Igneous Rock Classification Igneous Rock Classification (C 2) (C 2) (Chapter 2) (Chapter 2)

Igneous Rock Classification Igneous Rock Classification
(C 2) (C 2) (Chapter 2) (Chapter 2)
Igneous (or Igneous Igneous (or Igneous--looking) Rock looking) Rock
Classifications Adopted Classifications Adopted Classifications Adopted Classifications Adopted
LeMaitre, R.W. (2002) Igneous Rocks:
Cl ifi i d Gl f T 2
d
Classification and Glossary of Terms, 2
nd
Edition. Cambridge University Press, 236 p.
Summary of 30 years of deliberations of the Summary of 30 years of deliberations of the
International Union of Geological Sciences
(IUGS) Subcommission of Igneous Rocks
Th t d t d d b t t f t The accepted standard, but not perfect
Gillespie, M.R. and Styles, M.T. (1999) BGS
R k Cl ifi i S h V l 1 Rock Classification Scheme: Volume 1.
Classification of Igneous Rocks. BGS
Research Report 99-06 Research Report 99-06
BGS classification (based largely on IUGS), but
with some useful differences
Goals of Classification Goals of Classification
Scheme for rock classification should be: Scheme for rock classification should be:
Practical and logical
Systematic easy for information retrieval
Hierarchical based on experience of user or level of p
information about rock
Based on descriptive attributes - with a minimum Based on descriptive attributes with a minimum
of genetic terms
Named adequately using a relatively small Named adequately using a relatively small
number of root names (e.g. granite) - with or
without qualifier terms (e.g. muscovite-biotite granite). without qualifier terms (e.g. muscovite biotite granite).
Unambiguous - with precisely defined rock names
Low Low--level hierarchical approach for level hierarchical approach for
l ifi ti f i t i l (BGS) l ifi ti f i t i l (BGS) classification of igneous material (BGS) classification of igneous material (BGS)
Main discriminating factors used Main discriminating factors used gg
in igneous classification in igneous classification
Mineral grain size, or fragment size and textural
characteristics
Modal amounts (volume %) of minerals
Chemical characteristics
There are a tremendous number of names for igneous
rocks, but there are fortunately much fewer that are rocks, but there are fortunately much fewer that are
common.
Textural criteria is considered first Textural criteria is considered first - - broad broad
genetic implications genetic implications genetic implications genetic implications
Fragmental - rock Fragmental rock
composed of disaggregated
igneous material, deposited
and later amalgamated.
Genetic implication is that it Genetic implication is that it
erupted at surface, became
disaggregated and rapidly
Agglomerate - consolidated pyroclastic deposit
deposited from air or water
to form a rock = pyroclastic
rock
gg py p
composed of volcanic bombs and subangular
fragments in a tuff matrix.
http://www mndm gov on ca/mndm/mines/resgeol http://www.mndm.gov.on.ca/mndm/mines/resgeol
/northwest/kenora/Guide/kenoraguide_e.asp
Textural criteria is considered first Textural criteria is considered first - - broad broad
genetic implications genetic implications
Phaneritic - crystals that compose
rock are readily visible with naked
genetic implications genetic implications
rock are readily visible with naked
eye
Genetic implication is that it cooled at Genetic implication is that it cooled at
depth and crystallized slowly =
plutonic or intrusive rock Gabbro (image source: Darrell Henry)
Aphanitic - crystals, if any, are too
small to be readily visible with small to be readily visible with
naked eye
Genetic implication is that it cooled at p
surface and crystallized rapidly =
volcanic or extrusive rock
Basalt (image source: Darrell Henry)
Mineralogical parameters Mineralogical parameters
Modal amounts (volume %) of minerals
Point counts or visual estimates of mineral content
Primary modal classification parameters
Q = quartz, tridymite, cristobalite Q q , y ,
A= alkali feldspar i.e. orthoclase, microcline, perthite,
anorthoclase, sanidine, and albite(An
0
-An
5
)
P l i l (A A ) d lit P = plagioclase (An
5
-An
100
) and scapolite
F = feldspathoids i.e. nepheline, leucite, kalsilite, analcime,
sodalite, nosean, hauyne, cancrinite, pseudo-leucite sodalite, nosean, hauyne, cancrinite, pseudo leucite
M= mafic minerals e.g. mica, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine,
opaque minerals, accessory minerals, epidote, allanite, garnet,
lili i lli i b melilite, monticellite, primary carbonate
M = M (muscovite + apatite + primary carbonate)
Chemical parameters Chemical parameters
Used when modal
mineral parameters are
unavailable
R t d i i ht% Reported in weight%
oxide
or
Calculated as normative
values of mineral content
i.e. CIPW norm
BGS procedure for starting to determine an BGS procedure for starting to determine an
igneous (sedimentary) name igneous (sedimentary) name igneous (sedimentary) name igneous (sedimentary) name
Clast Clast- -size designations size designations -- pyroclasts pyroclasts
bomb bomb
lapillus lapillus
ash ash
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/
Volcaniclastic Volcaniclastic classification classification variable sizes variable sizes
Volcaniclastic Volcaniclastic classification classification ash sized ash sized
vitric vitric tuff Hawaii tuff Hawaii vitric vitric tuff, Hawaii tuff, Hawaii
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/hazards/explosivepast/
BGS procedure for classifying exotic BGS procedure for classifying exotic
igneous rocks igneous rocks igneous rocks igneous rocks
Qualifiers to a root name Qualifiers to a root name
Mineral name(s) qualifier
Multiple minerals should be ordered with increasing amounts
l t t t i bi i i closest to root e.g. muscovite-biotitegranite
Mineral qualifier should be consistent with implied
mineralogy of root name: eg not quartz granite mineralogy of root name: e.g. not quartz granite
Mineral qualifier -bearing is commonly 5 or 10% threshold
must be defined e.g. tourmaline-bearing granite g gg
Volcanic glass qualifiers
50-80% glass = glassy g g y
20-50% glass = glass-rich
0-20% glass = glass-bearing
TAS-namedvolcanicrockwithglassprefixedbyhyalo- eg TAS-named volcanic rockwith glass prefixed by hyalo- e.g.
hyalo-andesite
Note: if >80% glass = obsidian, pitchstone, etc.
Qualifiers to a root name Qualifiers to a root name
Textural term(s) qualifier e.g. porphyriticgranite
Finer-than-normal grain-size = micro- e.g. micro-granite g g g
(exceptions: diabase or dolerite = micro-gabbro)
Color index (M = M (muscovite + apatite + primary carbonate))
M = 0-10 = hololeucocratic
M = 10-35% = leucocratic
M = 35-65% = mesocratic %
M = 65-90% = melnocratic
M = 90-100% = holomelanocratic
Note: someQAPF plutonicrocksrequireandleuco or mela Note: some QAPF plutonic rocks require and leuco- or mela-
qualifier
Chemical term(s) qualifier e.g. Sr-rich granite (define term)
Genetic term(s) qualifier e.g. anatecticgranite
Tectonic term(s) qualifier e.g. post-deformational granite
Plutonic (coarse Plutonic (coarse--grained) igneous rocks grained) igneous rocks
QAPF classification
(M<90%)
Q (or F), A and P
normalized to 100% normalized to 100%
An easier method of
plotting:
Q with plagioclase ratio
i (100*P/(A+P)) i.e. (100*P/(A+P))
Some fields require q
further consideration
Field 2 (alkali feldspar
granite)
If sodicamphiboles or
pyroxenes are present, use
peralkalinegranite peralkalinegranite
If M<10%, use alaskite
foid-bearing syenite)
If rich in complex Zr and Ti
minerals (e.g. eudialyte),
i use agpaite
Field 11 (foidsyenite)
Named for most abundant
foidmineral e.g. nepheline
syenite
Field 13 (foidmonzodiorite
or foidmonzogabbro)
Use the most common foid
If plagioclase = An
0-50
, use
foidmonzodiorite foidmonzodiorite.
If plagioclase = An
50-100
, use
foidmonzogabbro foidmonzogabbro .
Field 5 (tonalite)
If M<10%, use
trondhjemite or
plagiogranite
Field 9 (monzodiorite,
monzogabbro)
If plagioclase = An
0-50
, use
monzodiorite.
If plagioclase An use If plagioclase = An
50-100
, use
monzogabbro.
Field 14 (foid diorite, foid
gabbro)
Use the most common foid
If plagioclase = An
0-50
, use
f iddi it foid diorite.
If plagioclase = An
50-100
, use
foidgabbro foid gabbro .
Field 15 (foidolite)
Use the dominant foid as
the basis for a name e.g.
nephelinolite nephelinolite
Field 10 (diorite, gabbro,
anorthosite)
If M<10%, use anorthosite.
If M>10% and plagioclase
A di it = An
0-50
, use diorite.
If M>10% and plagioclase
=An usegabbro = An
50-100
, use gabbro .
Gabbros are further
bdi id d d ddi i l subdivided and additional
diagrams must be used
Gabbroic rock subdivision
Based on relative abundance Based on relative abundance
of plag, opx, cpx, ol, hbl
Leuco and Mela subdivisions Leuco- and Mela- subdivisions
QAPF classification QAPF classification
(M>90%)
Volcanic (fine Volcanic (fine--grained) igneous rocks grained) igneous rocks
Fi ld 2 ( lk li f ld
rhyolite)
If sodicamphibolesor If sodic amphiboles or
peralkaline rhyolite
Field 6 (trachyte)
If sodicamphibolesor If sodic amphiboles or
peralkaline trachyte
Field 11 (phonolite)
Modify root name by
dominant foid
Field 9,10 (basalt, andesite)
Color index > 35% for basalt
and <35% for andesite
Lik l t dTAS Likely to need TAS
Field 13, 14, 15 (phonolitic
basanite or phonolitic
tephrite)
If normativeol>10% use If normative ol>10%, use
phonolitic basanite
If normative ol<10%, use
phonolitic tephrite
TAS chemical classification TAS chemical classification
R i t f Requirements for use:
must be volcanic rock
mode cannot be determined (too fine-grained or glassy) g g y
a bulk analysis is available
Unusual high-
Mg volcanic
rocks are rocks are
considered first
More normal
volcanic rocks
analyses should be
normalized to 100% normalized to 100%
Some fields require
CIPW norm
Alkali basalt is ne-
normative, but subalkali
basalt is not
a good practice is to
add (TAS) to the term
e.g. andesite (TAS)
Subdivision of K-
types of rhyolites to
basalts
Subdivision of
rhyolites and rhyolites and
trachytes
Field classification of QAPF igneous rocks Field classification of QAPF igneous rocks

Igneous Rock Classification Igneous Rock Classification (C 2) (C 2) (Chapter 2) (Chapter 2)

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