58

CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY

In the beginning of the simulation, there is an error between desired

pitch angle and measured, Figure 5.22. After some time the measured
follows the desired perfectly, with small spikes due to the wind disturbance.
The roll and yaw angle have the same behavior as for simulation with
20 knots wind disturbance, the error is a little bit bigger, which is natural
because of the strong wind, but the controller gains are the same.

Angle of Attack

4
2
0
2

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

Sideslip Angle

0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

Figure 5.23: Angle of attack and side slip angle [deg] with 40kt wind,
measured vs desired
The angle of attack is slightly bigger at the start of the takeoff and
decreases as the aircraft hits it cruising speed, Figure 5.23, when the wind

59

5.4. WITH WIND 40 KNOTS

is increased with 20 knots.

The sideslip angle has bigger spikes for simulation with 40 knots wind
than with 20 knots wind disturbance.

5.4.2

Sliding Mode

12000
10000
8000

Measured
Desired

North

6000
4000
2000
0
2000
0

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000
East

12000

14000

16000

500

Altitude

400
300
200
100
0
100
2000

4000

6000

8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

Figure 5.24: North-East and Altitude [m] with 40kt wind, measured vs
desired
The sliding mode controller for pitch and altitude does not seem to get
affected by the increased wind. From Figure 5.24 it can be seen that the

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CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY

altitude has the same behavior for simulation with 40 knots wind as for
20 knots wind, Figure 5.18.
The PID control in heading does not get affected by sliding mode
control in pitch and altitude, and is the same as in Figure 5.21.

Roll Angle

20

Pitch Angle

20

0.5

1
Time

1.5

2
4

x 10

20
0
20
40
60

Yaw Angle

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

100
0

Measured
Desired

100
0

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

Figure 5.25: Roll, pitch and yaw angle [deg] with 40kt wind, measured vs
desired
With 40 knots wind disturbance the pitch controller, Figure 5.25, seems
to behave better than it did with 20 knots wind, Figure 5.19. It still has
an huge error in the beginning due to the physical limitations, but the
error is smaller in the end. However, it is still not successful.

61

5.4. WITH WIND 40 KNOTS

Roll and yaw are controlled by PID and have naturally the same behavior as in Figure 5.22 for pure PID control.

Angle of Attack

6
4
2
0
2

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Time

Sideslip Angle

0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2

Figure 5.26: Angle of attack and side slip angle [deg] with 40kt wind,
measured vs desired
For sliding mode control, the angle of attack, Figure 5.26, is smoother
during takeoff than it is for PID control, Figure 5.23. It starts positive
and converges to a constant negative angle as the aircraft reaches cruising
altitude, with only small spikes occurring.
The sideslip angle is the same as for PID control. Sideslip angle corresponds to heading control which is preformed by PID control.

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CHAPTER 5. CASE STUDY

5.4.3

Discussion

Heading control is performed by PID while pitch and altitude control are
performed by both PID and sliding mode. The following list summarize
the most important observations made during the simulations:
PID has good performances in simulation without wind disturbances
and payload and with payload.
PID can not follow desired path in North-East when exposed to
wind, has an error of 100 and 200 meters when flying straight north
at wind speed of 20 knots and 40 knots from the east, respectively.
In heading, PID control, there is an overshoot of 40 meters from
desired path when turning in simulations without wind disturbances
and payload and with payload. The overshoot increases to approximately 400 meters with 20 knots wind speed and 700 with 40 knots
wind speed.
PID has small oscillations in altitude when exposed to wind.
PID has slightly larger oscillations when exposed to 40 knots wind
speed than when exposed to 20 knots wind speed.
Sliding mode has oscillations in altitude in all four cases.
Sliding mode has same performances when exposed to 20 knots wind
speed as when exposed to 40 knots wind speed.
PID follows desired roll, pitch and yaw angle nicely in all four cases,
worst performance in yaw when exposed to wind.
Sliding mode almost never reaches desired pitch. Desired pitch is
sometimes greater than the physical limitations on the aircraft.
Angle of attack is smoother for sliding mode than for PID control.
Sideslip angle is close to zero during all four cases, but it has some
spikes.

5.4. WITH WIND 40 KNOTS

63

Based on these observations the PID controller will work fine in the
autopilot design. With a better tuning, the sliding mode may have a
better performance. Both controllers follow desired altitude, PID with
some better result.