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Thermodynamics Assignment 1
Question 1 part A,
Pressure loss in a heat exchanger Δρ(PA)
To work (U) out I used the equation of u=mρA but first calculating the Area.
So U= (0.0042xπ) x 1000
= 0.05026548246
=0.250.05026548246
= 4.97m/s
U=4.97 m/s
So now all the values have been worked out (Wf) can now be calculated.
Wf = 2fLU2DH
Wf = 2x0.00619032x6.9x4.9720.008
Wf = 264.14 J/Kg
Jonjo Carruthers A8037900 Thermo
So ρxWf = 1000x308.6063
Δρ= 0.30860 MPa
Part 2,
Thermal resistance for the waste air, wall, and coolant flow, R(K/W)
R = 1HA
To calculate (Nu)
Nu = 0.023xRe0.8xNu0.4
Nu = 0.023x10.260.8x10.920.4
Nu = 0.385
The thermal resistance for the wall thickness can be calculated using Rwall = tKA
where
T = 0.0015m
A = 0.52m
When (K) can be presented as the materials thermal heat conductivity, This is
found to be for the materials heat properties to be = 21.
Rwall = tKA
Rwall = 0.001521x0.52
Rwall = 1.373x10-4 K/W
Jonjo Carruthers A8037900 Thermo
Then to calculate the value of (R) for the air when (h) is given and the area is the
same
Rair = 1hxA
Rair = 1134x0.52
Rair = 0.0144 K/W
Part 3,
ΔT = 45˚C this is the change in temperature and from this CH and Cc can be
calculated
CH= mCP
CH = 3.237x1005
CH =3253.185 K/W
Cc= mCP
Cc= 1x4206
Cc=4206 K/W
Cmin= CH
Q max = Cminx45
Q max = 3253.185x45
Q max = 146393.325 or 146.4 K/W
Q=Qmaxε
ε = 1-e-NTU
NTU = UACmin
NTU=4.97359x0.523253.185
NTU = 7.94995x10-4
ε = 1-e-7.94995x10^-4
ε = 7.9467x10-4
Jonjo Carruthers A8037900 Thermo
Q = Qmaxxε
Q = 146393.325x7.9467x10-4
Q= 116.334
Part 4,
Q = εxQ
Water exit temperature = Tc,e ˚C
Q=mCP(Te-Ti)
Te= Qmax+mCPTimCP
Te=116.334+1x4206x51x4206
Te= 5.027˚C
So the temperature has gone up in the heat exchanger by 0.027˚C this is a low
value but I think this is due to the velocity at which the coolant is travelling.
Question 2 part 1,
In Series
P = Wf x
Wf =2fLU2DH
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
-0.25
f = 0.079 Re turbulent flow as I expect the flow at this velocity to be
turbulent
Jonjo Carruthers A8037900 Thermo
L = (72 x 2.3) due to there being 24 tubes in the heat exchanger as there are 3
passes
(24 x 3 = 72)
(0.9 x 96) 24 tubes in the heat exchanger that have 4, 90° bends. (24 x 4 = 96)
∆ P = wf x ρ
∆ P = 17615.25052 x 1000
∆ P = 17615250.52 Pa
With this calculating the heat recovery rate the following need to be changed
into Kelvin.
Q = x Q max
Q max = (T Hi – T Ci) Cmin
T Hi = 323 K
T Ci = 278 K
Q max = (323 – 278) x 3253.185
Q max = 146393.325 K/W
= 1 – e - NTU
NTU = U Ai = 3.32 x 0.52 x 243253.185
NTU = 0.01271992992
= 0.01263937353
Q = 0.01263937353 x 146393.325 = 1850.319917
Q = 1850.32W
The water exit temperature is equal to
Q = m Cp (T e – T i)
Jonjo Carruthers A8037900 Thermo
T e = 5.44°C this is the new exit temperature, this heat has increased but only by
0.4˚C this hasn’t really made much of a difference but I feel that if a slower
velocity of the coolant flowing through the pipe this would allow the coolant to
heat up and transfer the heat. To then calculate in parallel
In parallel,
u =m ρ A
u = 0.04/[1000 x π (0.004) 2] = 0.8289 m/s
f = 0.079 Re – 0.25
f = 0.0096
Wf =2 f L u2DH
Wf= 2 x 0.0096 x (3 x 2.3) x (0.8289) 20.008=
Wf = 11.37796548
∆ P = 12.61470086 x 1000
∆ P = 12614.7 Pa
Heat recovery
T e = T w + (T I + T w) exp( - LA)mCP
Q = m Cp (T e – T i)
T e = Q + m Cp Ti mCP= 19.3949 + (1 x 4206 x 5) 1x4206 = 5.0046C
T e = 5.01°C this is the new exit temperature for the coolant exiting the parallel
heat exchanger, as I have calculated the new temperature, as it shows this
makes no difference.
Question 3
To improve on the design of the heat exchanger I would recommend slowing the
velocity down to more like a quarter of what it is at the moment and then this
will allow time for the heat to transfer into the water making the heat exchanger
more efficient. I would also consider using Copper piping as copper has good
properties for holding heat this would therefore allow the water to heat up and
transferring the heat again from the hot air.
References
www.wikapedia.com stainless steel properties (K)
www.my.shu.ac.uk blackboard/ mechanical engineering/ thermo/ lecture and
tutorial notes