Types of Drawings For Building Design - Designing Buildings Wiki

22/5/2014 Types of drawings for building design - Designing Buildings Wiki
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Contents
1 Location drawings and general arrangement drawings
1.1 Block plans
1.2 Site plans
1.3 Floor plans
1.3.1 Basic floor plan
1.3.2 General arrangement plans
1.4 Elevations
1.5 Estate road layout
2 Assembly drawings
3 Component drawings
4 Projections
4.1 Orthographic projection
4.2 Axonometric projection
4.3 Isometric projection
4.4 Oblique projection
5 Preliminary drawings
6 Sketch drawings
7 Working drawings
7.1 Specification
7.2 Bill of quantities
8 Find out more
8.1 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
LOCATION DRAWINGS AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS
The information shown on a locating drawing will be overall sizes, levels and references to assembly
drawings. They are intended to show the location of the works, not detail (a common mistake). The location
drawings, which can be plans, elevation or sections, are numbered consecutively with the prefix L.
Typically, location drawings will include:
Block plans.
Site plans.
Floor plans.
Foundations plans.
Roof plans.
Section through the entire building.
Elevations.
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Last edited 29 Jan 2014
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TYPES OF DRAWINGS FOR BUILDING DESIGN
British Standard Specification 1192 includes recommended or preferred scales for location drawings.
Block plans
Block plans usually show the siting of the project in relation to Ordnance Survey Maps. Conventions are
used to depict boundaries, roads and other details. Recommended scales are:
1 : 2500
1 : 1250
1 : 500
Site plans
Site plans usually show the extent of the site but no surrounding detail. Recommended scales are:
1 : 500
1 : 200
The function of the site plan is to show:
The location of the building or buildings in relation to their surroundings.
The topography of the site, with both existing and finished levels.
Buildings to be demolished or removed.
The extent of earthworks, included, cutting and filling, and the provision of bank and retaining walls.
Roads, footpaths, hardstandings and paved areas.
Planting.
The layout of external service runs, including drainage, water, gas, electricity, telephone, etc.
The layout of external lighting.
Fencing, walls and gates.
The location of miscellaneous external components bollards, litter bins, etc.
Floor plans
Floor plans Usually show the layout of rooms, key dimensions and levels, and may also use conventions
and symbols to show materials and locations of fittings and appliances. Recommended scales are:
1 : 200
1 : 100
1 : 50
Line types are used to differentiate information in floor plans. Hatching or conventions are used to illustrate
materials, while symbols are used to show fittings and appliances, often with standard abbreviations.
There are three situations that must be considered:
General arrangement (location) drawings designed to show a single building element and what it should
contain.
General arrangement drawings designed to be complete in themselves (clearly this type of drawing
would only arise on the smallest and simplest of projects.)
Basic floor plan drawings the drawings which provide the fundamental and minimal information which
will appear as the framework for each individual elemental plan. The basic drawing, in fact, from which
future drawing containing elemental information will be taken.
Basic floor plan
If a set of working drawings for a project is prepared, the floor plans may be divided into five elements in the
following manner:
(2-) Primary elements
(3-) Secondary elements
(5-) Services (piped and ducted)
(6-) Services (Electrical)
(7-) Fittings
General arrangement plans
Where the elemental plans are to be drawn by CAD or manually, you must fist consider what common
features of the plans will need to appear in all five elementalised plans given in the example above. It is
clearly important that the information carried by the base negative, (manual) or layers common to all
drawings in a CAD set shall be , not too little, and not too much. Below is a check list of what the basic plan
should contain and a list of those items which more often than not get added to the original needlessly and
superfluously to the subsequent inconvenience of everyone.
To be included:
Walls
Main openings in walls (i.e. doors and windows)
Partitions
Main openings in partitions (doors)
Door swing
Room names and numbers
Grid references (when applicable)
Stairs (in outline)
Fixed furniture (including loose furniture where its disposition in a room is predetermined - e.g. desks set
out on a modular gird, etc.)
Sanitary fittings
Cupboards
North point
Items which tend to be included, but should not be:
Dimensions
Annotations
Details of construction e.g. cavity wall construction
Hatching and shading
Loose furniture where its disposition is not predetermined
Section indications
A uniform line thickness should be used throughout and the middle of the three line thickness for the scale
to be used on the plan is recommended.
Recommended pen size/line sizes are as follows:
Drawings to a scale of 1 : 50 and less (a) (b) (c)
Drawings to a scale 1 : 20 to 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)
Drawings to a scale larger than 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)
Pen size Range 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7
Pen Size Range 2 (ISO 9175-1)* 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7
* Pens size range follows the same size-ratio principle used for the international A-series paper size
(ISO216). The standard sizes (ISO 9175-1) differ by a factor 2. These pens are: 2.00 mm, 1.40 mm, 1.00
mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm and 0.13 mm. So after drawing with a 0.35 mm pen
on A3 paper and reducing it to A4, you can continue with the 0.25 mm pen. (ISO 9175-1). Other sizes of
pens are available, however, to keep the same factor when working between different size sheets, the
standard sizes of pens should be used.
Elevations
Elevations usually show the outline of the building, opening details and sizes, level datums and floor
position. An elevation should give an impression of how one face of the building will look from the outside.
Estate road layout
Should be at either 1:1250 or 1:500 scales. Line types will fulfil an important role in this type of location
drawing. The identity of buried items will be indicated by different line types. Conventions and symbols will
indicate hard and soft landscape details and street furniture should be indicated by symbols.
ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
The purpose of assembly drawings is to show how the building is erected on site. Information will include
component identification and reference, assembly dimensions and tolerances with reference to component
drawings.
The assembly drawings can be:
Plans
Elevations
Section
The assembly drawing number is prefixed by the letter A. Standard details need an efficient library coding
system to aid retrieval and sorting, and the Common Arrangement of Work Section (CAWS) reference
system found in the standard old Method of Measurement (SMM7). Some assembly drawings will show:
Substructure section
External wall details
Wall openings such as head, sill and jamb sections, plans
Eaves details
Internal walls
Stair details
The structuring of drawn information into specific sheets helps the search patterns of the end user. Some
unenlightened designers will fill the drawing sheet with a mixture of plans, elevations and, if there is room,
detailed sections. The titled chosen for the drawing sheet is the first indication of the content of the sheet.
Search procedures by the end users follow a pattern and the drawings should be structured and titled to
maximise this procedure. Recommended scales fore assembly drawings are: 1:50; 1:20; 1:10.
The drawings will comprise plan view and sections, and the thickness of lines will depend on the
information hierarchy. Outlines and different components drawn with thicker lines alert the user to key
information as the eye scans the entire drawing. The placing of the section on the drawing sheet should be
carefully laid out to minimise search time for the end user.
Identification of materials using standard conventions will complement the annotation and convey the extent
of the materials used in the assembly detail.
The amount of text and dimensions included on the sheet should be just enough to achieve the purpose of
the drawing. For example, a drawing of a substructure detail should not include text or specification relating
to the roof. When placing text and dimensions onto the sheet, it is best to assist the end user by leaving the
drawing area uncluttered. The focal point is the drawn detail. Once the diagram has been assimilated,
further information is sought, with the eye radiating out form the focus diagram. The diagram should
therefore be encircled with dimensions and text, and the text should be legible, concise and accurate.
Code references direct the user to other further drawn information such as component drawings or to the
bill of quantities. The specification or the measured section of the bill of quantities should explain the quality
of the material or workmanship. This will avoid expensive duplication of specifications on the drawings,
reducing the possibility of discrepancies between tender and contract documents.
COMPONENT DRAWINGS
This type of drawing shows individual components in the unfixed state. Information will include component
sizes, tolerance and specification with reference to the bill of quantity.
The component drawing number is prefixed by the letter C, and typical component details are:
Wood window head detail
Special door construction
Sill
Coping stone
Component drawings are often large-scale, sometime full-sized drawings showing individual components.
Assembly drawings will contain several components, showing how the individual components fit together to
make a building element. Recommended scales are:
1 :10
1 : 5
1 : 2
1 : 1
The component drawings will contain dimensions and some text, but the material specification and the
minimum acceptable quality will be defined in the specification section of the bill of quantities. The CAWS
reference code will direct the end user to the correct part of the bill of quantities.
PROJECTIONS
Orthographic projection
Orthographic projection is a way of illustrating three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional drawing. The
basic drawing layouts are shown below.
Drawing projections must comply with the relevant British Standard to prevent misunderstanding and avoid
errors in interpreting the drawing. The orthographic projection commonly used in Britain is called the first
angle projection, but there are other less common projections that can be used to illustrate a three-
dimensional object.
Axonometric projection
The advantage of an axonometric projection is the true plan set at 45 degrees. It is suitable for interior and
kitchen layout. Planning drawings are effective as axonometric projection to show the relationship of existing
buildings, topography and the proposed building.
Isometric projection
Unlike the axonometric projection, the isometric plan view is slightly distorted and can be used to show the
nature of the design more clearly than an orthographic projection. It is sometimes used during the
conceptualization of the design to help the client grasp the mass of the proposal.
Oblique projection
When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation can be enhanced by an oblique projection.
PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS
These drawings are often refereed to as thinking drawings, and illustrate elements of the design. The
freehand sketches are broad strokes with little detail and illustrate either mass, proportion or other aesthetic
principles. Soft pencil or a fineliner pen on detail paper is the preferred medium. To avoid deception the
detail paper is often grid paper to ensure a correct proportion of images. The focal point of the building can
be quickly illustrated by a preliminary sketch. Simplicity and avoidance of detail are the main aspects of a
good preliminary drawing.
SKETCH DRAWINGS
The entire range of drawings can be illustrated as sketch drawings. A location drawing can be key or
control drawing, showing control dimensions or levels. A sketched assembly drawing can be used by the
architect to instruct the technician preparing the ink negative. To avoid misinterpretation of size, it is
advantageous to use a modular, grid ruled plan, in which the main grid is 300 mm, with a secondary grid of
100 mm.
WORKING DRAWINGS
These are the final drawn instructions which the builder will use on site to convert the design ideas into a
real building, and care must be taken to ensure accuracy of dimensions and specification. In preparing the
location plan it is best to use a control box when hand drawing a working drawing that is, maximum
design length and width are drawn on the tracing film. All details should fit within this control box, and if you
find you are drawing outside the control box you should stop immediately as this indicates an error in the
detailed measurements. Once the drawing has been completed in ink, clean up the drawing and erase the
control box.
When a drawing is being produced, thought must be given to the structuring of information. A drawing
contains certain information that must be observed. This is primary information, shown by thicker lines
and/or high intensity. Secondary information will be shown by lines of medium thickness, while tertiary
information will be indicated by thin lines. With ink drawings on film or tracing paper, different pen thickness
will achieve the necessary information hierarchy.
Specification
All drawings require annotation describing the elements or identifying the components. As these descriptive
notes and words must be clearly understood, it is essential to aim for legibility if they are hand written, which
means taking time to:
Form and shape each individual letter
Space letters and words correctly
Arrange the text to help the end user
Arrange the text in hierarchical context
To help achieve clarity of specification, stencils and dry letter transfer are available. When using CAD, take
the time to select a clear and suitable font. Fonts like Comic Sans should never be used on any formal
documents, signage, publications or drawings.
Bill of quantities
The bill of quantities which is, first, a vital tender document, then a contract document should be an
accurate description and quantification of the project. There should therefore be a cross-reference to the
tender drawing and architects notes or specifications. The achieve this, the CAWS is used.
Coordinated project references
Based on the old SMM7, some of the main cross-references are:
Concrete work:
1. - Concrete foundation E10.1
2. - Concrete bed (floor) E10.4
3. - Concrete cavity filling E30.8
Masonry
1. - Clay brickwork in wall F10.1
2. - Cavities F30.1.1
3. - Damp-proof course, vertical F30.2.1
4. - Damp-proof course, horizontal F30.2.3
Carcass timber
1. - Rafter G20.92
2. - Floor joist G20.6
3. - Floor boarding K20.2
4. - Trussed rafter G20.2
Finishing joinery
1. - Wood window L20.1
2. - Double glazing L40.2
3. - Wood door frame L20.7
4. - Wood door L20.1
5. - Architrave P20.1
Roofing
1. - Concrete roof tiles H60.1
Plastering
1. - Plasterboard and skim M20.2
2. - Plaster to walls M20.1
3. - Floor screed M10.5
(This information and cross-referencing should have been applied to older architectural drawings.)
FIND OUT MORE
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
Paper sizes (ISO 216 A, B and C series)
North American Paper Sizes
Architectural publishing.
Brand guidelines.
Getting published.
Notation and symbols.
Self publishing for architects.

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