Hypothesis definition; characteristics of a hypothesis Steps of the scientific method What is a controlled experiment? Why is it important? Control group vs. experimental group Importance of replication Dependent vs. independent vs. controlled variables thin! of our li"ard and temp. vs. metabolic rate example# Scientific hypothesis vs. scientific theory $ife hierarchical order be familiar %ith %hat includes %hat& i.e.& a community contains populations& an ecosystem contains communities& etc.# ' properties of life Definition of ecology (iotic components vs. abiotic components of an environment )cological studies Ho% short*term interactions can lead to long*term changes Definition of natural selection; process of natural selection; + re,uirements of natural selection (e familiar %ith ho% natural selection leads to adaptation and evolution Dar%in-s + insights Short*term adaptations. physiological& behavioral& morphological examples are helpful in learning these# $ong*term adaptations in your boo!# /biotic factors that organisms deal %ith and the la% of tolerance. 0no% in detail the ma1or factors %e covered in class. temperature ho% it affects biological processes and metabolic rates homeotherms& poi!ilotherms& endotherms& ectotherms and ho% they do2do not overlap# %ater desiccation stenohaline vs. euryhaline organisms remember the marine vs. fresh%ater fish example# sunlight photoperiods& competition& photosynthesis& distribution limitations# Definition of climate; climate components %ind& temperature& %ater& light# 3nderstand ho% solar radiation varies at different latitudes remember the thic!ness of the atmosphere changes at different angles# Ho% does the )arth-s tilt cause our seasons? (I45)S from your boo!. 0no% a little bit about each biome and a,uatic biomes as %ell# /ir convection cells 3nderstand that there are three cells in each hemisphere and %hich %ay they move 3nderstand %hat occurs at 6& +6& 76& and 86 degrees 3nderstand %hat roles temperature& humidity& and density play at each location What is the land li!e at each latitude? What type of biomes might %e see? 9rade %inds 9hree sets in each hemisphere. northeast2southeast& %esterlies& polar easterlies Wind is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere& left in the southern hemisphere 3nderstand that the Coriolis )ffect plays a role in this deflection :ain Shado% )ffect Ho% do the trade %inds play a role in the rain shado% effect? 3nderstand ho% temperature& humidity& and density interact and affect each side of the mountain $a!e Stratification Which seasons experience turnover and %hich experience stratification? :)5)5():. 9he densest temperature of %ater is ; degrees celsius< (e mindful of ho% nutrients and temperature are distributed in each season (e able to connect each season remember ho% temperature and %ind play a role here# =reat 4cean Conveyor (elt upper and lo%er branches. %hich one carries cold %ater and %hich one carries %arm ho% does density affect this?# Classification and 9axonomy Why so many species? *> )cological and evolutionary factors (e able to define phylogeny and systematics ?ossil deposition. I don-t thin! %e mentioned this in class but it IS on his slide. be familiar %ith %hat it is from your boo! 1ust in case. Definition of taxonomy $innaeus classification 9%o*part latin name ma!ing up the species name *> (inomial nomenclature @st name. =enus A italici"ed and capitali"ed Bnd name. specific epithet A italici"ed and lo%er case Hierarchical classification. Domain& !ingdom& phylum& class& order& family& genus& species (e familiar %ith %hich ones are more inclusive than others i.e. Domain encompasses all# (e familiar %ith human taxonomic classification our domain& !ingdom& phylum& etc.# Cro!aryotes vs. eu!aryotes %hich has membrane*bound organelles and %hich does not !no% some membrane*bound organelles& too<# 0no% the five !ingdoms and be able to define them and possible give an example for each. Which ones# contain 1ust pro!aryotes? Dust eu!aryotes& if any? (oth? 0no% the three domains 0no% the difference bet%een monophyletic& paraphyletic& and polyphyletic taxa. Which ones# is2are E49 good? Homologous human& cat& %hale& bat anatomy# vs. analogous structures %hich may arise from convergent evolution *> be able to define this& too< remember the spiny plant examples# 3nderstand photosynthesis& the role of chlorophyll& and D)?IEI9)$F !no% the chemical e,uation 3nderstand aerobic respiration and its chemical e,uation ho% does it relate to the e,uation for photosynthesis?# Croducers2/utotrophs Chotoautotrophs vs. chemoautotrophs )nergy source of each? Carbon source of each? Consumers2Heterotrophs. Crimary& Secondary& 9ertiary& 4mnivores& Scavengers& Decomposers& Detritivores =ive some examples in a terrestrial environment and ho% they all connect =ive some exmaples in an a,uatic environment and ho% they all connect =ross Crimary Croductivity =CC# vs. Eet Crimary Croductivity ECC# ECCA=CC* Grate at %hich producers use energy for respirationH Whys is ECC so lo% in the open ocean? Why is it higher in the %ater closer to land? /nd on land? Hint. 9hin! about nutrients 3nderstand ho% the little productivity of the open ocean still adds up due to large surface area (e familiar %ith %hat you-ve done in lab so far 9here %ill be a fe% more topics covered in lecture this coming %ee! that %ill be on this exam as %ell. Dust be mindful of that. If you have any ,uestions& email me at pan"mo6@Igettysburg.edu