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BBI 5208

PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
FINAL PROJECT REPORT
NAME : CHEIKHNA BEBAYE OUMAR (GS39047)
: RUTHIRA NAIR A.B. KRISHENAN (GS34931)
: KAVITHA RAJAMOORTHY (GS32884)
SOKEN !OR" RECOGNITION O# CO"E$S!ITCHE" !OR"S
BY
MA%AY&ENG%ISH BI%INGUA%S
SOKEN !OR" RECOGNITION O# CO"E$S!ITCHE" !OR"S BY
MA%AY&ENG%ISH BI%INGUA%S
I'()*+,-(.*'
Malaysia is a multicultural country which is built up from many different races such as
the Malays, Chinese, Indians and many other different subcultures from the entire states in the
country. Each and every culture has its own identity through their way of using the language.
Every single race has its own language which resembles their culture. The way each person
speaks, has the difference. The differentiation of communication for an individual is to
differentiate them, even languages are different from each race, but it is impossible to identity
which race the speaker is from (ovak, !"""#. $anguage plays a very important role in daily life.
%e use the language as a tool of communication.
%hen a person is able to use two or more languages, we can say that this person is a
bilingual (&reeman ' &reeman, !""(#. )s a Malaysia, most of us are directly become bilingual.
)lthough the national language is Malay, but there are other languages that have been used in
communication. English is used as the second ma*or language. It is officially used more in
schools as because now our academic systems are based on English sub*ect. +esides that, people
are also using the English language in their daily life, which makes their conversation more
easily when encounter with different culture.
In being a bilingual, there will be code,switching in every person-s conversation in each
and single communication. +ilinguals often switch between their two languages. The code,
switches can take place between or even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even
parts of words. The switching of words is the beginning of borrowing, which occurs when the
new word becomes more or less integrated into the second language (+rice ' +rice, !""".
/ammink, !"""#. 0ince we are living in a multiracial country which uses so many different
languages, I decided to study what influences each individual from different cultures to choose
the language they use to communicate among each others. )s code switching can only e1ist in
societies which are at least bilingual (+rice ' +rice, !"""# Malaysia fits well into this
description.
S(/(010'( *2 (30 4)*5601
$anguage plays an important role in daily conversation. In specific conte1ts, learners and
the users of language from different cultures may have different attitudes and approaches about
using a language. Malaysia provides an interesting and a ma*or socio,linguistics background for
a study on language use in code,switching in communication. &irst of all, Malaysia is a multi,
lingual and multi,cultural country. 0econd, the communities itself are bilingual, trilingual or
speak four and more languages and local dialects. +esides, these cultures also influences in the
way students choose language to communicate. Therefore, it would be interesting to e1plore the
language use of these students who grew up in a multi,lingual surrounding and have had an
e1tensive language use e1perience. The present study is an attempt to provide some empirical
evidence as well as a theoretical e1planation for the mechanisms involved in listeners-
recognition of code switched words. 2esearch by 3ros*ean and Marslen,%ilson indicates that
when spoken word recognition takes place in conte1t, only half or even less of the acoustic
information of a word is needed for correct identification. in isolation, much more information is
needed, and often a word may not be recogni4ed even after its acoustic offset.
O570-(.809 *2 (30 9(,+:
In this study we conducted an e1periment in how fast Malay,English bilinguals can
recogni4e code switched words in sentences and if it is faster for them to recogni4e monolingual
Malay sentence than bilingual Malay,English sentence.
The related research 5uestions of this study are as follows6
(. /ow fast Malay,English bilinguals recogni4e code,switched words in sentences7
!. /ow fast monolingual words recogni4ed by the Malay native speakers7
8. %hich type of sentences. monolingual and bilingual are recogni4ed faster by the Malay
native speakers7
"02.'.(.*' *2 (0)19
Bilingual
+ilingual can be perceived as a subtractive or an additive language process. In the
subtractive aspect, as fluency and vocabulary grow in one language, fluency and vocabulary
decrease in the other, replacing the original language as the 9primary: language. (/ughes '
0haunessy, !"";#
Code-switching
Code switching includes the use of complete sentences, phases and borrowed words from
another language. It is a common linguistic phenomenon noted among bilingual populations.
(+rice ' +rice, !"""#
%.(0)/(,)0 )08.0;
%e tend to ac5uire language and social skills together. The sensitivity to the social uses of
language is already apparent in early learning of different varieties. $earning a language is not as
easy as learning the alphabets. %hen a person starts to learn a language, firstly he must identify
the ma*or elements and the pattern of the particular language and *oin the knowledge he got into
to form a structured sentence. 0ociolinguistic competence involves not only knowing a language,
but also what to say to whom, and how to say it appropriately in a particular situation.
Communicative competence is the term coined by <ell /ymes upon reacting to oam
Chomsky-s argument on differentiating between performance and competence. Chomsky
considers languages as ruled governed system which is considered unaffected in social and
situational variation (+rice ' +rice, !"""#.
0ociolinguistic competence deals with rules of speaking in a proper way depends on
socio,cultural elements, strategic competence and on pragmatic with the way speaker tend to
manipulate language to make sure he fulfills his purpose of communicate. 0ociolinguistic
competence is defined as the ability to interpret social meaning of linguistic varieties and to use
language with the appropriate social meaning in certain communication situation. 0ociolinguistic
competence is the main element to identify with language use and culture.
+rice and +rice (!"""# e1plain that code,switching is where a person in the middle of a
conversation, or even in the middle of sentences, change from one language, dialect or style to
another. 0uch switching happens because the speaker may be able more easily to convey his
meaning in other languages, dialect or style, or the switch may convey social meaning. This
alternate use of two languages that arises in a single discourse happens when the speaker moves
from one code to another, and back more or less rapidly particularly in bilingual of multilingual
societies (/alliday, (==8#. 0ik and )nping (!""># also described code switching as the
alternation between two (or more# language in conversations, has long e1isted as a result of
language contact and occurs commonly in bilingual settings. +ased on the definition, it can be
concluded that code,switching is the change from one language to another in an on,going
discourse in order to get one-s message across effectively.
$anguage use in the Malaysian situation needs to be viewed with reference to the general
language policy of the Malaysian government. )s per the language policy of Malaysia, it is
mandatory that the Malaysian students have to learn both +ahasa Melayu and English starting
from their primary school level. &urthermore, the Indian and Chinese students will also ac5uire
their respective mother tongues, namely Tamil and Mandarin, besides the two compulsory
languages, (+ahasa Melayu and English#. Thus, this enables the multilingual students to code
switch with ease and confidence during communication. (?aramasivam, !"";#.
3rumper4 ((=@!# in his research on bilingualism in northern way have come to reali4e
there are indeed two kinds of code,switching. The first is Asituational switching-, this is where an
alteration of the social situation triggers code,switching. This is, of course prevailing among
bilinguals regarding of the repertoire, where they tend to use one language at work, and the other
at home. The second type is Ametaphorical switching-, where a code that is normally utili4ed in a
particular situation is being used as a vehicle in another situation simply because the topic of the
particular conversation is similar to that which will usually occurs in the first situation. In this
type of code,switching, speakers may switch codes as a result of their assessment of age, se1,
and ethnic background of the particular participants.
In general, code switching can be defined as switching from one language code to
another during a single communicative event. It also comprises the alternation between one or
more languages or dialects in the middle of a discourse between people who have more than one
language in common. 0ometimes, the switch takes place after a few sentences and at other times
after a single phrase. Those who code switch may not even aware of their behavior and when
asked will deny that they resorted to such a practice in their speech. (Bacobson, !""(#.
M0(3*+*6*<:
T30 S,570-(9 *2 (30 S(,+:
The sub*ects consisted of (" students who are currently taking Masters in English
$anguage from &aculty of Modern $anguages and Communication in Cniversity ?utra Malaysia.
The students were Malay native speakers, who use Malay at home.
T30 R090/)-3 I'9(),10'(
The instrument used for this study is a 5uantitative approach. (! sentences were
constructed using E ?rime software, called self,paced reading. ; are Malay sentences and
another ; Malay sentences mi1ed with English words. Malay,English bilinguals read Malay ($(#
sentences in which the target word was replaced by its English translation. E.g.. Monolingual6
A0uami saya dulu kurus dan tegap tetapi sekarang dah berisi macam tong dram-. +ilingual6
A0uami I dulu slim and trim tapi sekarang plump like drum-. ) simple 5uestion followed up after
the sentences to make sure students concentrate in reading the sentences. Eg. )dakah suami dia
tegap sekarang7
THE ROCE"URE O# GETTING "ATA
RESEARCH =UESTIONS "ATA SOURCES ANA%YSIS
/ow fast Malay,English
bilinguals recogni4e code,
switched words in sentences7
; sentences in Malay, English
bilingual format will be given
to Malay native speakers to
recogni4e it
The time that they needed to
recogni4e each bilingual sentence
was analy4ed by using E,prime
method
/ow fast monolingual words
recogni4ed by the Malay
native speakers7
; Malay monolingual sentences
will be given to the same
previous group to recogni4e
them
%e analy4ed how much time the
participants need to recogni4e the
monolingual sentences based on
E,prime method
%hich type of sentences.
monolingual and bilingual are
recogni4ed faster by the
Malay native speakers7
The time that our participants
needed to recogni4e the both
types of sentences. monolingual
and bilingual
%e compared the time they spent
to recogni4e the types of
sentences and which one they
recogni4ed faster
R09,6(9 /'+ /'/6:9.9
The analysis of results will be structured according to the research 5uestions guiding the
study. Each 5uestion will be addressed and analyses separately with its related data.
R090/)-3 =,09(.*' 1
/ow fast Malay,English bilinguals recogni4e code,switched words in a sentence7
Dur first 5uestion was about the recognition time of code switched words in a sentence
by Malay native speakers who use English as second language, the data shows the time which
participants needed to recogni4e the code switched sentences. The following is the data for three
participants as e1amples.

/)(.-.4/'(9 T0>( RT 2*) (30 9.> -*+0
9;.(-30+ 90'(0'-09 (19)
R094*'90 RT (19)
( @@!"
E@EE
E@"=
>E;>
@@"8
>>E!
88F=
8@E"
=8""
@F("
EF"!
;F8"
! >!>"
>8">
8F"8
E(!"
888"
8F!"
E;">
;F"!
;F"!
8=("
>(="
>>="
8 >E!!
E(!(
;@8"
EE;@
>(E"
;"F=
F(F"
@8!"
@"("
>8E"
8(@"
8>(>

This result shows that all the participants needed less than F"""ms for both reading te1t
and answering 5uestions and more than 8"""ms and the mean is E!"". %e can tell from this data
that participants do not need much time for code switched sentences which mean that they are
familiar with such situations.
R090/)-3 ?,09(.*' 2
/ow fast monolingual Malay words recogni4ed by the Malay native speakers7
This 5uestion is about the time that our participants needed to recogni4e sentences in their native
language Malay and answer 5uestions related to these sentences. )s what we analy4ed the first
5uestion this is also data for the same three participants but it relates to monolingual sentences
/)(.-.4/'(9 T0>( RT 2*) (30 9.> M/6/:
90'(0'-09 (19)
R094*'90 RT (19)
( ;@!"
E>EE
E="=
8=;>
;;E8
E>E!
8;FE
8@EE
;8""
;F;"
;""!
;E="
! E!E>
88">
8EEE
>=@F
@F"!
@F"!
>=E"
>"(!
>!8E
E"8>
8=="
8>!>
8 8=;E
>F=;
;>E8
;8>!
8=E>
E>E8
E(F"
@8;"
F"8!
8>!E
!@E>
!=E;
The previous data shows that our participants who are Malay native speakers needed
more than !E""ms and less than F"""ms to recogni4e and answer the monolingual Malay
sentences. The mean for their time recognition is around E""" which is not long time and this is
because they are very familiar with sentences because they are from their native language.
R090/)-3 ?,09(.*' 3
%hich type of sentences. monolingual and bilingual are recogni4ed faster by the Malay native
speakers7
To answer this 5uestion we need to do a simple comparison between the data that we
already have which consists of the time that participants needed to recogni4e both type of
sentences monolingual and code switched. The following table shows the differences between
time recognition for the two types of sentences
/)(.-.4/'(9 T0>( RT 2*) (30 9.> 2*)
1*'*6.'<,/6 M/6/: 90'(0'-0
T0>( RT 2*) (30 9.> -*+0
9;.(-30+ 90'(0'-09
( ;@!"
E>EE
E="=
@@!"
E@EE
E@"=
8=;>
;;E8
E>E!
>E;>
@@"8
>>E!
! E!E>
88">
8EEE
>=@F
@F"!
@F"!
>!>"
>8">
8F"8
E;">
;F"!
;F"!
8 8=;E
>F=;
;>E8
;8>!
8=E>
E>E8
>E!!
E(!(
;@8"
EE;@
>(E"
;"F=
This data shows that there is no big difference between the two kinds of sentences some
time participants needed more time to recogni4e code switched sentences than monolingual one
and the vise versa. %e can tell this because the mean number for Monolingual sentences time
recognition is E"""ms and the mean number for code switched sentences is E!""ms. %e use an
independent group-s t,test and find that the difference is significant at the .""! level. The
difference between E""" and E!"" is a very small difference so small, in fact, that it-s not even
important. This is because the number of our participants is small for that this small difference
between the means is not significant.
C*'-6,9.*'
In linguistics, code,switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or
more languages, or language varieties, in the conte1t of a single conversation. This study is about
the recognition time of code switched sentences and if it is less or more fast that the monolingual
sentences. The same area has been con5uered by many researchers which had very important
findings. &or e1ample $I ((==;#, argue that there is no difference between the recognition of
code switched sentences and monolingual sentences.
The aim of the present study is to e1amine if there is difference between the recognition of
Malay monolingual sentences and Malay English code switched sentences. The participants in
this study are Malay native speakers who use English as second language. E prime and
independent groups t,test were used in this study, according to our data there is no significance
difference between the recognition time for both types of sentences.
A440'+.>
The list of sentences which used in this study as well as their 5uestions
(! Malay sentences (! Code switched sentences Guestions
)wak nak pergi berenang tak
petang nie7
You nak pergi swimming tak
petang nie?
0uami saya dulu kurus dan
tegap tetapi sekarang dah
berisi macam tong dram.
0uami I dulu slim and trim tapi
sekarang plump like drum-.

Aminah kena admit kat
hospital.
I rasa produk Avon is better
than Silkygirl.
You nak pergi
swimming tak
petang nie?
Adik nak yang which
nijam merah or biru?

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