By WAYNE KIRSNER, PE,

Kirsner, Pullin & Associates,

Atlanta, Ga.
I
v e got s ome bad n ews th e
20-odd-year exper i ment wi th
pr i mar y-secondar y desi gn of
ch i l l ed wa ter pl a n ts h a s n t
panned out. I f youve desi gned a
l ar ge di str i buted chi l l ed water
system and moni tor ed the oper a-
ti on of the centr al pl ant, you al -
r eady know about the pr obl ems:
th e T of th e ch i l l ed wa ter
(CHW) r etur ni ng to the campus
pl ant i s bel ow the desi gn val ue
for whi ch the chi l l er s and pumps
wer e sel ectedi n fact, i ts way
bel ow; the secondar y CHW fl ow
doesnt var y a hoot; and the ex-
pen s i v e v a r i a bl e-s peed dr i v e
(VSD) pur chased to var y the fl ow
of th e s econ da r y pu mps wa s
gr eat for tes t an d bal an ce bu t
hasnt done much si nce (besi des
h ea ti n g u p th e cen tr a l pl a n t
bu i l di n g). Th e l ow T a t th e
pl ant causes the oper ator s to r un
extr a pumps and chi l l er s to meet
the l oad, whi ch, i n addi ti on to r e-
duci ng the pl ants cool i ng output
capaci ty, wastes ener gy. The sys-
tem may be keepi ng the campus
cool , but you know i ts i neffi ci ent
and i dl i ng a l ot of chi l l er capac-
i ty.
The pr obl em descr i bed above
has come to be known as l ow T
centr al pl ant syndr ome. To my
k nowl edge, ev er y l ar ge chi l l ed
water pl ant ser vi ng di str i buted
l oads i s affl i cted wi th i t to some
degr ee. Th e a r ti cl e Tr ou bl e-
shooti ng Chi l l ed Water Pr obl ems
at the NASA Johnson Space Cen-
ter (HPAC, Febr uar y 1995)
1
de-
scr i bes a typi cal si tuati on. A cen-
tr al pl ant or i gi nal l y desi gned for
a 16 F T between the chi l l ed wa-
ter r etur n (CHR) and chi l l ed wa-
ter suppl y (CHS) coul d onl y de-
v el op an 8 F T becaus e of l ow
CHR temper atur e fr om the cam-
pu s . Th i s mean t n ot on l y th at
twi ce as much CHW as or i gi nal l y
i n ten ded h a d to be pu mped
ar ound the 5-mi l e campus pi pi ng
l oop but al so that the seven 2000-
ton chi l l er s i n the centr al pl ant
coul dnt be l oaded much beyond
hal f thei r capaci ty. Thus, oper a-
tor s wer e usual l y for ced to r un
twi ce as many chi l l er s to meet
th e campu s l oad, an d th e fr i c-
ti onal l oss i n the mai ns due to the
ex ces s i v e CH W f l ow ma de i t
CHW PLANT DESI GN
November 1996 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning 73
The Demi se of t he
Pr i mar y- Secondar y Pumpi ng Par adi gm f or
Chi l l ed Wat er Pl ant Desi gn
Accepting that low T
chilled water plant
syndrome exists in
almost all big
distributed chilled
water systems and
recognizing the need to
seek design solutions
that can cope with or
prevent it
VSD
Chiller Chiller
Constant-flow
pumps
Crossover
decoupler
1 Archetypal primary-secondary
CHW plant design.
1
Wayne Kirsner authored the Febru-
ary 1995 article cited above as well as
the arti cl e What Caused the Steam
System Acci dent that Ki l l ed J ack
Smith?, HPAC, J uly 1995.
tough to del i ver suffi ci ent CHW
to h y dr au l i cal l y di s tan t bu i l d-
i ngs.
The causes of l ow T syndr ome
ar e not myster i ous, but they ar e
often per vasi ve and thus can be
har d to r emedy. Low T can be
ca u s ed by di r ty cool i n g coi l s ,
th r ottl i n g v al v es wi th i n s u ffi -
ci en t s h u toff capabi l i ty , r es et
CHS temper atu r e, poor l y con -
tr ol l ed bl endi ng stati ons, and of
cou r s e, CHW by pas s i n g ou t i n
the system. But most often, l ow
system T i s the r esul t of faul ty
contr ol s and i mpr oper l y adjusted
set poi nts. Thi s ar ti cl e, however ,
i s not about the causes of centr al
pl an t s y n dr ome. I ts abou t ac-
ceptingthat the pr obl em exi sts i n
v i r tual l y ev er y bi g di s tr i buted
ch i l l ed water s y s tem an d th en
recogni zi ng the need to seek de-
si gn sol uti ons that can cope wi th
i t, i f not pr event i t.
So wh y can t a s tan dar d pr i -
mar y-secondar y chi l l ed water de-
si gn cope wi th l ow CHW T?
Problem #1
The primary-secondary control
scheme i s bl i nded by l ow T
central plant syndrome. Fi g. 1 de-
pi cts wh at I wou l d des cr i be as
th e a r ch ety pa l pr i ma r y -s ec-
ondar y chi l l ed water schemati c
confi gur ati on. The pr i mar y fea-
tur e of the confi gur ati on i s the
decou pl ed pr i ma r y a n d s ec-
ondar y l oops, whi ch al l ow con-
stant fl ow thr ough the chi l l er s
whi l e per mi tti ng var yi ng fl ow i n
the system to save pumpi ng en-
er gy. Chi l l er s ar e staged on and
off based on CHW fl ow thr ough
the cr ossover br i dge (al though
th e s en s or may be el s ewh er e).
The sole indicator of system l oad,
upon whi ch contr ol of the chi l l er s
an d pu mps depen ds , i s chi l l ed
water flow.
I n a pl an t wi th l ow T s y n -
dr ome, CHW fl ow i s n o l on ger
much of an i ndi cator of l oad. The
ampl i tude of fl ow vari ati on i s just
a fracti on of the ampl i tude of l oad
vari ati on. Fundamental l y then, a
pr i mar y -s econ dar y con tr ol
scheme that depends on system
fl ow to gauge system l oad i s vi rtu-
al l y bl i nd to l oad vari ati on.
Problem #2
The pri mary l oop i s constant
fl ow. Con s tan t fl ow th r ou gh
chi l l er s i s a hi ghl y desi r abl e fea-
ture of pri mary-secondary chi l l ed
water pl an t des i gn , an d mos t
chi l l er manufactur er s sti l l pr efer
and r ecommend i t. I ve been con-
vi nced, however , that most mod-
er n chi l l er contr ol s no l onger r e-
qui r e constant fl ow to k eep the
chi l l er s out of tr oubl e. Let me ex-
pl ai n.
When chi l l er vanes wer e con-
tr ol l ed by con v en ti on al pn eu -
mati c pr opor ti onal contr ol s, r e-
sponse ti me to changes i n l oad
was necessar i l y sl ow and gr adual
to pr event over shoot and hunti ng
as th e ch i l l er con tr ol s tr i ed to
achi eve l eavi ng CHS set poi nt.
Hence, chi l l er capaci ty contr ol s
woul d l ag behi nd a sudden l oad
change. I f the change was a dr op
i n l oad, the chi l l er woul d over cool
the l eavi ng CHW, dr oppi ng i t be-
l ow set poi nt unti l capaci ty con-
tr ol vanes coul d r eact to r educe
chi l l er r efr i ger ati ng capaci ty. I f
th e dr op i n l oa d wa s s h a r p
enough, the chi l l er s l ow evapor a-
tor temper a tu r e s a fety wou l d
knock the chi l l er off l i ne, r equi r -
i ng a manual r eset to r estar t the
chi l l er . Thi s i s a si tuati on to be
avoi ded.
Now consi der the r esponse of a
chi l l ed water pl ant desi gned for
constant fl ow versus one desi gned
for vari abl e fl ow i n the event that
l oad acr oss a ful l y l oaded chi l l er
suddenl y dropped i n hal f. (Thi s i s
a sever e upset, but i ts not far -
fetched at al l . Star ti ng a second
ch i l l er i n a two-ch i l l er pl an t,
where i denti cal chi l l ers operate i n
par al l el , typi cal l y r esul ts i n the
l oad to th e acti v e ch i l l er bei n g
hal ved.
2
) I n a constant-fl ow pr i -
mar y l oop desi gned to chi l l , say,
55 F CHR to 45 F CHS, a 50 per -
cent dr op i n l oad woul d mani fest
i tsel f i n CHR temper atur e r i si ng
to 50 F. (Thi s mi ght occur because
appr oxi matel y hal f the pr i mar y
fl ow of 45 F CHS i s r eci r cul ati ng
thr ough the cr ossover br i dge to
mi x wi th the 55 F CHR fr om the
system.) The 50 F CHR enter i ng
the for mer l y ful l y l oaded acti ve
ch i l l er wou l d i n i ti al l y be s u b-
jected to the ful l cool i ng capaci ty
of th e ch i l l er u n ti l i ts con tr ol s
coul d r espond to decr ease capac-
i ty. The chi l l er woul d thus tend to
dr i v e th e en ter i n g 50 F CHW
down toward 40 F.
Compare thi s upset condi ti on to
a v ar i abl e-fl ow con fi gu r ati on .
Star ti n g a s econ d equ al CHW
pump coul d cut CHW fl ow through
the acti ve chi l l er roughl y i n hal f.
3
The acti ve chi l l er woul d i ni ti al l y
conti nue to try to appl y i ts ful l out-
put capaci ty to hal f the mass fl ow,
ther eby doubl i ng the T of CHW
passi ng thr ough i ti.e., i t woul d
tend to dri ve 55 F CHR down to 35
F. Thi s i s pretty cl ose to freezi ng. I f
the desi gn T was l arger, the CHW
woul d be dri ven down bel ow freez-
i ng. I n ei ther case, a si mpl e l ow
evapor ator temper atur e sensor
woul d l i kel y cause the chi l l er to
tri p off l i ne to protect i t from freez-
i ng. The constant-fl ow chi l l er , i n
compar i son, whose l eavi ng CHS
temperature di ps onl y hal f as far,
woul d probabl y remai n on l i ne. For
thi s r eason al one, one can easi l y
under stand why chi l l er manufac-
Chilled water plant design
74 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning Novemberr 1996
2
F or exampl e, i n a vari abl e-fl ow
plant, flow through the active chiller
will be cut roughly in two as the sec-
ond chi l l ers pump i nstantl y usurps
half the flow. I n a primary-secondary
pl ant, approxi matel y hal f the total
pri mary CHW fl ow reci rcul ates
through the crossover bridge and, once
the second chillers compressor has be-
gun outputting CHW, mixes with sys-
tem secondary CHR to halve its T.
3
Assuming immediate system control
valve response and the absence of cen-
tral plant syndrome. I f control valve
response were slow or the system were
afflicted with central plant syndrome,
flow would not suddenly fall to half,
and thus the upset condition would be
far less traumatic.
tur er s woul d pr efer constant fl ow
through chi l l ers.
So whats changed to i nval i date
thi s ar gument? The l ow evapor a-
tor temperature control i s more so-
phi sti cated, for one. I ts no l onger
si mpl y a l ow-temper atur e safety
cutout. The Trane Companys mi -
croprocessor-based control , for ex-
ampl e, i ntegr ates (i.e., sums) the
number of degr ee-seconds (deg-
sec) bel ow the l ow evaporator tem-
per atur e s et poi nt. Don Eppl e-
hei mer of Tr ane tel l s me that i f
thi s sum remai ns bel ow 50 deg-sec,
the control l ogi c wi l l not i ni ti ate a
safety shutdown. Thi s means:
N Evaporator temperature may
drop belowfreezi ng momentari l y.
N The chi l l ers capaci ty control s
are al l owed ti me to catch up wi th
the l oad change.
I n fact, the sophi sti cati on of the
contr ol l ogi c i s such that Tr ane
feel s confi dent i n setti ng i ts l ow
evapor ator temper atur e set poi nt
as l ow as 30 F.
Th e u ps h ot of th i s i mpr ov e-
ment, and to a l esser extent the
capaci ty control i mprovements, i s
that chi l l er s can sur vi ve a sever e
u ps et con di ti on i n CHW fl ow
wi thout tr i ppi ng off l i ne. I n fact,
and thi s i s r eal l y the pr oof of the
puddi ng, Mr . Eppl ehei mer says
th at Tr an e r ou ti n el y tes ts i ts
chi l l er s to i nsur e they can wi th-
stand a 50 per cent dr op i n CHW
fl ow wi th ou t tr i ppi n g th e l ow
evapor ator temper atur e safety
cu tou t. (Oth er man u factu r er s
have di ffer ent contr ol str ategi es
for h an dl i n g u ps ets i n appl i ed
l oad. Yor ks chi l l er s, for exampl e,
can accept an i nput that del ays
poweri ng down of the chi l l er com-
pressor upon a l arge drop i n l eav-
i ng CHS temper atur e as l ong as
the temper atur e does not fal l be-
l ow 36 F. Carri ers l ow evaporator
temperature control overri des the
chi l l er capaci ty control l er to cl ose
compressor vanes shoul d evapora-
tor temperature approach 33 F. At
33 F, the safety shuts down the
machi ne.)
There i s another benefi t to con-
stant fl ow thr ough chi l l er s. The
pos s i bi l i ty of l ami n ar fl ow
through the evaporator due to l ow
CHW fl ow i s el i mi nated. Thi s con-
di ti on can easi l y be avoi ded, how-
ever , i n a var i abl e pr i mar y fl ow
system. Bur t Ri shel of Systecon
suggests the best way to do thi s i s
the ol d-fashi oned waywi th a by-
pass from CHS to CHR opened vi a
a si gnal fr om a fl ow meter or di f-
fer en ti al pr es s u r e con tr ol l er
acr os s th e ch i l l er . Th i s mi gh t
seem to repl i cate the expense of a
pr i mar y -s econ dar y cr os s ov er
br i dge, but the di ffer ence i s that
the r eci r cul ati on pi pe i s si zed to
handl e no more than about hal f a
chi l l ers desi gn fl ow, and i ts func-
ti on i s l ess l i kel y to confuse the
operator.
So the r ati onal e for avoi di ng
var i abl e fl ow thr ough chi l l er s i s,
i n my opi n i on , n o l on ger com-
pel l i ng. But even i f constant fl ow
thr ough chi l l er evapor ator s i s no
l onger essenti al for stabl e chi l l er
operati on, whats wrong with it?
A constant-fl ow pr i mar y CHW
s y s tem wi th on e n on v ar y i n g
pump per chi l l er cannot r espond
effecti vel y to l ow T syndrome. I f
CHR temperature returni ng from
the system i s bel ow desi gn and
cannot be r ai sed, a centr al pl ant
operators onl y opti on i n respond-
i ng to a cal l for mor e cool i ng ca-
paci ty i s to ener gi ze mor e pumps
and more chi l l ers.
4
What woul d be
pr efer abl e, of cour se, woul d be to
i ncr ease the CHW fl ow thr ough
i ndi vi dual chi l l er s to l oad them
more ful l y. But wi th the pri mary-
secondary confi gurati on shown i n
Fi g. 1, thi s i s not possi bl e. Pr i -
mar y-secondar y systems can be
r etr ofi tted, of cour se, i n r esponse
to l ow T. New pumpi ng capaci ty
can be added and fl ow thr ough
chi l l ers can be i ncreased up to the
man u factu r er s r ecommen ded
maxi mum rate. Perhaps evapora-
tor s can even be conver ted fr om
thr ee-pass to two-pass, r educi ng
pr es s u r e dr op th r ou gh th e
chi l l er s. But obvi ousl y, the con-
strai nts of the exi sti ng equi pment
l i mi t the fl exi bi l i ty to cope wi th
th e n eed to for ce mor e water
th r ou gh th e ch i l l er s . Fu r th er -
mor e, r etr ofi tti n g an d addi n g
equ i pmen t to accommodate a
l ower T wi thi n the context of the
exi sti ng constant-fl ow desi gn r e-
sul ts i n per manentl y l ock i ng i n
th e h i gh er CHW fl ow r ate. A
r etr ofi t of thi s k i nd effecti v el y
throws i n the towel on the quest to
fi nd and fi x the root causes of l ow
T out i n the system.
So if not constant flow through
the chi l l ers, then what? A var i -
abl e-fl ow CHW pumpi ng scheme
can r espond to l ow system T i f
the pumps ar e sel ected for excess
capaci ty. I n fact, i n my vi ew, de-
si gner s need to consi der the de-
si gn T for whi ch they sel ect the
November 1996 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning 75
Chiller Chiller
VSD VSD
Flow meter
DP
By
2 Typical variable-flow CHW plant design.
4
Assuming pumps are not ganged in a
common header, of course.
5
The maxi mum tube vel oci ty recom-
mended in the ASHRAE Equi pment
Handbook is 7 fps; most manufactur-
ers recommend 11 fps.
continued on page 77
November 1996 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning 77
chi l l er s as a target valueand
then provi de for the eventual-
itythat extra fl ow beyond the
des i gn tar get may be r e-
qu i r ed. I n pr acti ce, th i s
means:
N Sel ecti ng chi l l er evapo-
rator tubes for tube vel oci ti es
not mor e than about 5.5 fps
at desi gn so that fl ow can be
i ncreased up to twofol d i f nec-
essary.
5
N Sel ecti ng pumps to over-
p u mp t h e ch i l l e r s . Th e
best scheme i s to bank the
p u mp s a n d p r ov i d e th em
wi th VSDs.
6
Wi th v ar i abl e fl ow pu mpi n g
through the chi l l ers, the crossover
br i dge and the secondar y pumps
can be di spensed wi th, so a typi cal
s ch emati c l ay ou t for a s i mpl e
bu i l di n g can l ook l i k e Fi g. 2.
Chi l l ers are staged based on l eav-
i n g CHS temper atu r e. Wh en a
ch i l l er can t h ol d l eav i n g CHS
temper atur e set poi nt, a second
chi l l er i s ener gi zed. Pump speed
i s control l ed by a di fferenti al pres-
sur e sensor si tuated acr oss the
hydr oni cal l y far thest coi l . A fl ow
meter and smart control l er open a
bypass val ve shoul d fl ow through
the chi l l er s fal l bel ow the manu-
factu r er s r ecommen ded mi n i -
mum.
The advantages of thi s system
are:
N I t automati cal l y r esponds to
l ow T by i ncreasi ng fl ow through
chi l l ers.
N Th e r e s on l y on e s e t of
pumps.
N Mi ni mum chi l l ed water fl ow
i s pumped.
N Th e s y s t e m i s s i mp l e r ;
theres no decoupl i ng bri dge.
Problem #3
Secondary pumpi ng i s not the
most efficient pumping distribu-
tion scheme. I n Fi g. 2, a si ngl e set
of pumps handl es the job of both
th e pr i ma r y a n d s econ da r y
pu mps . Bu t i n a bi g s y s tem, a
si ngl e set of pumps i s not al ways
desi r abl e. I f the pr essur e needed
to pu mp a n en ti r e ca mpu s i s
l ar ge, i ts advantageous to pl ace
a second set of pumps, and per -
haps even a thi r d set, out i n the
s y s tem to av oi d i mpos i n g h i gh
pr essur e on the equi pment cl ose
to th e pu mps di s ch a r ge. Sec-
on da r y pu mpi n g, a s s h own i n
Fi g. 1, can achi eve thi s objecti ve,
bu t i ts not the most effi ci ent
pumpi ng scheme. Thats because
the same head i s i mpar ted to al l
CHW pas s i ng thr ough the s ec-
ondar y pumps, whether i ts mak-
i n g th e s h or t tr i p th r ou gh th e
cl os es t bu i l di n g or th e l on ges t
tr i p th r ou gh th e h y dr au l i cal l y
most di stant bui l di ng. The extr a
head i mpar ted to CHW passi ng
th r ou gh th e cl os er bu i l di n gs
must be wasted acr oss bal anci ng
val ves and/or thr ottl i ng val ves at
those bui l di ngs. Onl y the smal l
fr acti on of the total CHW fl ow go-
i ng to the most di stant bui l di ng
i s pr oduced wi thout wasted en-
er gy.
A better way to pump di stant
l oads i s vi a di str i buted pumpi ng,
a s i l l u s tr a ted i n Fi g. 3. Bu r t
Ri shel of Systecon gi ves cr edi t to
Wi l ber Shuster of Ci nci nnati for
f i r s t pr opos i n g th i s pu mpi n g
s ch eme. Di s tr i bu ted bu i l di n g
pu mps as s u me th e fu n cti on of
th e s econ da r y pu mps . E a ch
pump i s si zed to del i ver i ts bui l d-
i ngs fl ow at just the head needed
to pu mp th e bu i l di n g h y dr on i c
l oa ds and dr a w th e CH W
thr ough the mai ns fr om the cen-
tr al pl ant. Ther e ar e no decou-
pl i ng l oops at the bui l di ngs, so no
CHW i s bypassed. No bal anci ng
val ves ar e needed to eat up ex-
ces s h ead s i n ce th er e i s n on e.
Pump speeds ar e contr ol l ed by
VSDs r ecei vi ng si gnal s fr om di f-
fer enti al pr essur e swi tches at the
end of the l oop i n each bui l di ng.
Pu mpi n g h or s epower s a v i n g
equal s the sum:
7
The pr i mar y pumps ar e VSD-
contr ol l ed, as befor e, and can op-
er ate i n s er i es wi th th e di s -
tri buted pumps or be decoupl ed as
shown i n Fi g. 3. I f decoupl ed, the
VSDs wou l d be con tr ol l ed to
mai ntai n sl i ghtl y posi ti ve fl ow
from CHS to CHR i n the crossover
br i dge and not l et fl ow thr ough
any chi l l er go bel ow i ts mi ni mum
r ecommended val ue. Chi l l er s ar e
Chilled water plant design
VSD VSD VSD VSD
VSD
VSD
DP DP DP DP
Chilled water plant
Building 1 Building 2 Building 3 Building 4
CHR
CHS
3 Distributed campus CHW pumping.
6
Of course, oversizing the pumps and
bal anci ng them down wi th a throt-
tling valve is not an option unless you
routi nel y wear your shoes on the
wrong feet and when you tighten your
belt, cut off your windpipe.

CHW fl ow
bui l di ng bui l di ng
i
i N
N i
p
H H

1 1
3960
,
( )
( )
/

7
Assuming equal pump efficiencies for
building pumps and hypothetical sec-
ondary pumps.
continued from page 75
crossover bri dges at the bui l di ngs,
but i f i t does become a pr obl em,
the pumps and chi l l er s can effec-
ti vel y deal wi th i t.
N I t r educes head pr essur e i m-
posed on equi pment.
N I ts si mpl e and, mor e i mpor -
tantl y, l ooks si mpl e to the oper a-
tors who run i t.
The onl y unusual aspect of di s-
tr i buted pumpi ng i s that i t r e-
ver ses the typi cal pr essur e gr adi -
ent i n the system. The CHS mai n
i s n egati v e wi th r es pect to th e
pr essur e i n the CHR mai n. Thus,
ever y l oad must be pumped.
In conclusion . . .
The tr adi ti onal ar guments for
desi r i ng constant fl ow thr ough
ch i l l er ev a por a tor s n o l on ger
car r y much wei ght; most moder n
mi cr opr ocessor -based chi l l er con-
tr ol s can effecti vel y deal wi th up-
sets due to var i abl e fl ow. Mor e-
ov er , con s ta n t-f l ow pr i ma r y
des i gn s can n ot r es pon d to th e
need to put mor e CHW thr ough
chi l l er s i n the event that the di s-
tr i bu ti on s y s tem r etu r n s l ow
CHW T to the centr al pl ant.
A v ar i abl e-fl ow des i gn wi th
pumps ei ther over si zed and con-
tr ol l ed by VSDs or banked can r e-
s pon d to l ow T cen tr al pl an t
s y n dr ome. Th u s , for th e s ame
r eason that we as HVAC desi gn-
er s pr ovi de fr eezestats upstr eam
of cool i ng coi l s, nonover l oadi ng
motor s to dr i ve pumps and fans,
and tube pul l space at chi l l er s,
boi l er s, and ai r -handl i ng uni ts,
we need to desi gn chi l l ed water
pl an ts th at can an ti ci pate th e
possi bi l i ty of l ow CHW T and
r espond to i t. Ther efor e, I bel i eve
i ts ti me to pu t pr i ma r y -s ec-
on dar y pu mpi n g back i n to ou r
tool bag of appl i cati on s to ad-
dr ess speci fi c desi gn si tuati ons
an d adopt a n ew par adi gm for
chi l l ed water system desi gn. HPAC
Bibliography
Uni ver si ty of Wi sconsi ns semi nar
on Chi l l ed Water Pl ant Desi gn, orga-
ni zed by Harol d Ol sen.
Burt Ri shel s semi nar speech, Cur-
r ent Tr ends i n HVAC Water System
Desi gn.
Gi l Aver ys ar ti cl e Desi gni ng and
Commi ssi oni ng of Var i abl e Fl ow Hy-
dr oni c Systems, ASHRAE J ournal,
Jul y 1993.
Al Uteschs semi nar speech at the
Uni versi ty of Wi sconsi n.
staged based on thei r abi l i ty to
mai ntai n l eavi ng CHS temper a-
ture.
The advantages of thi s system,
bes i des mi n i mi zi n g pu mpi n g
power, are:
N I t mi ni mi zes the potenti al for
l ow s y s tem T by el i mi n ati n g
Chilled water plant design
78 HPAC Heating/Piping/AirConditioning November 1996