electromagnetic and

magnetic circuit principles

voltage and current waveforms


Example
When an instantaneous voltage of 500 Sin (314t +
/4) is applied to a series circuit of R and L, the
current is found to be 10Sin (314t - /6).
Calculate:
i) Peak voltage ii) Frequency
iii) Phase angle iv) Impedance
v) Resistance vi) Inductance


Example
Peak voltage = 500v

Frequency f = 314/2 = 50 Hz.

Phase angle /4 + /6 = 45
o
+ 30
o
= 75
o


Impedance Z = V/I = 500/10 = 50

Example
Resistance = Z Cos = 50 x 0.2588 = 12.94

Inductive reactance - X
L

= Z Sin = 50 x 0.9659 =
48.30
Inductance L = X
L

/ 2f = 48.30/2 x 50
= 0.1537 H




Circuit possessing resistance only
instantaneous value of voltage and
current
v = V
m
sin and i = V
m
/R sin

i = I
m
sin = I
m
sin2ft



phasor diagram for the resistive circuit
V
R
V
R
phasor diagram for the resistive circuit

Circuit possessing inductance only:


instantaneous value of induced e.m.f.:
e = -L.di/dt = 2fLI
m



instantaneous value of applied voltage
v = 2fLI
m
cos 2ft = 2fLI
m

sin(2ft+/2)



applied voltage, induced E.M.F., and
current waveforms
phasor diagram for the inductive circuit
V
R
V
L
V
L
leads by 90
o
Inductive reactance
V
rms
/I
rms

= 0.707V
m
/0.707I
m


= 2fL = inductive reactance [X
L
]

I = V/2fL = V/X
L

[ohms]


Example

An inductor of 0.6H and negligible
resistance is connected across a 120 V a.c.
supply.
Calculate the current when the frequency is:
i) 30 Hz
ii) 200 Hz


Example
i) X
L

= 2fL = 2 x 30 x 0.6 = 113

I
L

= V / X
L

= 120 / 113 = 1.06 A

ii) X
L
= 2fL = 2 x 200 x 0.6 = 753

I
L

= V / X
L

= 120 / 753 = 0.159 A


Circuit possessing capacitance only
v = V
m

sin = V
m

sin 2ft
i = C dv/dt
i = 2fCV
m
cos 2ft = 2fCV
m

sin(2ft+/2)


Waveforms for capacitive circuit
phasor diagram for the capacitive circuit
V
R
V
C
V
C
lags by 90
o
Capacitive reactance

V
rms
/I
rms

= 0.707V
m
/0.707I
m



= 1/(2fC) = capacitive reactance [X
L
]

Example

A capacitor of 0.6 F is connected across a 120 V
ac supply. Calculate the current when the
frequency is:
i)30Hz
ii) 200 Hz


i) X
C

= 1 / 2fC = 1 / 2 x 30 x 0.6 x 10
-6
= 8842
I
C

= V / X
C

= 120 / 8842 = 13.6 mA
i) X
C

= 1 / 2fC = 1 / 2 x 200 x 0.6 x 10
-6
= 1326
I
C

= V / X
C
= 120 / 1326 = 0.09 A

Series Resonance


The resonance of a series RLC circuit occurs when the
inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in
magnitude but cancel each other because they are
180 degrees apart in phase. The sharp minimum in
impedance which occurs is useful in tuning
applications. The sharpness of the minimum depends
on the value of R and is characterized by the "Q" of
the circuit.


Series Circuits (R,L,C)




impedance [Z] ={R
2
+(X
L
-X
C
)
2
}

= phase angle = tan
-1
(X
L
-X
C
)/R),

Cos
-1
R/Z, Sin
-1
= (X
L
- X
C
) / Z

phasor diagram

Example

A 10 resistor and 150F capacitor are
connected in series across a 200 Hz, 200 V ac
supply. Calculate:
i) Circuit impedance
ii) Current
iii) Phase angle


Example
i) Circuit impedance. X
C

= 1 / 2fC = 1 / 2 x 200 x 150 x
10
-6
= 5.305
Z = R
2
+ X
C
2
= 10
2
+ 5.305
2
= 128.143 = 11.32

ii) Current = I = V/Z = 200 / 11.32 = 17.67 A

iii) Phase angle = tan
-1
X
C
/ R = 27.95 degrees leading

Series Resonance (R,L,C)


X
L
=1/X
C


f = 1/{2(LC)}
phasor diagram
definition: acceptor circuit
graph of current and impedance plotted against Z


Q factor (at resonance)

Q = X
L
/R = 1/R (L/C)
bandwidth - (f
2
-f
1
) - definition of half-power
points
Q = f
r
/(f
2
-f
1
)

Parallel Circuits (R,L,C)


supply current = V/R + V/X
L

+ X
C
V)
= phase angle = phase difference V
S

and I
S


= tan
-1
(I
L
- I
C
)/I
R


phasor diagram


Parallel Resonance (R,L,C)

f = 1/(2L) (L/C - R
2
)
phasor diagram
definition: rejector circuit
dynamic impedance R
D

= L/CR
Q factor (at resonance) = X
L
/R


Terms
Resistance is the opposition to current flow by a
resistor
Reactance, is similar, it is the interference of a
capacitor or an Inductor to current flow
XL is inductive reactance and XC is capacitive
reactance

Impedance (Z) is actually the overall opposition to
current presented by the circuit
Conductance, Susceptance, and Admittance
are the opposites to Resistance, reactance
and impedance
Impedance triangle
Resistance R
Reactance
X
Impedance Z
Admittance triangle
Conductance G
Susceptance B
Admittance Y

Conductance [G] = R/Z
2
. Is 1/R when X is = 0

admittance [Y] = 1/Z = R/Z
2


susceptance [B] = X/Z
2
. Is 1/X when X is = 0

Y = G+ jB and tan = B/G


R and L in series


Z = R +jX
L

= Z <

admittance = Y = 1/Z = (R/Z
2
- jXL/Z
2
) = G

jB
L
= Y < -


R and C in series
Z = R -jX
C

= Z<-

admittance = Y = 1/Z = (R/Z
2
+ jX
C
/Z
2
) = G +
jB
C
= Y<