CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY


3.1 Introduction

In this topic, we need to describe briefly the methods or procedures used to carry out the project,
the suitability of the latest technology, including software that will be used. This topic tells how we
conduct the project started semester (June 2013) as it contains a flow chart of the overall project
implementation, a flow chart of the test circuit / software and research data, Gantt charts, a block and the
operation of the circuit. This chapter consists five main parts: the project planning part for the process
flow, the planning for the hardware structure and the hardware implementation.


3.2 Circuit Flow Chart







START
PARKING LOT
INDUCTIVE
SENSOR
RFID MATCH
RFID TAGS

END
ALARM ON
NO
YES
3.3 Overall Project Flow Chart






























Choose the title of project
Submit the title to the lecturer
Reject
Designed the schematic circuit
Find the component
Troubleshoot the component
Damages
Test the trial circuit
No function
Wiring the circuit to the real port
Making the casing
End
3.4 Gantt Chart Project


























WEEK


ACTIVITIES

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11


12

13

14

15

16

17

18
Register

Discussion with
supervisor

Preparation for project
proposal paper

Sending project
proposal paper

Preparation of material
for obtaining the first
report

Sending project
proposal

End date of change of
title of project

End date first progress
meeting

Holiday mid-semester

Designed schematic
circuit and wiring

Running testing process

Obtaining material for
preparation of second
report

End date conference
second progress

Make a improvements
to project

Make a improvements
to report

Preparation for
presentation to project

Project presentation

Project report received

3.5 Block Diagram






3.6 Schematic Diagram by part


Figure 3.1 : Simple RFID Circuit

RFID Circuit
The transmitter circuit section and discuss the following construction steps:
Cut a small piece of general purpose board (size: 1*1/2).
Power
Supply
RFID
SENSOR
INDUCTIVE
SENSOR
ALARM
CIRCUIT
Insert and solder the transistor exactly at the center of the board.
Similarly fix the other components and interconnect their leads in such a way that the connections are
neat and very compact.
Do not keep the transistor erect; bend its printed surface downwards so that it touches the board flat.
Also fit the coil and the push-to-on micro switch in the above method. Solder two small pieces of thin
flexible wire; solder them to the supply points of the circuit.
Fix the other ends of these wires to a 3V button cell by soldering them permanently.


The following explanation of the receiver circuit will give a clear picture of its internal functioning:
Only 1 op-amp out of the four in IC 324 has been used here. It performs the function of a strong RF
amplifier. The RF signal from the transmitter is received by the antenna coil and is tuned by the
trimmer capacitor.
The resonated voltage is immediately amplified by the op-amp.
Its output triggers the transistor which in turn activates the relay.
The relay gets latched instantly through its N/O contacts.
Whatever load (12 V) is connected to these contacts is also thus activated.
The transmitter circuit can be easily understood through the following explanations:
The RF transistor BF494 and its associated parts together form a high frequency RF signal generator
of around 100MHz.
As long as the push button is kept depressed the circuit continues to generate the high frequency RF
signal through the antenna coil.
Testing Procedure
Connect a 12V DC regulated supply to the receiver circuit.
Keeping the transmitter circuits switch depressed, bring its antenna to a close proximity to the
antenna coil of the receiver circuit.
Adjust the capacitor trimmer in the receiver circuit till the LED starts glowing brightly and the relay
gets energized.
The receiver frequency is now matched with the transmitter frequency and will respond only to this
particular key.
Now releasing the transmitter switch should switch OFF the LED immediately, but the relay should
remain latched.
Switch the power OFF to reset the relay.
This concludes the testing part. Enclosure of the receiver circuit will depend on its application and the
output load connected to it. I will leave it to the readers to decide.
The transmitter may be enclosed in a small match box size box with the switch button and the antenna
protruding out of it.

Inductive sensor

Figure 3.2 : Simple Inductive Sensor Circuit

Description.
Here is the circuit diagram of a magnetic proximity switch that finds a lot of applications in many fields.
The circuit is based on a magnetic reed switch(S1) as the proximity sensor. A monostable multivibrator
based on NE555 (IC1) and a toggle flip flop based on CD4013 (IC2) does the rest of the circuit.
When a magnet is reached in proximity of S1 it closes to give a negative trigger at pin 2 of IC1.The
output of IC1 goes high for a time determines by R2 and C2.This clocks the IC2 wired as a toggle flip
flop. The output (pin 1 ) of IC2 goes high and the transistor Q1 is biased to ON. The relay is activated and
so do the equipment connected to the relay. The LED D1 glows when IC1 is triggered.
Alarm circuit


Figure 3.4 : Alarm Circuit Diagram

Description
This is a single zone alarm - with independently adjustable Exit, Entry and Siren Cut-Off timers. It will
accommodate the usual types of normally-closed input devices - such as magnetic-reed contacts, foil tape
and PIRs. When the alarm is activated - the Siren will sound for up to 20-minutes. Then it will switch off
and remain off. The alarm will not re-activate. If you wish - you can use a mains power supply. But the
extremely low standby current makes battery power a realistic option. I've used a 9-volt supply in the
drawing - but the circuit will work at anything from 5 to 15-volts. All you need do is select a Siren,
Buzzer, and Relay to suit the voltage you're using.

The alarm is easy to operate. Sw1 can be any type of two-way switch. If the Buzzer sounds when you
switch the alarm on - the normally-closed loop is open. Switch off again - and check the building for open
doors or windows. If the Buzzer does not sound - the loop is intact. Depending on the setting of R3 - you
have up to about a minute to leave the building. As you do so - the Buzzer will sound. When you close
the door behind you - it should stop sounding. This confirms that the loop has been restored within the
time allowed. When you return and open the door - the Buzzer will sound. Depending on the setting of
R4 - you have up to about a minute to switch the alarm off. If you fail to do so - the Siren will sound.
Depending on the setting of R5 - the Siren will sound for up to about 20-minutes. Then it will switch off -
and remain off. Of course - you can stop the noise at any time by moving Sw1 to the "off" position.

For this type of device - really precise times are not necessary. If you like - you can replace the pots with
fixed resistors. For example - 2M2 resistors should give you exit and entry delays of about 30-seconds -
and a Siren cut-off time of about 10-minutes. After the cut-off timer has switched the Siren off - the
Buzzer will continue to sound. So when you return - if the Buzzer is sounding - you'll know that the alarm
has been activated.