that it can generate a perfectly flat surface from which other machine tools derive their basic accuracy when no other method can produce a surface flat enough without relying on an existing machine.
Originalbeschreibung:
A basic intro to hand scraping machine ways and why grinding is not an option
Hand scraping involves using a blued master fixture to transfer blue to the high spots of a surface being scraped, which are then scraped off by hand. This process is repeated until an even transfer of blue indicates a uniformly flat surface. While hand scraping is difficult and time-consuming work, it produces surfaces that are flatter and have better lubrication than machined surfaces, improving machine tool accuracy and reducing friction. The key benefit of hand scraping is that it can generate a perfectly flat surface from which other machine tools derive their basic accuracy when no other method can produce a surface flat enough without relying on an existing machine.
Hand scraping involves using a blued master fixture to transfer blue to the high spots of a surface being scraped, which are then scraped off by hand. This process is repeated until an even transfer of blue indicates a uniformly flat surface. While hand scraping is difficult and time-consuming work, it produces surfaces that are flatter and have better lubrication than machined surfaces, improving machine tool accuracy and reducing friction. The key benefit of hand scraping is that it can generate a perfectly flat surface from which other machine tools derive their basic accuracy when no other method can produce a surface flat enough without relying on an existing machine.
problem of preventing the oil from running out, or of replacing it fast enough. (Oil grooving is normally added to heip dis t ribut e the oil, whether or not the ways are scraped.) This discussion could lead one to wonder about the e f f e ct of the amount of area in contact on a set of ways. Hand scraping reduces the contact area but it's distributed even- ly, and it is the distribution that's im- portant. The flatter the two mating surfaces are, the more even the dis- tribution of the contact areas. But there is a principle of mechanics that says "friction is independent of area." This means that it will take the same force to move the table whether there are 10 square inches or 100 square inches in contact. (Wear is another load, the faster the wear.) The main point is that it's better lubrication we are after, not more or less contact area. If Jubrication were perfect, the ways would never wear out. If a table moves harder as it wears, it is probably related to lubri- cation and cert ainl y not to the amount of contact area. How Scraping Is Done The purpose here is not to teach the art of scraping, but only to give an idea of what is done.Although the doing is difficult, the actual idea be- hind it is simple enough. be scraped off, a blue paste is applied to the master fixture either a flal surface or a V-way that is the opposite of the shape being scraped so that when the blued master is rubbed over the way surface, the bluing transfers to the high spots of the way.The blue high spots are then scraped off by hand with a special scraping tool. This operation of rubbing the blued master and scraping off the high spots is repeated until the way surface shows a uniform transfer of blue. There are, of course, any number of techniques that a scraper must know.To mention just two, a dull file is usually rubbed very lightly over the surface between bluing applications to remove any burrs. And rags are never used to wipe the surface; a brush or the bare hands are used. If rags were used, tiny pieces of lint left behind would cause misleading mark- ings at the next application of bluing. A scraper does his own inspecting as he works when he compares his way surface with the master.Regard- ing inspection, all the inspector could when to quit scraping. In the past, we had standards as to how many spots of bearing surface per square inch the surface must have and what percentage of the total found that .the percentage of contact area is almost impossible to check- and the spots per square inch are now left to the judgment of ihe scraper. However, he normal l y s t ri v e s f or about twenty to thirty spots per square inch. In the scraping process, some of the roughing work is now done with powered hand scrapers. They are still the hard work out of the scraping operation.When you get down to the final fitting though, there's still no substitute for the ."feel" of straight hand scraping. nuns WHY ARE THEY HAND SCRAPED? Reprinted from MODERN MACHINE SHOP 600 Main Street Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 WHY ARE THEY HAND SCRAPED? Iy H. Schanzenbach Technical Editor DoAll Company Des Plaines, Illinois is nothing like the "tee!" of the mpte hand tool for the final finish. /ays that are flat and Improved Lubrication and saddle ways that are flat and match within tolerance, only to find ihat the table is not quite parallel with the spindle to the required toler- ance. Can you imagine the skill that would be needed to remove just the right amount of metal from the right places with a scraper, without losing the flatness, to adequately correct the This was certainly not the original purpose of hand scraping and should not be relied on to correct any large misalignments. Nevertheless, a skill- ed scraper can make this sort of cor- rection in a surprisingly short time. Despite the skill required, this ap- proach is less expensive than the al- ternatives of holding closer machin- ing tolerances on a number of parts, or building in reliable and tamper- proof adjustments designed to cor- rect the line-up. Experience has proved that scraped ways reduce friction through better lubrication, but opinions as to why differ somewhat. The most popular theory seems to be that the scrape pockets (or more specifically the flake pocketsextra deep pockets deliber- ately added for lubrication) provide many pockets of oil that are "shear- ed" off by the microscopic bearing surfaces. Another logical theory is that we come close to floating the top surface continuously on an oil film, which is the goal in all lubrication. The main reason this happens is that the ir- regular pattern of the oil pockets pro- vides a very difficult escape route for the oil. The ideal situation for lubri- cation would be to have a film of oil between two perfectly smooth sur- Most of the mughing-ln work is made With hand scraped ways, this surface easier by using a powered hand tool, grinder produces a flatness of 0.0005 inch. Hand scraping is an artistic skill more difficult than wood carving. It is the starting point to obtain the basic accuracy required for today's precision machine tools. Hand scrap- racy of other machine tools and elim- inates distortions caused by clamping forces and the generation of heat. Hand-scraped ways are more friction- freethanks to be t t e r lubrication. There are many techniques the scrap- will give him that "feel" he must have to obtain precise flatness. When you walk through a machine tool builder's shop and see men scraping ways by hand, you can't help wondering, "Can they really im- prove on today's machined surfaces by hand scraping!" The DoAII Com- pany says the answer is no, if you're talking about measured surface fin- ishbut there are still some excellent reasons for hand scraping. For one eliminated.Machine tools are used to manufacture other machine tools, but can never make a reproduction more accurate than the original. So there must be a starting point where the first machine does not rely on another machine for its basic accuracy. In other words, you have to start with human effort; in this case, in the form of hand scraping. Hand scraping is not, as it may seem, "free-hand" work. Rather, it's a method of making a near-perfect copy of a master that was also a hand- generated surface. Scraping, though hard work, is an artistic skill. It would probably be easier to make wood carvers out of most of us than hand scrapers. Not much published material seems to be available on the subject especially on "why." This is probably because it is considered an art. Where Do You Start? If a manufacturer decided to grind, rather than hand scrape, the ways on a surface grinder, he must have a bet- ter class of accuracy in the "parent" grinder than he plans to have on the new one.So where does the first ma- chine get its accuracy? It has to be or it has to rely on some other meth- od that will generate a truly flat sur- face, or that will come close to copy- ing a generated flat surface. The idea of a generated surface can be illustrated by comparing t hree methods of making a circle. (A circle is a line rather than a surface, but it illustrates the idea.) With an ordinary compass a draftsman can theoretical- ly generate a perfect circle.If he runs his pencil around an existing hole in a plastic template, he copies any in- accuracies in the existing hole. If he draws the circle free-hand, the accu- racy will depend upon his limited skill. Scraped saddle way shows "oil pockets," oil feeder hole, and short feeder grooves. A scraper using a master fixture to trans- A partly scraped way with a fresh appli- ler bluing onto the ways of a workplece. cation of bluing to reveal the high spots. Perfectly flat surfaces can theoreti- cally be generated by alternately rub- bing (lapping) three surfaces together. For simplicity, let's say it's three rocks, each of which has a fairly flat side. If you rubbed these flat sides together alternately in some kind of random sequence, you would come closer and closer to getting all three sur- faces flat. If you used only two rocks, you could get a matched set, but one could be concave and the other 1 con- vex. In practice, scraping, instead of lapping, is used and a definite pairing- off sequence must be followed.This principle has been used to make the master fixture that the hand scraper uses. In using the fixture, the scraper puts bluing on the master and slides it over the surface that he is working on to reveal where additional scraping is needed. As he repeats this process, he comes closer and closer to making a perfect copy of the master surface, which was a truly generated surface. Most grinder cas t ings that are scraped are milled to within a few thousandths of the final dimensions and flatness and then stress relieved (heat treated to rel ieve re s idual stresses). They are then sent back for light clean-up machining before hand scraping. Although hand s craping takes a lot of time with consequent high labor costs, it takes the place of alternate processes that would entail high equipment costs. To eliminate scraping, the parts would have to be routed to expensive machinery of the highest precision available for final machining. Besides the high equipment costs that would be involved in the latter process, another consideration ap- plies, in machining a part, especially a large casting, some kind of heavy clamping or holding is neces s ary. When machining to a fraction of a thousandth, this clamping force can cause enough distortion in the work- piece to jeopardize the accuracy of the workpiece after unclamping.The heat generated during machining can also cause distortions. That's one of the beautiful Jhings about scraping. There are no clamp- ing forces and the heat generated is practically nil. The casting is support- ed at only three points to make sure it doesn't deflect from its own weight. .When 3 machine tool with scraped ways gets worn, it can be recondi- tioned by rescraping. This is a great advantage compared to the alterna- tives of discarding the machine or sending it back to the factory to be completely torn down, remachined, and so on- When the ways on a machine tool need rescraping it can be done by service men from the factory, but it is often possible to find a man locally to do the rescraping. Hand scraping can be used, within limits, to obtain final geometric line- up with other machine el ements. Visualize a hand-scraped set of table Perfectly flat surfaces can theoreti- cally be generated by alternately rub- bing (lapping) three surfaces together. For simplicity, let's say it's (hree rocks, each of which has a fairly flat side. If you rubbed these flat sides together alternately in some kind of random sequence, you would come closer and closer to getting all three sur- faces flat. If you used only two rocks, you could get a matched set, but one could be concave and the other con- vex. In practice, scraping, instead of lapping, is used and a definite pairing- off sequence must be followed. This principle has been used to make the master fixture that the hand scraper uses. In using the fixture, the scraper puts bluing on the master and slides it over the surface lhat he is working on to reveal where additional scraping is needed. As he repeats this process, he comes closer and closer to making a perfect copy of the master surface, which was a truly generated surface. Scraped saddle way shows "oil pockets," oil feeder hole, and short feeder grooves. Most grinder cas t i ngs that are scraped are milled to within a few housandths of the final dimensions nd flatness and then stress relieved heat treated to relieve re s idual :resses). They are then sent back for ght clean-up machining before hand :raping. Although hand s craping jkes a lot of time with consequent high labor costs, tt takes the place of alternate processes that woutd entail high equipment costs. To eliminate scraping, the parts would have to be routed to expensive machinery of the highest precision available for final Besides the high equipment costs that would be involved in the latter process, another consideration ap- plies. In machining a part, especially a large casting, some kind of heavy clamping or holding is neces s ary. When machining to a fraction of a thousandth, this clamping force can cause enough distortion in the work- piece to jeopardize the accuracy of A scraper using a master fixture to trans- A partly scraped way with a fresh appli- fer bluing onto the ways of a workplece. cation of bluing to reveal the high spots. the workpiece after unclamping.The heat generated during machining can also cause distortions. That's one of the beautiful Jhings about scraping. There are no clamp- ing forces and the heat generated is practically nil. The casting is support- ed at only three points to make sure it doesn't deflect from its own weight. .When a machine tool with scraped ways gets worn, it can be recondi- tioned by rescraping. This is a great advantage compared to the alterna- tives of discarding the machine or sending it back to the factory to be completely torn down, remachined, and so on- When the ways on a machine tool need rescraping it can be done by service men from the factory, but it is often possible to find a man locally to do the rescraping. Hand scraping can be used, within limits, to obtain final geometric line- up with other machine elements. Visualize a hand-scraped set of table