1

Presentation
on
Emission Inventory of Indian Vehicles
By
B.BHANOT
Chairman (TEDC-BIS)
Former Director ARAI
and
Founder Chairman CMVR-TSC
31.10.2007
HISTORY OF
EMISSION
REGULATIONS IN
INDIA
2
Emission
Legislation
Since 1990
Landmarks of Emission
Regulations in India
1984 :
Introduction of idling CO and free acceleration smoke in State of
Maharashtra.
1989 :
Extension of the above to cover the whole nation
1991 :
Exhaust mass emission norms for gasoline vehicles below 3.5 ton
GVW
Only CO & HC
Full load and free acceleration smoke regulations for diesel vehicles.
1992 :
Exhaust mass emission norms for diesel vehicles / engines above
3.5 ton GVW
3
Landmarks of Emission
Regulations in India
1995 :
Mandatory fitment of catalytic converter for gasoline
Passenger cars in Metropolitan cities.
1996 :
Stringent norms for gasoline (CO, HC+NOx) and diesel
vehicles.
Evaporative emission to be below 2 g/test for gasoline
passenger cars
Cold start emission test for diesel vehicles below 3.5 ton
GVW.
Landmarks of Emission
Regulations in India
1998:
Cold start emission test for gasoline passenger cars
1999:
Preponement of India 2000 (Equivalent to Euro-I)
norms for passenger cars in National Capital Region
(Delhi)
2000:
Bharat Stage I norms for all category of vehicles
Bharat Stage II (Equivalent to Euro-II) norms for
gasoline and diesel passenger cars introduced in
National Capital Region (Delhi)
Particulate limit values introduced for diesel vehicles
4
Latest Emission Regulations
in India
2005:
Bharat Stage III (Equivalent to Euro-III)
norms for gasoline and Diesel vehicles in 11
cities w.e.f. 1
st
Apr 2005
Bharat Stage II (Equivalent to Euro-II) norms
for gasoline and diesel passenger cars
introduced in entire country
Bharat Stage II norms for 2 and 3 Wheeler
vehicles in entire country w.e.f. 1
st
April 2005
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
1996
1991
BSI 2000
BSII 2005
BSIII 2008
CO, g/km
H
C

+
N
O
x
,

g
/
k
m
Emission Norms:
2 Wheelers (petrol)
4-Stroke
design
Secondary air
injection
(specific power
based)
Cat. Con.
2 Wheelers
2- Stroke SI
Engines
Secondary air
injection
Catalytic
converter
(Higher
loadings)
Fuel injection
Catalytic
converter
Bharat Stage II Bharat Stage III
Intake, exhaust,
combustion
optimization
Catalytic
converter
Bharat Stage I
?
Bharat Stage IV
2 Wheelers
4- Stroke SI
Engines
Fuel injection
+ catalytic
converter
Lean burn
Carburetor +
secondary air
injection +
catalytic
converter
4-Stroke
design
Secondary air
injection
5
in g / km
CO - HC+NOX
2 Wheelers
g / km
Emission Profile
2-Wheeler
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1996/1998
1991
BSI 2000 BSII 2005
BSIII
2008
CO, g/km
H
C

+
N
O
x
,

g
/
k
m
Emission Norms:
3 Wheelers (petrol)
3 Wheelers
2- Stroke SI
Engines
Secondary air
injection
Catalytic
converter
CNG / LPG
Fuel injection
Catalytic
converter
Bharat Stage II Bharat Stage III
Intake, exhaust,
combustion
optimization
Catalytic
converter
Bharat Stage I
?
Bharat Stage IV
3 Wheelers
4- Stroke SI
Engines
Fuel injection
+ catalytic
converter
Lean burn
4-Stroke
design
Secondary air
injection
(specific
power based)
Cat. Con.
Carburetor +
secondary air
injection +
catalytic
converter
4-Stroke
design
Secondary air
injection
6
0
0.1
0.2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1996 1991
BSI 2000
BSII 2005
BSIII
2008
CO, g/km
P
M
,

g
/
k
m
HC+NOx, g/km
3 2 1
Emission Norms:
3 Wheelers (Diesel)
Sulphur content
in diesel < 50 ppm
<15 ppm for NOx
trap
3-W Diesel
Engines
NOx Trap
Particulate trap
Common rail
injection
Injection
pressure > 1600
bar
On-board
diagnostic
system
VGT
Cooled EGR
Moderate swirl
Injection pressure
> 800 bar
VCO nozzle
EGR (need based)
Oxycat (need
based)
Lube oil
consumption
control
Conversion to
CNG / LPG
Multi valve
Low swirl
Injection pressure >
1200 bar
Rotary pump and
pilot injection rate
shaping
Oxycat
EGR (hot/cooled)
Electronic injection
control
Sulphur content
in diesel < 500 ppm
Sulphur content in
diesel <350 ppm
Bharat Stage II Bharat Stage
III?
Bharat
Stage IV?
Retarded injection
timing
Open/re-entrant
bowl,
Intake, exhaust
and combustion
optimization
FIP~700-800 bar,
low sac injectors
High swirl
Naturally aspirated
Sulphur content
in diesel < 2500
ppm
Bharat Stage I
0
1
2
0 1 2 3 4 5
1998
1996
BSI 2000
BSII 2000
BSIII 2005
CO, g/km
H
C

+
N
O
x
,

g
/
k
m
EUROIV
Emission Norms:
Passenger Vehicles (petrol)
4 Wheelers
4- Stroke
SI Engines
Direct
in-cylinder
injection
Multi-brick
catalytic
converter
Lean burn
Electric/Hybrid
Vehicles
Fuel injection
3-W Catalytic
converter
Fixed EGR
CNG / LPG
Fuel injection +
catalytic
converter
Variable EGR
Variable valve
timing
Multi valve
CNG / LPG
Intake, exhaust,
combustion
opimization
Carburetor
optimization
Air Injection
Catalytic
converter
Bharat
Stage II
Bharat
Stage III
Bharat
Stage IV
Bharat
Stage I
7
Emission Profile
Passenger Car - Petrol
HC, NOX individual limits
g / km
Pass. Car ( P)
0
0.1
0.2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1996 1992
BSI 2000
BSII 2000
BSIII 2005
CO, g/km
P
M
,

g
/
k
m
HC+NOx, g/km
3 2 1
BSIV
Emission Norms:
Passenger Vehicles (Diesel)
Turbo charging
Inter cooling
(based on specific
power)
Moderate swirl
Injection pressure
> 800 bar
Rotary pump
VCO nozzle
EGR (need based)
Conversion to
CNG / LPG
TC & inter cooling
Multi valve / 2 valve
Low swirl
Injection pressure >
1200 bar
Unit injector / common
rail injection / Rotary
pump
Injection rate shaping
Oxycat
EGR (hot/cooled)
Electronic injection
control
Multi valve
NOx Trap
Particulate trap
Common rail
injection
Injection
pressure > 1600
bar
On-board
diagnostic system
VGT
Cooled EGR
optimized ports,
combustion
chambers
turbo charging
moderate to high
injection
pressures (600
800 bar)
Inline/rotary
Bharat
Stage II
Bharat
Stage III
Bharat
Stage IV
Bharat
Stage I
4 Wheelers
Diesel
Vehicles
8
Emission Profile
Passenger Car - Diesel
Particulate NOx , CO
g / km
Pass. Car ( D)
aqueous
urea
SCR
catalyst
HC, CO control NOx control
Ox
Cat
CDPF
PM control
HC/CO/NH3 control
NOx sensor NOx sensor
feedback feedforward
deltaP
NO NO2
aqueous
urea
SCR
catalyst
HC, CO control NOx control
Ox
Cat
CDPF
PM control
HC/CO/NH3 control
NOx sensor NOx sensor
feedback feedforward
deltaP
aqueous
urea
SCR
catalyst
HC, CO control NOx control
Ox
Cat
CDPF
PM control
HC/CO/NH3 control
NOx sensor NOx sensor
feedback feedforward
deltaP
NO NO2
DOC/SCR/CDPF System
Emission
Norms:
Diesel
Vehicles
> 3.5 t GVW (on
Engine
Dynamometer)
NO+O2
NO2
NO3
-
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
NOx
HC, CO, H2
CO2, H2O, N2
nitrate
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
LeanOperation
(NOx Trapping)
RichTransient
(ReduceStoredNOx)
NO+O2
NO2
NO3
-
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
NO+O2
NO2
NO3
-
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
NOx
HC, CO, H2
CO2, H2O, N2
nitrate
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
NOx
HC, CO, H2
CO2, H2O, N2
nitrate
Pt Basemetal
Catalyst Support
LeanOperation
(NOx Trapping)
RichTransient
(ReduceStoredNOx)
Turbo charging
Inter cooling
(based on specific
power)
Moderate swirl
Injection pressure
> 800 bar
Rotary pump
VCO nozzle
Conversion to
CNG / LPG
TC & inter cooling
Multi valve / 2 valve
Low swirl
Injection pressure >
1200 bar
Unit injector / common
rail injection / Rotary
pump
Injection rate shaping
Oxycat
Electronic injection
control
Multi valve
NOx Trap
Particulate trap
Common rail
injection
Injection
pressure > 1600
bar
On-board
diagnostic system
VGT
Cooled EGR
Bharat
Stage II
Bharat
Stage III
Bharat
Stage IV
Bharat
Stage I
Diesel
Engines
optimized ports,
combustion
chambers
turbo charging
moderate to high
injection
pressures (600
800 bar)
Inline/rotary
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1996
1992
BSI 2000
BSII 2000
CO, g/kWh
P
M
,

g
/
k
W
h
NOx, g/kWh
BSIII ESC 2005
BSIII
ETC
2005
BSIV ESC 2008
BSIV ETC 2008
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
1996
BSI 2000
BSII 2000
P
M
,

g
/
k
W
h
HC, g/kWh
BSIII
ESC
2005
9
g/kW.h
Particulate,
NOx , HC
Com. Veh Engine
CNG
III
Emission Profile
CV Engines
Particulate,
HC+NOx , CO
g/kW.h
Agri. Tractor
Emission Profile
Agriculture Tractors
10
11
12
THANK YOU