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Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization 9
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
the typology of the human settlements in Fayoum governor-
ate according to the functional base. In addition, it attempts
to discover if the disciplines in Fayoum are using urban
design term as an umbrella term for several types of
settlements. The content analysis considers some of the
actions plans to be created in the governorate toward
improving the usage of urban design in the constructive
environment.
3.2. Concluded remarks: not all Egyptian settlements are cities
or towns to adapt urban design in their professional practice
Human settlements in Fayoum take several forms, which can
be summarized as the following types. Tables 3, 4, and 5 show
some photos and description. The two tables analysis shows
the action plans related to some previous Egyptian develop-
ment projects that take place in Fayoum Governorate [60].
All these projects give reports that hold three level of develop-
ment; urban planning, urban design and architecture level. The
concluding remarks and arguments about development
projects are analyzed in the following points (Fig. 7).
Although Fayoum Governorate holds several types of
human settlements; cities, rural, Bedouin, informal, the
two proposed task for the new paradigm are achieved only
on cities and resorts as well as the informal settlements. The
informal settlements in the governorate were targeted to
improve the quality of life by providing for the infrastruc-
ture network and solving the environmental issues.
Achieving the task responsive environments was not taken
in consideration in any developing process through the last
few years.
Mostly, in Egypt, the governorates hold no action plan to
improve the Bedouin settlements. The Egyptian manpower
in nomads communities has many opportunities toward
tourism development. In addition, no actions were taken
toward Umran unless by remove and reload into an urban
community in Fayoum city or surrounding villages.
Figure 6 Top right: a locational map of Egypt- source: [60], top left: a detailed geographical map of Fayoum governorate, source: [57].
Down, distribution of rural community in Fayoum.
10 A.M. Elshater
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
Table 4 The types of human settlement in Fayoum Governorate, (continued) source: compiled by the author [75, p. 43].
Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization 11
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
Table 5 Types of human settlement in Fayoum Governorate, (completed). Source: compiled by the author.
12 A.M. Elshater
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
In the rural communities, the living structures and buildings
are located close together, but the action plans have no feed
bake on the social dimension. The convergence between
people through a compact built environment can empower
the local society. The derived paradigms from urban design
just focused on the trends and methods and neglect other
types of paradigms. The missing paradigms such as move-
ments and approaches may add to that development. In
addition, the action plan neglects most of the principles.
The key element of urban design was used in its un-suitable
places to accommodate the constructed environments. In
the resorts that built as water development in Fayoum Lake
depends on the Quality of Life; QoL [60]. The objectives of
the QoL where that projects adapted moves toward envi-
ronment impact assessment not to put a strategy to
improvement human settlements.
Although all developing projects use urban design as a tool
to develop, but they do not achieve most of the urban
design keys in most types of human settlements.
The previous arguments give a clear proof about using UD
to rebuild/repair all types of human settlements in Egypt are
not adapted. The urban design discipline needs a wide range
of theorizing to put the place and people in his consideration.
On the other side, Egyptian experts can follow the same histor-
ical literatures about designing human settlements that written
in the fourth century. The Introduction [1] is one of the
ancient manuscripts about sociology that gives an Arabic term
Umran to cover, in the description, all types of human settle-
ments in North Africa.
Figure 7 The assessment of developing projects in Fayoum
Governorate based on the urban design key complied in (Table 2).
Figure 8 The proposed paradigm; Umran Design can come with three main tasks to achieve a quality of life, livable place and responsive
environments. Source: author.
Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization 13
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004
4. Conclusion: the new intellectual paradigm Umran Design vs.
Urban Design
Different manuscripts represent the theories in the eld of
building the human settlements from the middle of the last cen-
tury. They focus on cities, and there is no mention of the coun-
tryside or Bedouin areas. Throughout this time, the history of
UD thought includes and presents several different theoretical
paradigms. These paradigms can be altered to the concept of
Umran Design. The primary interest is in people and places.
It involves the theoretical background, movements, trends,
schools, approaches, theories, and methods. The proposed par-
adigm of Umran Design has three main tasks to achieve: quality
of life, livable places and responsive environments (Fig. 8). It
also can derive principles from urban design for various areas,
including cities, towns, Bedouin, rural and informal settlements.
These principles are permeability, variety, vitality, legibility,
robustness, richness, personalization and appropriateness.
Consequently, Umran Design works with four general dimen-
sions: cognitive, formational, sociocultural and environmental.
In conclusion, the paper supposed that driving the Arabic
term engaged with the design process as an umbrella for many
types of human settlements can come over problems of termi-
nologies through dealing with Arabian settlements, which hold
such variety of community types within a certain context.
Although a theoretical review study in the current paper indi-
cates that the urban design is both a science and professional
practice for cities and towns, in Egypt, it is applied in places
that are neither.
This paper recommends using the term Umran Design as
an umbrella term to cover designing different types of human
settlements. This includes townscape, landscape architecture,
site planning, site design, community design, streetscape signs,
sustainability (green architecture), environmental design and
urban design. While the term Urban Design only deals with
the metropolitan areas, the term Umran Design is concerned
with all of the urban, rural and Bedouin areas on earth. This
problematic issue of terms was proved using an exploratory-
descriptive approach through two evidences, the thought of
urban design and applicable project in Fayoum governorate.
The Urban Design discipline is used to indicate the historical
centers in traditional cities as key elements of urban form, the
development and reclamation of cities at three levels (individual
buildings, districts and regions) and at three scales (small, med-
ium and large). In conclusion, the addressed assumption, based
on the interface between terminologies, was claried through
putting the interest of urban design in cities and town and get-
ting the spirit of Umran design from Ibn Khalduns theory.
The contribution of this paper is, rst, delaminate the inter-
ference between terminologies; urban and Umran. Second, it
claries the need for separation between the two terms of
Urban Design, littered in Arabic as Tasmeem Haderi, and
Umran Design, Tasmeem Umrani. Third, it submits a redun-
dancy of urban design and Ibn Khalduns Umran in an exper-
imental benet from the assets of urban design paradigms that
are accompanied with urbanism movements. This redundancy
can cover the gap that urban design cannot ll through all
human settlements. It provides an opportunity to expand to
use the Arabic word; Umran, in all patterns of human
development. The paper, also, recommends future studies of
current local communities for the benet of the paradigm. It
rewrites segments of the intellectual paradigm that are closely
related to each other. It aims to test the principles and guide-
lines for both people and places for creating the architecture of
cities (human and stone) using Umran Design.
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Abeer Elshater obtained her BSc in Urban
Design & Spatial Panning in 1999 from Ain
Shams University, Cairo. In 2009, she holds
her PhD in Urban Design from the same
university she graduated from. Since then, she
acted as teaching assistant and then assess-
ment professor at Ain Shams University
teaching and supervising multidisciplinary
topics. She has worked in several international
research projects with international Universi-
ties. She has published numerous papers and
authored and co-edited ve books (under publishing/revise). She is a
member of Quality Assurance in CIQAP. She can be reached by e-mail
at abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg.
Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization 15
Please cite this article in press as: Elshater AM, Urban design redux: Redening a professional practice of specialization, Ain Shams Eng J (2014), http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.asej.2014.08.004