(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

MATHEMATICS IV

Module 3
Quadratic Functions

Module 3
BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Department of Education
DepEd Complex, eralco A!enue,"a#i$ Cit%
Quadratic Functions
What this module is about
This module is about the zeros of uadratic functions and the roots of uadratic
euations! As you "o over this material# you $ill be able to determine the zeros of a
uadratic function by relatin" this to the corres%ondin" roots of uadratic euation! This
material $ill li&e$ise develo% your s&ills in findin" the roots of uadratic euations usin"
factorin"# com%letin" the suare and uadratic formula! Moreover# you $ill be able to
use learned conce%ts and s&ills in derivin" uadratic function "iven certain conditions!
What you are expected to learn
This module is desi"ned for you to'
(! determine the zeros of a uadratic function by relatin" this to the roots of a
uadratic euation!
)! find the roots of uadratic euations by'
a! factorin"
b! com%letin" the suare
c! usin" the uadratic formula
*! derive uadratic functions "iven'
a! zeros of the function
b! table of values
c! "ra%h!
How much do you know
(! +hat are the zeros of f(,) - .,
)
/ 0.1
)! Solve the euation ,
)
/ 2, 3 0 - 4!
*! 5se the uadratic formula in solvin" ,
)
/ , / * - 4!
.! 6etermine the roots of ),
)
/ *, 3 ( - 4 usin" the method of com%letin" the
suare!
2! 7ind a uadratic function $hose zeros are 8* and )!
0! 9ame the uadratic function satisfied by the table belo$!
, 8) 8( 4 )
f(,) () 0 ) 4
:! 6etermine the zeros of the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!
;


<! 6etermine the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!
;
=! +hat uadratic function has
&
and
&
as zeros1
(4! +hat uadratic function has a verte, at ()# () and %asses throu"h (*# 8()1
What you will do
>esson (
6eterminin" the ?eros of @uadratic 7unction from Its Ara%h
'
B
'
(-1,-3)
B (&,)*+
B
( (#8:)
B B
), - , & .
),
)&
).
)/
), , & .
),

).
)*
)0

The %arabolic structure of the "ra%h of a uadratic function allo$s it to intersect
the ,8a,is in different $ays! It may cross the ,8a,is once# t$ice or none at all as sho$n
belo$!
Y
Ara%hically s%ea&in"# the zeros of a uadratic function f(,) are the ,8coordinates
of the %oint of intersection of the "ra%h of f(,) and the ,8a,is# if it e,ists! In other $ords#
the zeros of a uadratic function are its ,8interce%ts!
Examples:
6etermine the zeros of the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!
;
(!
The %arabola intersects the ,8a,is at 8) and )! Hence# the zeros of the uadratic
function re%resented by the %arabola are 8) and )!

)! ;
'
'
'
B B
B
B
B
B
8) )
(
8(
The %arabola intersects the ,8a,is only at ((#4)! Hence# the only zero of the
uadratic function re%resented by the %arabola is (!

*! ;
The %arabola did not intersect the ,8a,is! Hence# the uadratic function has no
real zero! It is %ossible that the zeros are ima"inary!
Try this out
Set A
6etermine the zeros of the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!

(! ;
)! ;
*! ;
'
'
'
B
B B
B
B B
2
(
)
.


8) )
B B
B B
8* 8( (

8.
.! ;
2! ;
Set C ;
(!
;
)!
'
'
'
'
'
B
B B
B
. 0 <
8.
B B
B
8. 8) 4
*
), -

),
B B
B
82 2
-5
B
B
BB
8< 82 8)
8)
*! ;
.! ;
2! ;
Set C ;
(!
'
'
'
B
-8
B
3
1
B
B
B
)/ - /
2
3
)! ;

*! ;
.! ;
;
2!
'
'
'
'
'
B
B
B B
B
0
B
2
(
B B
B
8. .
2
Lesson 2
6eterminin" the ?eros of @uadratic 7unctions by 7actorin"
The zeros of a uadratic function of the form f(,) - a,
)
3 b, 3 c are the roots of
the uadratic euation a,
)
3 b, 3 c - 4!
If the uadratic e,%ression a,
)
3 b, 3 c is factorable# factor it and a%%ly the zero
%ro%erty!
Examples:
6etermine the zeros of each uadratic function!
(! f(,) - ),
)
3 .,
Euate the "iven function to zero and then solve for ,!
f(,) - ),
)
3 ., - 4
),(, 3 )) - 4 7actor out factor ),
), - 4 or , 3 ) - 4 A%%ly the ?ero %ro%erty
, - 4 or , - 8)
Hence# the zeros of f(,) - ),
)
3 ., are 4 and 8)!
)! "(,) - ,
)
/ .
Euate the "iven function to zero and then solve for ,!
"(,) - ,
)
/ . - 4
(, / ))(, 3 )) - 4 7actor the difference of t$o suares
, / ) - 4 or , 3 ) - 4 A%%ly the zero %ro%erty
, - ) or , - 8)
Hence# the zeros of "(,) - ,
)
/ . are ) and 8)!
*! h(,) - .,
)
/ ., 3 (
Euate the "iven function to zero and then solve for ,!
h(,) - .,
)
/ ., 3 ( - 4
(), / ()
)
- 4 7actor the Derfect suare trinomial
), / ( - 4 A%%ly the zero %ro%erty
,
x
&

Hence# the only zero of h(,) - .,

)
/ ., 3 ( is
,
&
!
.! f(,) - ,
)
3 ), / <
Euate the "iven function to zero and then solve for ,!
f(,) - ,
)
3 ), / < - 4
(, / ))(, 3 .) - 4 7actor
, / ) - 4 or , 3 . - 4 A%%ly the zero %ro%erty
, - ) or , - 8.
Hence# the zeros of 7(,) - ,
)
3 ), / < are ) and 8.!
2! "(,) - 8),
)
/ , 3 *
Euate the "iven function to zero and then solve for ,!
"(,) - 8),
)
/ , 3 * - 4
(8), / *)(, / () - 4 7actor
8), / * - 4 or , / ( - 4 A%%ly the zero %ro%erty
,- 8*E) or , - (
Hence# the zeros of A(,) - 8),
)
/ , 3 * are 8
.
&
and (!
Try this out
7ind the zeros of each uadratic function by factorin"!
Set A
(! f(,) - 2,
)
/ 2
)! "(,) - ),
)
/ ()
*! h(,) - *,
)
/ ):
.! f(,) - ,
)
3 ., 3 *
2! "(,) - ,
)
3 2, 3 0
Set C
(! f(,) - *0,
)
/ .=
)! "(,) - ,
)
3 *, 3 )
*! h(,) - ,
)
3 :, 3 ()
.! f(,) - ,
)
3 2, / 0
2! "(,) - ,
)
/ , / ()
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ 2, 3 0
)! "(,) - ,
)
3 2, / (.
*! h(,) - ,
)
/ ., / )(
.! f(,) - ),
)
3 , / (
2! "(,) - *,
)
3 <, 3 .
>esson *
The Ima"inary 9umbers
It has been mentioned that if a uadratic function has no real zeros# it is %ossible
that the zeros are ima"inary!
A non8real number is called ima"inary number! The unit ima"inary number is
defined as follo$s'
The ima"inary number i is a number $hose suare root is 8(! In symbols#
&
, , i i
Examples:
Sim%lify each of the follo$in"'
(! &1
( ) ( )
&1 &1( ,+ &1 , 1 i
)!
,&
( ) ( ) ( )
,& /(.+( ,+ / , . & . i
*!
,,
( ) ( )
,, ( ,+(,,+ , ,, ,, i
Try this out
Sim%lify each of the follo$in"'
Set A
(!
&
)!
/
*! .*
.! ,2
2! &-
Set C
(! 2,
)! &2
*!
01
/

.!
&0
,*

2!
.,
,*

Set C
(! 1&
)! /1
*!
,3
/3

.!
/,
,*

2!
,*&
,&,

Lesson 4
6eterminin" the ?eros of @uadratic 7unctions by Com%letin" the Suare
Solvin" for the zeros of uadratic functions is limited to uadratic e,%ressions
that are factorable! Ho$ever# there is another method that $or&s for uadratic
e,%ressions that are factorable or not! This method is called the method of com%letin"
the suare!
The %rinci%le behind the use of com%letin" the suare is to %roduce a %erfect
suare trinomial so that the suare root %ro%erty can be a%%lied!
The follo$in" ste%s are su""ested'
(! Euate the "iven uadratic function to zero!
)! Trans%ose the constant term or a%%ly addition or subtraction %ro%erty of euality!
*! If a (# divide both sides of the euation by a!
.! Add to both sides of the euation the suare of half the coefficient of ,!
2! 7actor the resultin" %erfect suare trinomial!
0! A%%ly the suare root %ro%erty!
:! Solve for ,!
Examples:
7ind the zeros of each uadratic function by com%letin" the suare!
(! y - ,
)
/ ., / 2!
4 - ,
)
/ ., / 2 Euate y to 4
,
)
/ ., - 2 Add 3 2 to both sides of the euation
,
)
/ ., 3 . - 2 3 . Add the suare of one8half of 8. to
both sides of the euation!
(, / ))
)
- = 7actor
, / ) - F * Ta&e the suare root of =
, - ) F * Solve for ,!
, - 2 or , - 8(
Hence# the zeros of y - ,
)
/ ., / 2 are 2 and 8(!
)! y - *,
)
3 ., 3 (!
4 - *,
)
3 ., 3 ( Euate y to zero
*,
)
3 ., - 8( Add /( to both sides of the euation
& /
x x
.
+ -
,
.

6ivide both sides by the coefficient *!

& / /
x x
. 3
+ + -
, /
. 3

+ Add the suare of one8half of

/
.
!
&
&
x
.
_
+

,
-
,
3
7actored

&
x
.
+ -
,
.
t Ta&e the suare root of
,
3
, -
& ,
. .
t Solve for ,!
,
x
.
or , - 8(
Hence# the zeros of y - *,
)
3 ., 3 ( are
,
.
and 8(!
*! y - ,
)
/ ), / 2
4 - ,
)
/ ), / 2 Euate y to 4!
,
)
/ ), - 2 Add 3 2 to both sides of the euation!
,
)
/ ), 3 ( - 2 3 ( Add the suare of one8half of 8) to
both sides of the euation!
(, / ()
)
- 0 7actor
, / ( - * t Ta&e the suare root of 0!
, - , * t Solve for ,!
x , * + or x , *
Hence# the zeros of y - ,
)
/ ), / 2 are , * + and, * !
.! y - ),
)
/ , 3 .
4 - ),
)
/ , 3 . Euate y to zero!
),
)
/ , - 8. Add / . to both sides of the euation!

& ,
x x
&
- & 6ivide both sides by the coefficient )!

& , ,
x x
& ,*
+ -
,
&
,*
+ Add the suare of one8half of
,
&
to
both sides of the euation!

&
,
x
/
_

,
-
.,
,*
7actor

,
x
/
-
.,
/
t
i
Ta&e the suare root of
.,
,*
!
G -
, .,
/ /
i
t (The value of , is solved!)
, -
, .,
/
i +
or , -
, .,
/
i
Hence# the zeros of y - ),
)
/ , 3 . are
, .,
/
i +
and
, .,
/
i
!
Try this out'
7ind the zeros of each uadratic function by com%letin" the suare!
Set A
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ , / )
)! "(,) - ,
)
3 0, 3 .
*! h(,) - ,
)
/ :, 3 ()
.! f(,) - ),
)
/ *, 3 (
2! "(,) - *,
)
3 2, / )
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ (4, 3 )(
)! "(,) - ,
)
3 ., / (
*! h(,) - ,
)
/ <, 3 *
.! y - ,
)
3 0, / 2
2! y - ),
)
3 ), 3 *
Set C
(! y - 8,
)
/ *, 3 .
)! y - ,
)
/ ), / 2
*! y - ,
)
3 , / (
.! y - ),
)
3 ), / :
2! y - *,
)
3 0, 3 (
>esson 2
6eterminin" the ?eros of @uadratic 7unctions
by 5sin" the @uadratic 7ormula
Su%%ose the "eneral uadratic euation a,
)
3 b, 3 c - 4 is solved by the method
of com%letin" the suare!
a,
)
3 b, 3 c - 4
a,
)
3 b, - 8c Add /c to both sides of the euation

& 4
x x
a
+ -
c
a

6ivide both sides by the coefficient )!

&
&
&
4 4
x x
a
/a
+ + -
&
&
c 4
a
/a

+ Add the suare of one8half of

4
a
to
both sides of the euation!

&
4
x
&a
_
+

,
-
&
&
4 /ac
/a

7actor

4
x
&a
+ -
&
4 /ac
&a

t
Ta&e the suare root of the left side!
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a &a

t
Solve for ,!
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
Combine the fractions
The last euation is referred to as the uadratic formula!
Examples:
7ind the zeros of each uadratic function by usin" the uadratic formula!
(! y - ,
)
3 ), / *!
7irst# euate the "iven uadratic function to 4! Identify the values of a# b# and c!
Then# substitute these values to the uadratic formula and solve for ,!
a - ( b - ) c - 8*
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
, -
&
& & /(,+( .+
&(,+
t
, -
& / ,&
&
t +
, -
& ,*
&
t
, -
& /
&
t
, - ( or , - 8*
Hence# the zeros of y - ,
)
3 ), / * are ( and 8*!
)! y - ),
)
/ , / (!
7irst# euate the "iven uadratic function to 4! Identify the values of a# b# and c!
Then# substitute these values to the uadratic formula and solve for ,!
a - ) b - 8( c - 8(
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
, -
&
( ,+ ( ,+ /(&+( ,+
&(&+
t
, -
, , 2
/
t +
, -
, 3
/
t
, -
, .
/
t
, - ( or , -
,
&

Hence# the zeros of y - ),

)
/ , / ( are ( and
,
&
!
*! y - ,
)
/ 2, 3 )!
7irst# euate the "iven uadratic function to 4! Identify the values of a# b# and c!
Then# substitute these values to the uadratic formula and solve for ,!
a - ( b - 82 c - )
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
, - 8 (82) F E(82)
)
/ .(()())
)(()
, - 2 F E )28 <
)
, - 2 F E (:
)
, - 2 3 E(: or , - - 2 8 E(:
) )
Hence# the zeros of y - ,
)
/ 2, 3 ) are 2 3 E(: and 2 8 E(:
) )
.! y - *,
)
/ *, 3 )!
7irst# euate the "iven uadratic function to 4! Identify the values of a# b# and c!
Then# substitute these values to the uadratic formula and solve for ,!
a - * b - 8* c - )
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
, -
&
( .+ ( .+ /(.+(&+
&(.+
t
, -
. 3 &/
*
t
, -
. ,1
*
i t
, -
. ,1
*
i +
( or , -
. ,1
*
i
Hence# the zeros of y - *,
)
/ *, 3 ) are
. ,1
*
i +
and
. ,1
*
i
!
Try this out
7ind the zeros of each uadratic function by usin" the uadratic formula!
Set A
(! f(,) - ,
)
3 0, 3 2
)! "(,) - *,
)
3 0, / )
*! h(,) - .,
)
/ *, / )
.! 7(,) - ),
)
/ , / *
2! A(,) - .,
)
/ ., / *
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
3 , / )4
)! "(,) - ,
)
3 ., / ()
*! h(,) - *,
)
3 ), 8 (
.! y - ),
)
3 , / 2
2! y - *,
)
/ , / )
Set C
(! y - 8.,
)
3 ), / *
)! y - 8.,
)
3 <, 3 *
*! y - ,
)
3 , 3 *
.! y - ),
)
3 ., / :
2! y - *,
)
3 0, / )
>esson 0
6erivin" a @uadratic 7unction# "iven the ?eros of the 7unction
Hecall that the zeros of a uadratic function are also the roots of the
corres%ondin" uadratic euation! If the zeros of a uadratic function y are ,
(
and ,
)
#
then , / ,
(
and , / ,
)
are factors of the uadratic e,%ression! Thus# the corres%ondin"
uadratic euation is
(, / ,
(
)(, / ,
)
) - 4
and the uadratic function is
y - (, / ,
(
)(, / ,
)
)
Examples:
6erive the uadratic function# "iven the zeros of the function'
(! 8)# *
>et y be the uadratic function! If 8) and * are the zeros of y# then , / (8)) and ,
/ * are factors of y!
Hence# y - I, / (8))J(, / *)
y - (, 3 ))(, / *)
y - ,
)
/ , / 0
)!
,
,,
&

>et f(,) be the uadratic function! If

,
&
and ( are the zeros of f(,)# then
,
x
&
_


,
and , / ( are factors of f(,)! The corres%ondin" uadratic euation is
,
x
&
1 _


1
, ]
(, / () - 4
,
x
&
_
+

,
(, / () - 4
(), 3 ()(, / () - 4
),
)
/ , / ( - 4!
Hence# the uadratic function is f(,) - ),
)
/ , / (!
*!
& t
>et "(,) be the uadratic function! If
& t
are the zeros of "(,)# then , /
&
and ,
/ ( )
&
are factors of "(,)! The corres%ondin" uadratic euation is
( ) ( )
x & x &
1

]
- 4
( ) ( )
x & x & +
- 4
,
)
/
( )
&
& - 4
,
)
/ ) - 4
Hence# the uadratic function is "(,) - ,
)
/ )!
.! ,t i
>et h(,) be the uadratic function! If ,t i are the zeros of "(,)# then , /( ) ,+ i
and
, /( ) , i
are factors of h(,)! The corres%ondin" uadratic euation is
I, /( ) ,+ i
JI, /( ) , i
J - 4
(, / ( 8 i)(, / ( 3 i) - 4
I(, / () /I JI(, / () 3 iJ - 4
(, / ()
)
/ (i)
)
- 4
,
)
/ ), 3 ( / (8() - 4
,
)
/ ), 3 ( 3 ( - 4
,
)
/ ), 3 ) - 4
Hence# the uadratic function is h(,) - ,
)
/ ), 3 )!
Try this out
6erive the uadratic function# "iven the zeros of the function'
Set A
(! (# *
)! 8*# .
*! .# 0
.! 8*# :
2!
.
&
# )
Set C
(!
&
.
# *
)!
,
.
# )
*!
.
&
#
,
&

.!
&
.
#
.
&
2!
.
/
#
.
/

Set C
(! 8<# 2
)!
,
&
# .
*! )# 8)
.! *# )
2!
,
&
t i
>esson :
6erivin" a @uadratic 7unction# Aiven the Table of Values

If the table of values re%resentin" the uadratic function y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c is "iven#
then these values should satisfy y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c!
Examples:
6erive a uadratic function# "iven the table of values
(!
, 8* 4 )
y 8* 4 .
Since (8*# 8*)# (4# 4)# and ()# .) are %oints on the "ra%h of y# then they satisfy y -
a,
)
3 b, 3 c! That is#
5sin" (8*# 8*)
y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c
8* - a(8*)
)
3 b(8*) 3 c 8* - =a / *b 3 c E! (
4 - a(4)
)
3 b(4) 3 c 4 - c E! )
. - a())
)
3 b()) 3 c . - .a 3 )b 3 c E! *
Substitutin" E! ) to E! ( and E! *#
8* - =a / *b 3 4 *a / b - 8( E! .
. - .a 3 )b 3 4 )a 3 b - ) E! 2
Solvin" E! . and E! 2 by elimination#
*a / b - 8(
)a 3 b - )
2a - (
a -
,
1
Substitutin" a -
,
1
to E! 2#
)
,
1
_

,
3 b - )
b -
2
1

Hence# the uadratic function is y -
,
1
,
)
3
2
1
,
)!
, 4 ( )
y 8* 8( 8*
Since (4# 8*)# ((# 8() and ()# 8*) are %oints on the "ra%h of y# then they satisfy y -
a,
)
3 b, 3 c! That is#
5sin" (4# 8*)
y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c
8* - a(4)
)
3 b(4) 3 c 8* - c E! (
8( - a(()
)
3 b(() 3 c 8( - a 3 b 3 c E! )
8* - a())
)
3 b()) 3 c 8* - .a 3 )b 3 c E! *
Substitutin" E! ( to E! ) and E! *#
8( - a 3 b / * a 3 b - ) E! .
8* - .a 3 )b / * .a 3 )b - 4 E! 2
Solvin" E! . and E! 2 by substitution#
a - 8b 3 )
.(8b 3 )) 3 )b - 4
8.b 3 < 3 )b - 4
8)b - 8<
b - .
Substitutin" b - . to E! .#
a 3 . - )
a - 8)
Hence# the uadratic function is y - 8),
)
3 ., / *
Try this out
6erive the uadratic function# "iven the zeros of the function!
Set A
(!
, 8) 4 )
y 4 ) ()
)!
, 8) 4 (
y 8() 8(0 8(2
*!
, 82 8) 4
y 4 4 (4
.!
, 8( 4 )
y 8. 8( 8(
2!
, 8( 4 (
y ( 4 *
Set C
(!
, ( 4 0
y 8< *0 4
)!
, ( ) *
y 8(4 80 4
*!
, 8( 4 (
y . * .
.!
, 4 ( )
y 4 * (4
2!
, 8) 8( (
y (2 2 *
Set C
(!
, 8( ( )
y 4 . =
)!
, 4 ( )
y 8* 82 8((
*!
, 8( 4 )
y . 4 (4
.!
, 8( 4 (
y 4 8( 8.
2!
, 8( 4 (
y ) 8) 4
>esson <
6erivin" a @uadratic 7unction# Aiven the Ara%h

If the "ra%h re%resentin" the uadratic function y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c is "iven# identify
at least three %oints on the "ra%h! 5se these %oints to solve the uadratic function!
Examples:
Identify the three %oints on the "ra%h and derive a uadratic function!
(! ;
4

Three of the %oints on the "ra%h are (.# 8))# (2# 4) and (0# 8))! They satisfy y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c! That is#
5sin" (.# 8))
y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c
8) - a(.)
)
3 b(.) 3 c 8) - (0a 3 .b 3 c E! (
4 - a(2)
)
3 b(2) 3 c 4 - )2a 3 2b 3 c E! )
8) - a(0)
)
3 b(0) 3 c 8) - *0a 3 0b 3 c E! *
Eliminatin" c in E! ( to E! ) by subtraction#
8) - (0a 3 .b 3 c
4 - )2a 3 2b 3 c
8) - 8=a / b
b - 8=a 3 ) E! .
Eliminatin" c in E! ) to E! * by subtraction#
4 - )2a 3 2b 3 c
8) - *0a 3 0b 3 c
) - 8((a / b
b - 8((a / ) E! 2
Solvin" E! . and E! 2 simultaneously#
8=a 3 ) - 8((a / )
)a - 8 .
'
B
B B
(2#4)
(0#8))
(.# 8))
a - 8)
Substitutin" a - 8) in E! .#
b - 8=(8)) 3 )
b - )4
Substitutin" a - 8) and b - )4 in E! (
8) - (0(8)) 3 .()4) 3 c
c - 824
The value of a - 8)# b - )4 and c - 824
Hence# the uadratic function is y - 8),
)
3 )4, / 24
Try this out
Identify the coordinates of the "iven %oints in the "ra%h and derive a uadratic
function!
Set A
(! ;
)! ;
*! ;
'
'
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B B
.! ;
!
2! ;
Set C
;
(!
)! ;
'
'
'
'
B
B B
B
B
B
B
B B
B
*! ;
.! ;
2!
'
'
'
B
B B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B B
'
;

Set C' Aiven the coordinates# solve for the uadratic functions!
;
(!
)! ;
*! ;
.! ;
'
'
'
'
B
B
B
(,5&,),+
(,,).5/+
(&, 15/+
(-, /+
B
B
B B
()*, /+
(),, ),+
B B
B
(-,) /+ ()&, )/+
(),,)3+
B
B B
B
()&,),+
(-,),+
(,,)/+
2! ;
Lets summarize
(! The %arabolic structure of the "ra%h of a uadratic function allo$s it to intersect
the ,8a,is once# t$ice or none at all!
)! If the uadratic e,%ression a,
)
3 b, 3 c is factorable# its zeros may be found by
factorin" it and a%%ly the zero %ro%erty!
*! A non8real number is called ima"inary number! The unit ima"inary number i is a
number $hose suare root is 8(! In symbols#
&
, , i i
.! In solvin" uadratic euations that are not factorable# the method called
com%letin" the suare may be used! The %rinci%le behind the use of com%letin"
the suare is to %roduce a %erfect suare trinomial so that the suare root
%ro%erty can be a%%lied! The follo$in" ste%s are su""ested'
a! Euate the "iven uadratic function to zero!
b! Trans%ose the constant term!
c! If a (# divide both sides of the euation by a!
d! Add to both sides of the euation the suare of one8half the coefficient of ,!
e! 7actor the resultin" %erfect suare trinomial!
'
B
B B
(),,)&+
()&,)1+ (-,)1+
f! A%%ly the suare root %ro%erty!
"! Solve for ,!
2! The uadratic formula $hich can be used to solve any uadratic euation is
, -
&
4 4 /ac
&a
t
0! If the zeros of a uadratic function y are ,
(
and ,
)
# then the uadratic function is y
- (, / ,
(
)(, / ,
)
)
:! If the table of values re%resentin" the uadratic function y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c is "iven#
then those values should satisfy y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c!
<! If the "ra%h re%resentin" the uadratic function y - a,
)
3 b, 3 c is "iven# identify
at least three %oint on the "ra%h# and use these %oint to form the uadratic
function!
What have you learned
(! +hat are the zeros of f(,) - ),
)
/ *)1
)! Solve the euation ),
)
/ 2, 3 ) - 4!
*! 5se the uadratic formula in solvin" ,
)
/ ., 3 * - 4!
.! 6etermine the roots of <,
)
/ (4, 3 * - 4 usin" the method of com%letin" the
suare!
2! 7ind a uadratic function $hose zeros are 8) and 2!
0! 9ame the uadratic function satisfied by the table belo$!
, 8) 8( 4 )
f(,) 8. 82 8. .
:! 6etermine the zeros of the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!
;
'
B B
<! 6etermine the uadratic function $hose "ra%h is "iven belo$!
;
=! +hat uadratic function has
. &
and
. &
as zeros1
(4! +hat uadratic function has a verte, at (*#() and %asses throu"h (.#8*)1
(0, /+
B
B
'
B
(*, ,+
(1, -+
nswer !ey
Ho$ much do you &no$
(! , - . or , - 8.
)! , - ) or , - *
*! , -
& ,.
&

# , -
& ,.
&
+
or , - ( 3K(*E) L ,- ( 8 K(*E)
.! ,- ( or , - M
2! f(,) - ,
)
3 , / 0
0! f(,) - ,
)
/ *, 3 )
:! , - 8( or , - *
<! f(,) - ,
)
/ ), / 0
=! f(,) - ,
)
/ )
(4! f(,) - 8),
)
3 <, / :
Try this out
>esson (
Set A
(! 8) and )!
)! 8* and (
*! . and <
.! 8)
2! 9o zero
Set C
(! 82 and 2
)! 8< and 8)
*! 9o zero
.! 8. and .
2! *
Set C
(! 82 and 8(
)! 4
*! 2
.! 9o zero
2! 8. and *!0
>esson )
Set A
(! , - 8( or , - (
)! , - * or , - *
*! , - 8* or , - *
.! , - 8* or , - 8(
2! , - 8* or , - 8)
Set C
(! , -
0
*
or , -
0
*
)! , - 8) or , - 8(
*! , - 8* or , - 8.
.! , - 80 or , - (
2! , - . or , - 8*
Set C
(! , - ) or , - *
)! , - 8: or , - )
*! , - 8* or , - :
.! , - 8( or , -
,
&
2! , - 8) or , -
&
.

>esson *
Set A
(!
i &
)! )i
*! 0i
.!
.i &
2! &i 1
Set C
(! =i
)! &i 0
*! 2E) iK*
.!
.
i .
/
2!
,
i .,
/
Set C
(! &i ,.
)! .i 1
*!
,
i ,3
0
.!
,
i /,
/
2!
3
i &
,,
>esson .
Set A
(! , - 8( or , - )
)! , - . 1 + or , - . 1
*! , - * or , - .
.! , -
,
&
or , - (
2! , - 8) or , -
,
.
Set C
(! , - * or , - :
)! , - & 1 + or , - & 1
*! , - . 3 K(* or , - . 8 K(*
.! , -
. ,/ +
or , -
. ,/
2! , - 8M 3 (E)iK2 or , - 8(E) / (E)i K2
Set C
(! , - 8. or , - (
)! , - , * + or , - , *
*! , -
, 1
& &
+ or , -
, 1
& &

.! , -
, ,1
& &
+ or , -
, ,1
& &

2! , -
*
,
.
+ or , -
*
,
.

>esson 2
Set A
(! , - 82 or , - 8(
)! , -
,1
,
.
+ or , -
,1
,
.

*! , -
. /,
2 2
+ or , -
. /,
2 2

.! , - 8( or , -
.
&
2! , -
,
&
or , -
.
&
Set C
(! , - . or , - 82
)! , - 80 or , - )
*! , -
.
,
or , - 8(
.! , - 8(E. 3 K.(E. or , - 8(E. 8 K.(E.
2! , -
&
.
or , - (
Set C
(! , -
, i ,,
/ /
+ or , -
, i ,,
/ /

)! , -
0
,
&
+ or , -
0
,
&

*! , -
, i ,,
& &
+ or , -
, i ,,
& &

.! , -
. &
,
&
+ or , -
. &
,
&

2! , -
,1
,
.
+ or , -
,1
,
.

>esson 0
Set A
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ ., 3 *
)! f(,) - ,
)
/ , / ()
*! f(,) - ,
)
/ (4, 3 ).
.! f(,) - ,
)
/ ., / )(
2! f(,) - ),
)
/ , / 0
Set C
(! f(,) - *,
)
/ ((, 3 0
)! f(,) - *,
)
/ 2, / )
*! f(,) - .,
)
/ ., / *
.! f(,) - 0,
)
/ (*, 3 0
2! f(,) - (0,
)
/ =
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
3 *, / .4
)! f(,) - ),
)
/ :, / .
*! f(,) - ,
)
8 .
.! f(,) - ,
)
/ 2, 3 0
2! f(,) - ,
)
3 , 3
1
/
or f(,) - .,
)
3 ., 3 2
>esson :
Set A
(! f(,) - *<E2,
)
/ )2<E2, 3 *0
)! f(,) - ,
)
/ (0
*! f(,) - ,
)
3 :, 3 (4
.! f(,) - 8,
)
3 ), / (
2! f(,) - ),
)
3 ,
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ (), 3 *0
)! f(,) - ,
)
3 , / ()
*! f(,) - ,
)
3 *
.! f(,) - ),
)
3 ,
2! f(,) - *,
)
/ , 3 (
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
3 ), 3 (
)! f(,) - 8),
)
/ *
*! f(,) - *,
)
/ ,
.! f(,) - 8,
)
/ ), / (
2! f(,) - *,
)
/ , / )
>esson <
Set A
(! f(,) - ),
)

)! f(,) - ,
)
/ (
*! f(,) - ,
)
3 ), 3 *
.! f(,) - ,
)
3 ), / 2
2! f(,) - ,
)
3 ., 3 0
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ ), 3 (
)! f(,) - ,
)
3 ., 3 *
*! f(,) - ,
)
/ , / 0
.! f(,) - ,
)
/ :, 3 0
2! f(,) - *,
)
3 0, 3 .
Set C
(! f(,) - ,
)
/ , /
.
/
)! f(,) - ,
)
3 0, 3 .
*! f(,) - 2,
)
3 (4, / .
.! f(,) - 8,
)
/ ), / (
2! f(,) - 8*,
)
/ 0, 8 2
+hat have you learned
(! , - 8. or , - .
)! , -
,
&
or , - )
*! , - ( or , - *
.! , - N or , - (E)
2! f(,) - ,
)
/ *, / (4
0! f(,) - ,
)
3 ), / .
:! 8. and 8(
<! f(,) - ,
)
/ (4, 3 )2
=! f(,) - ,
)
/ (<
(4! f(,) - 8.,
)
3 )., / *2