1

will, going to and present continuous

will
We use will to talk about:
general predictions.
By 2100, most people will liveto 130.
decisions that are made at the moment of speaking (e.g. an offer to do something).
A: Is that the telephone?
B: Yes, it is. Ill answer it.
going to
We use going to to talk about:
predictions based on evidence.
Look at that car! Its going to crash!
intentions, or plans, where the decision has been made before the moment of speaking.
Hes going to study English at Oxford.
Present continuous
We use the present continuous to talk about
future arrangements. We often give the time and/or place.
Im meeting Anna in town tomorrow.

Choose the correct tenses.
Dear Pablo,
How are you? A lot has happened since I last wrote. The good news is that Ive passed
all my exams, and
1
Ill start / Im starting university in September.
2
Im going to
study / Ill study Spanish and Catalan at Middlesex University in London, so
3
Ill be
able to / Im being able to write e-mails in Catalan soon!
Ive also got a new boyfriend called Matthew.
Hes a year older than me and hes really nice.
Next week
4
well go / were going to a Blur concert in Manchester. Matthew queued
for six hours for the tickets!
Unfortunately
5
Im not seeing / I wont see Matthew very often after I start university.
6
Ill probably find / Im probably finding a
flat in London, and
7
hell definitely stay / hes definitely going to stay in Manchester.
But
8
were seeing / well see each other at weekends.
9
Are you coming / Will you come and visit me
in London? I hope so.
Love,
Clare








2

Future perfect simple and future continuous
Use:
We use the future perfect simple to talk about an activity that will be finished by a specific
time in the future.
Theyll have finished building the bridge by
next January.
We use the future continuous to talk about an activity that will be in progress at a specific time
in the future.
This time next week Ill be flying to Rome.
Structure:
Future perfect simple: we use will + have/has + past participle.
Ill have finished my homework in an hour.
Future continuous: we use will + be + the -ing form of the verb.
In an hour, Ill be getting ready to go out.

1 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the future perfect simple or the
future continuous.
1 This time next week we (ski) in the French Alps.
2 Greg is taking a year off to travel. By the
end of next year he (visit) seven countries.
3 What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
I (take) my English exam.
4 Dont come round at six oclock. I
(still / do) my homework.
If you want to come round at seven, you can.
I (finish) it by then.
5 Jill has accepted a job abroad. This time next
month she (work) in Paris.
6 Next year, I (live) in this house for ten years.

2 Complete the sentences with your own ideas.
1 This time tomorrow Ill be

2 By next weekend Ill have

3 In six months time Ill be

4 By the end of this year Ill have

5 In three years time Ill be





3

First conditional
We use the first conditional to talk about
situations that are possible or likely to happen.
If he finishes his homework, hell go to the cinema.
Second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about situations which are imaginary or unlikely to
happen.
If I met Leonardo DiCaprio, Id ask him for his autograph.
Third conditional
We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations in the past.
If she had got up earlier, she wouldnt have missed the train.

1 Match the two parts of the sentences.
1 If she had more time,
2 If she has the new Star Wars game,

3 If I was rich,
4 He would have phoned the police
5 If he had a motorbike,
6 If she had watched the tennis match,

7 If I find the letter,
a hed ride it to school.
b shell let you play it.
c Id buy a sports car.
d she would have known the
result.
e Ill tell you.
f shed learn another language.
g if hed seen the robbery.

Expressions of quantity

a lot of, much and many
We usually use a lot of in affirmative sentences, and much and many in negative
sentences and questions.
We use many with countable nouns, and much with uncountable nouns. We can use a lot
of with both countable and uncountable nouns.
There were a lot of people at the concert.
There wasnt much time left to get to the station.
How many CDs have you got?

1 Complete the sentences with a lot of, much
or many.
1 How paintings were stolen from the art gallery?
2 How money have you got?
3 There were Manchester United supporters at the football match.
4 By the time we got to the front of the
cinema queue, there werent tickets left.
5 flights were delayed because of the bad weather.


4

a few and a little
We use a few with countable nouns, and a little with uncountable nouns.
There were only a few tourists at the museum today.
By the time Clare got to the party, there was only a littlefood left.

2 Complete the sentences with a few or a little.
1 Juan cant speak English very well. He only
knows words.
2 Karen managed to save up money for her summer holidays.
3 Helen had hours to wait before her flight left New York, so she went
shopping.
4 Tim moved to Scotland
years ago.
5 There was only traffic on the road, so we got to the airport on time.

some and any
We use some, someone/somebody, something, etc. in affirmative sentences.
We use any, anyone/anybody, anywhere, etc.
in negative sentences and questions.
Someonestopped me in the street and asked me for directions.
Sue didnt have any time to go shopping.
Have you got anything to wear for the party?

3 Complete the sentences with the correct words.
1 Did you buy her for
her birthday?
2 Oh no! Ive forgotten my wallet! Have you got money?
3 Did you see you knew at
the party?
4 I met you used to go out with last night.
5 Ive got interesting to tell you!


Modal verbs: must and have to
Use
We use must to talk about a personal feeling of obligation to do something.
I must remember to post the letter today.
You must phone your grandmother tonight.
We use have to to talk about an obligation that
is a fact, or a rule or law.
You have to be sixteen before you can leave school.
We have to revise for our exams next week.
We use dont have to/doesnt have to to talk about something that is not an obligation.
You dont have to do any homework tonight.
5

We use mustnt to say that something
is prohibited.
You mustnt smoke in this area.
We use had to to talk about a past obligation.
We had to get up at five oclock this morning.
Form
must / mustnt + infinitive
I must phoneSarah tonight.
have to / dont have to / doesnt have to
+ infinitive
We dont have to get up early tomorrow.
had to + infinitive
John had to help his mother yesterday.
1 Complete the sentences with must or haveto/has to.
I must remember to buy some new
shampoo tomorrow.
We have to arrive at school before 8.30
every morning.
1 In my country you be sixteen before you can get married. Its the law.
2 I send an email to Cathy tonight. I havent been in touch with her for
ages.
3 You help your brother with his homework. Hes having real
problems.
4 All the students at my friends school
wear a uniform.
5 In Britain, everybody drive on the right-hand side of the road.
6 We buy a present for Dad. Its his birthday next week.

2 Complete the sentences with mustnt or dont have to / doesnt have to.

1 You bring an umbrella. It
isnt raining.
2 Rachel forget to water the plants while her parents are on holiday.
3 We go to school tomorrow. Its a national holiday.
4 He bring his CD player to the party. Weve already got one.
5 You ride a motorbike without wearing a helmet.
6 Im flying to Seville tomorrow.
You forget your passport
this time!
7 They meet us at the airport. Were going to get a taxi into town.
8 You talk during the exam.






6

Modal verbs: may, might, could, must, cant
Use
We use may, might and could when we think something is possible in the present or future.
Certain diets may prevent cancer.
We use must when we think something is certain in the present or future.
He must be very ill. Hes been off work all week.
We use cant when we think something is impossible in the present or future.
You cant be hungry. Youve just eaten a
huge pizza.
We use may have, might have, could have, must have and cant have + past participle to
make deductions about the past.
Im not sure, but I think Jamie may have
gone home.
Form
must/cant/might/may/could + infinitive
They might go to France for their holidays, but they havent decided yet.
may have, might have, could have, must have and cant have + past participle
Jenny isnt in her room. She must have gone out.

1 Rewrite the sentences using the modal verbs.
Mark is thinking about going snowboarding. (might)
Mark might go snowboarding.
1 Its possible that Jane will visit Switzerland next year. (could)

2 Im thinking about taking Spanish lessons. (may)

3 Im sure theyll be home by now. (must)

4 James definitely isnt eighteen yet! (cant)

5 Its possible the weather will be sunny tomorrow. (might)


Past simple
We use the past simple to talk about a finished action in the past.
Mark went to the cinema last night.
Past continuous
We use the past continuous to talk about:
an action which was in progress at a particular time in the past.
They were watching TV at nine oclock
last night.
an action in the past that is interrupted by another action
7

I was walking along the street when someone stole my bag.

1 Choose the correct tenses.

It was one oclock in the morning and I
1
was lying / lay awake in bed. The wind
2
was
blowing / blew outside and it
3
rained / was raining. Suddenly I
4
heard / was hearing a
loud crash. It
5
came / was coming from downstairs. I
6
got up / was getting up and
7
switched on / was switching on the light. Everything was quiet and still. Only the clock in
the hallway
8
was ticking / ticked. I
9
walked / was walking down the stairs when I
10

noticed / was noticing something strange. The front door was wide open.

2 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the past simple or past
continuous.
Peter was driving (drive) home when he saw
(see) the accident.
1 I (watch) TV when the phone
(ring).
2 He (wear) sunglasses when I
(meet) him.
3 She (fall) asleep while she
(do) her homework.
4 The pop star (sing) when the
lights (go out).
5 It (start) to rain when we
(walk) on the beach.

3 Write the questions. Use the past simple or past continuous.
1 What / the rescue teams / do at midnight?

2 How many / homes / the storm / destroy?

3 Where / Robert Hensley / hide / when the tornado hit his home?

4 When / he / come out?

5 Who / have a bath / when the
tornado arrived?


Present perfect simple
We use the present perfect simple:
to talk about an experience in somebodys life. (We dont say when it happened.)
Hes had a mobile phone for a long time.
with for and since to talk about an action that started in the past and continues to the present.
Tims known Kate since he was ten.
with just, yet and already for a past action with a result in the present.
Ive just bought a new mountain bike.
8

Past simple
We use the past simple to talk about a finished action that happened at a definite time in the
past.
We saw John at the weekend.

1 Choose the correct words.
1 Theyve already / yet visited Venice.
2 Have you ever / never seen a ghost?
3 Has she finished work just / yet?
4 Theyve been married for / since October.
5 Lucy has worked in the circus since / for she was a child.
6 David has just / yet got back from holiday.

2 Complete the newspaper extracts. Use the correct form of the present perfect
simple or past simple.

Last night a massive tidal wave
1
(hit) the coast of Mexico. Over 5,000 people
2
(already / lose) their homes.
Yesterday a girl
3
(hand in) a briefcase containing 100,000 to the police.
The girl found the briefcase at Euston railway station.
The cost of living in Britain
4
(rise) again. Last year prices in British
supermarkets
5
(increase) by more than five per cent.


present perfect continuous
Affirmative: we use have/has + been + the -ing form of the verb.
Hes been writing letters all morning.
Negative: we use havent/hasnt + been + the
-ing form of the verb.
We havent been reading much lately.
Interrogative: we put have/has before the
subject + been + the -ing form of the verb.
You look hot! Haveyou been running?

1 Complete the conversations with the correct form of present perfect continuous.
1 How long he (play) that computer game?
Since ten oclock this morning!
2 You look dirty!
I (repair) my motorbike.
3 Frank has got a black eye.
he
(fight) again?
4 Why is she crying?
She (watch) a sad film.
5 Mary looks tired.
9

Yes. She (revise) all night for her exams.
6 Ive been here since one oclock. What
you (do)?
I (look for) you!

present perfect simple
We use the present perfect simple to emphasize:
the result of an activity (not the activity itself).
Weve written ten letters today.
how many times an activity happens.
Ive read this book three times.
present perfect continuous
We use the present perfect continuous
to emphasize:
the process of an activity.
Weve been writing letters since breakfast.
how long an activity continues.
Ive been reading all morning.

2 Choose the correct tenses.
1 Steven Spielberg has directed / has been directing over twenty films since 1980.
2 He has worked on / has been working on a new film since January.
3 John Galliano has designed / has been designing clothes for a long time.
4 He has designed / has been designing two new collections since last summer.
5 Lonely Planet have published / have been publishing two new travel guides this
month.
6 They have published / have been publishing travel guides for years.


Reported speech: statements
In reported speech, the verb moves back a tense, e.g. present simple > past simple, present
continuous > past continuous, etc.
I likeheavy metal music He said that he liked heavy metal music.
Im studying French and Spanish. She said that she was studying French and Spanish.
The past perfect tense and modal verbs should, could, might and ought to dont change in
reported speech.
You should ask him out. She said that I should ask him out.
The two most common reporting verbs are say and tell.
We use say + that + clause.
He said that he was going out with Jane
that night.
We use tell + object pronoun + that + clause.
He told me that he was going out with Jane
10

that night.

1 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1 She goes out with her friends every night.
Sues father said that
2 I bought the tickets yesterday.
She said that
3 Theyre going to Florida next week.
Tim told me that
4 He wont be in the office tomorrow.
The secretary said that
5 Jenny has passed her driving test.
Jennys brother told me that
6 Carl might come to the football match
this afternoon.
He told me that


Reported speech
In reported speech, the verb moves back a tense, e.g. present simple > past simple, present
continuous > past continuous, etc.
Are you a student? He asked me if I was
a student.
Is Lisa watching TV? She asked me if Lisa was watching TV.
The past perfect tense and modal verbs should, could, might and ought to dont change in
reported speech.
What should I do? She asked me what she should do.
Reported questions
We use ask, want to know or wondered to
report questions. We change the interrogative form to the affirmative form, and we put the
subject before the verb.
Where are you? He wanted to know where
I was.
A yes/no question is introduced by if or whether.
Can I borrow your bike? She wondered if/whether she could borrow my bike.

1 Rewrite the questions in reported speech.
1 Will the flight be delayed?
Jill wanted to know....................................................................................................
2 Where have you been all night?
My parents wanted to know
3 Will I pass my exam?
Mark wondered ........................................................
4 Did you remember the invitations?
Sue asked me .........................................................
11

5 How long have you been learning German?
Karl wondered ..

Reported commands
We use told/asked + object + (not) to
+ infinitive.
Please help me. He asked her to help him.
Dont shout at me. She told him not to shout
at her.

2 Rewrite the commands in reported speech.
Keep to the left.
The police officer told the cyclist to keep to
the left.
1 Please dont smoke in this area.
The waitress asked them
2 Sit down and be quiet.
The teacher told the class
3 Dont forget to post the letter.
Jane told her boyfriend
4 Dont talk during the exam.
The examiner told us
5 Please switch off your mobile phone.

The passive (present simple, past simple and will)
Use
We use the passive when we dont know who or what does the action, or when it isnt
important.
After the car accident, Peter was arrested.
The space shuttle will be launched on 4th July.
We use the active when we know who or what does the action, and its important.
After the car accident, the police arrested Peter.
NASA will launch the space shuttle on 4th July.
Form
We use the correct tense of the verb be +
past participle.
These computers are madein Japan.
The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell.
The crime will beinvestigated by the police.

1 Underline the passive verbs. Then rewrite the sentences in the active.

A valuable painting was stolen from the Louvre last night.
Someone stole a valuable painting from the Louvre last night.
1 The World Cup is watched by millions of football fans.
Millions of football fans
12

2 The film premiere will be attended by lots
of stars.
Lots of stars
3 The first movie camera was invented by William Dickson in 1891.
William Dickson
4 The new Virgin Megastore will be opened by Robbie Williams.
Robbie Williams


Prepositions of time for, since, ago, during, by, until
We use for and since to say how long something continues. We use for + a period of time, and
since + a point of time.
Shes been learning English for three months.
Hes lived in London since1998.
We use ago to talk about a point of time in
the past.
They got married two years ago.
We use during to say that something happens in the middle of a certain period or event.
Sue fainted during the pop concert.
We use by to say not later than.
You must finish your homework by Friday, said the teacher.
We use until to say how long something continues and when it finishes.
Tom stayed out until one oclock in the morning.

1 Complete the sentences with for, sinceor ago.
1 Hes been a computer programmer
he left school.
2 They hadnt seen each other many years.
3 Man first walked on the moon over thirty
years .
4 The pop concert went on
three hours.
5 Paul visited his relatives in Australia a couple
of years .

2 Complete the sentences with for or during.
1 Graham has been travelling around Europe
three months.
2 Three people were arrested the student demonstration.
3 I fell asleep a flight to New York. When I woke up the plane had
landed.
4 Clare waited for Greg at the caf
over an hour.
5 Mark is visiting his parents next weekend.
He hasnt seen them a while.
13


3 Complete the sentences with by or until.
1 The football match wont begin eight oclock.
2 2004, everyone will be using the Internet.
3 Fiona didnt stop reading she had finished the book.
4 I have to be at the train station 6.30 p.m.
5 Tim had to finish the painting the end of the week.
6 My parents are away next week. Why dont we have a party?
7 Ill be twenty-one in the year 2006.
then Ill probably have a job, and I may even be married!
8 I cant come out I finished writing this essay.