Solution:

Question 1

1. Multiplication method - 2m

2. Heterodyne Method 3m



















i) Modulator A,
m = (Vm*K1) / fm = 2(4k)/2000 = 4 - 1m
Modulator B,
m = Vm*K = 2(1.5) = 3 - 1m

ii) Frequency spectrum for Modulator A, - 2m

















Frequency spectrum for Modulator B, - 2m













iii) Modulator A,
Using Bessel Table, B = 28 kHz
f = DR(fm) = 4(2k) = 8 kHz - 1m
Using Carsons Rule, B = 2(f + fm) = 20 kHz - 1m

Modulator B,
Using Bessel Table, B = 24 kHz
f = DR(fm) = 3(2k) = 6 kHz - 1m
Using Carsons Rule, B = 2(f + fm) = 16 kHz - 1m

Summary, modulator A have the widest bandwidth. - 1m

iv) Modulator A = FM - 0.5m
Modulator B = PM - 0.5m






f (kHz)
Vc
68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92
J6 J5 J4 J3 J2 J1 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6
0.01 0.04 0.13 0.31 0.49 0.34 0.26 0.34 0.49 0.31 0.13 0.04 0.01
f (kHz)
Vc
66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
J7 J6 J5 J4 J3 J2 J1 J0 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6 J7
0.02 0.05 0.13 0.28 0.43 0.36 0.07 0.40 0.07 0.36 0.43 0.28 0.13 0.05 0.02
Question 2

a) By using aid of diagram, briefly explain the following processes.
i) Sampling
ii) Quantization
iii) Encoding
(5 marks)


(2 marks)
Sampling: periodically sampled the continually changing analog input and convert those
samples to a series of constant-amplitude pulse that easily be converted to binary PCM
code (1 marks)
Quantization: Process of assigning the analog signal samples to a pre-determined
discrete level. (1 marks)
Encoding : The samples that has been divided into various levels is coded into respective
codes where the samples that are the same number of level are coded into the same code
(1 marks)

b) A task has been given to you as an engineer of MTT CODOMO to design a PCM
system. The system has the following specification as shown in Table 2. For the PCM
system , determine,

i) Minimum sampling rate (2 marks)
ii) Minimum number of bits used in PCM code (4 marks)
iii) Resolution (2 marks)
iv) Quantization Error (2 marks)

Table 2 : Specification value for PCM system
No. Parameter Value
1 Maximum Analog Input Frequency 3.27 kHz
2 Maximum decoded voltage (at the reciever) 2.55V
3 Dynamic Range 63 dB

i) Fs = 2 fmax = 2 x 3.27 = 6.54 kHz (2 marks)
ii) DR= 20 log Vmax/Vmin = 1412.54 ( 2 marks)
use eq. 10.5b, n = 10.5 close to 11 bit (2 marks)
iii) Resolution = Vmax/ (2
n
- 1) = 2.55/(2
11
1) = 0.0012 V (2 marks)
iv) Quantization error = resolution / 2 = 0.0006 V (2 marks)