11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Skeletal System
The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is
made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and
protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. The skeletal system also provides attachment
points for muscles to allow movements at the joints. New blood cells are produced by the red bone marrow
inside of our bones.

















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY










Muscular System
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits
movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. The muscular system in
vertebrates is controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle)
can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which
is responsible for movement of the human body
















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY








Digestive System
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to
feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestines, and large intestines.

















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY













Urinary System
The urinary system, also known as the renal system, consists of the two kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and the
urethra. Each kidney consists of millions of functional units called nephrons. The purpose of the renal system
is to eliminate wastes from the body, regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes and
metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The kidneys have extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which
leave the kidneys via the renal vein. Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form
of urine) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine towards the
urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by urination (voiding). The
female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra
















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY










Respiratory System
The respiratory system (or ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and
structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake
and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.



















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY











Circulatory System
The circulatory system also called the cardiovascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to
circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones,
and blood cells to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body
temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.











11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY






Nervous System
The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions
and transmits signals between different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms
about 550 to 600 million years ago. In most animal species it consists of two main parts, the central nervous
system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS
consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to
every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement; the
autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous
system, which regulate involuntary functions, and the enteric nervous system, which functions to control the
gastrointestinal system.















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY







Limbic System
The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures located on both sides of
the thalamus, right under the cerebrum.
[1]
It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the
telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon.
[2]
It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala,
anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular
commissure, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.





















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY








Endocrine System
The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into
the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ. The major endocrine glands include the
pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus,
gastrointestinal tract and adrenal glands. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which
secretes its hormones using ducts. Examples of exocrine glands include the sweat glands, salivary glands,
mammary glands, and liver. The endocrine system is an information signal system like the nervous system,
yet its effects and mechanism are classifiably different. The endocrine system's effects are slow to initiate, and
prolonged in their response, lasting from a few hours up to weeks. The nervous system sends information
very quickly, and responses are generally short lived.














11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY













Reproductive System
The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work
together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and
pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system.
[1]
Unlike most organ systems, the
sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences. These differences allow for a combination of
genetic material between two individuals, which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the
offspring



















11 SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY






Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry
a clear fluid called lymph (from Latin lympha meaning water)
[1]
) directionally towards the heart. The
lymphatic system was first described in the seventeenth century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and
Thomas Bartholin. Unlike the cardiovascular system the lymphatic system is not a closed system. The human
circulatory system processes an average of 20 litres of blood per day through capillary filtration which
removes plasma while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered plasma get reabsorbed directly
into the blood vessels, while the remaining 3 litres are left behind in the interstitial fluid. One of the main
functions of the lymph system is to provide an accessory route for these excess 3 litres per day to get
returned to the blood