Kenya's National Water Master Plan 2030 Progress Report

THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA
THE PROJECT
ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE NATIONAL WATER MASTER PLAN
2030

PROGRESS REPORT (4)

JULY 2012
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD.

MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
AUTHORITY

Location Map

Progress Report (4) Summary

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. S - 1 The Development of
the National Water Master Plan 2030

SUMMARY
1. Introduction
1-1) The present National Water Master Plan was prepared in 1992 (NWMP (1992)). After that,
the situation of water sector was much changed. After enactment of the Water Act 2002,
the water sector reform has been implemented. The Kenya Vision 2030 was prepared in
2007 which showed the countrys new development blueprint. The water demands are
increasing with population growth and also social and economic developments. Further,
the global climate change is becoming a great challenge in Kenya. Under such
circumstances, renewal of the NWMP (1992) was taken up.
1-2) The objectives of the development of the national water master plan 2030 (the Study) are as
follows:
1) To assess and evaluate availability, reliability, quality, and vulnerability of countrys
water resources up to around the year 2050 taking into consideration climate change,
2) To renew the National Water Master Plan towards the year 2030 (NWMP 2030) taking
into consideration climate change,
3) To formulate action plan for activities of WRMA regional offices up to the year 2022 to
strengthen their capability, and
4) To strengthen capacity of water resources management through transfer of technology.
1-3) The Study covers the entire area of Kenya. The study area is divided into six catchment areas.
The study will be carried out over a period of about 33 months and it consists of two phases
of Phase 1: Survey and Analysis on Present Conditions (about 16 months) and Phase 2:
Formulation of Master Plan (about 17 months). The responsible agency for the Study is
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and the implementing agency is Water Resources
Management Authority (WRMA).
1-4) The Phase 1 was substantially started in October 2010 and completed in January 2012. All
results of the Phase 1 works were compiled in the Interim Report. The Interim Report
includes current situation of the relevant subsectors, hydro-meteorological analysis result
considering climate change and assessment of water resources potential, etc.
1-5) The Phase 2 was substantially started in April 2012 and is scheduled to be completed in June
2013. This Progress Report (4) describes the interim results of the Phase 2 as of the middle
of July 2012 and include general direction and targets for NWMP 2030 formulation, water
resources allocation policy, water demand meeting, institutional strengthening strategy, etc.
2. Macro-frameworks for NWMP 2030
2-1) Previous administrative division comprised of provinces, districts, divisions, locations and
sub locations. With the new Constitution, administrative division comprises of counties,
districts, divisions, locations and sub location. The number of counties is 47. This Study

Summary Progress Report (4)

The Development of S - 2 Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

uses counties as a basic administration division.
2-2) The number of persons enumerated during the 2009 Population and Housing Census was
38.6 million representing an increase of 35% from 28.7 million of the 1999 Census at an
average rate of 3.0% annually. Majority of the population still resides in the rural areas. As of
2009, 67.7% of the population is living in the rural area and 32.3% in the urban centres.
Based on the 2009 Census data and the projection of the Kenya Vision 2030, the projected
population for 2030 was estimated at 67.84 million, in which 63% of the population reside in
the urban areas.
2-3) The economy of Kenya has been largely dependent on agriculture and tourism in the past.
According to the 2012 Economic Survey, Kenya continues to recover steadily from the
multiple shocks that the country suffered since 2008. According to the 2012 Budget Policy
Statement (BPS), the Kenyan Economy achieved a peak GDP of 5.8% in 2010. Given the
growth prospect of BPS and the recent growth trend in East Africa, the target growth rate of
10% of the Vision 2030 is expected to achieve in the later period as shown below, and then
the growth rate will decline gradually as the economy becomes mature thereafter.

Year Growth Rate (%) Year Growth Rate (%) Year Growth Rate (%) Year Growth Rate (%)
2010 6 2016 8 2021 10 2026 9
2011 5 2017 9 2022 10 2027 9
2012 5 2018 9 2023 10 2028 9
2013 6 2019 9 2024 10 2029 8
2014 6 2020 10 2025 10 2030 8
2015 8
2-4) The future water resources of Kenya were evaluated considering the climate change effect.
Considering the data availability for emission scenarios (A1B) adopted for this study and
evaluation of reproducibility of Kenyan climate characteristics, 11 GCMs were used for the
future climate projection for 2030 and 2050. According to the multi-model ensemble
analysis of 11 GCMs, the increase of the surface air temperature seems to be unavoidable in
the future. The surface temperature will increase around 1C by 2030 and 2 C by 2050
uniformly from the current climate. The mean annual rainfall and evapotranspiration are
expected to increase for 2030 and 2050 as below.
(Unit: mm/year)
Item 2010 2030 2050
Mean Annual Rainfall 672 742 794
Mean Annual Potential Evapotranspiration 544 608 655
2-5) Based on the projected future climates the water resources was estimated by using Similar
Hydrologic Element Response (SHER) model. By the analysis, the renewable water
resources, defined to be theoretically maximum usable freshwater resources, were estimated
as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2010 2030 2050
Renewable Water Resources 76,610 80,474 83,583
Surface Water 20,637 24,894 26,709
Groundwater Recharge 55,973 55,580 56,874



2-6) The renewable surface water estimated are summarized by catchment as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment CA (km
2
) 2010 2030 2050
Lake Victoria North 18,374 4,626 4,969 5,455
Lake Victoria South 31,734 4,773 5,749 7,005
Rift Valley 130,452 2,457 3,045 3,794
Athi 58,639 1,198 1,334 1,711
Tana 126,026 5,858 7,261 7,383
Ewaso Ngiro North 210,226 1,725 2,536 1,361
Total 575,451 20,637 24,894 26,709
2-7) The above groundwater recharge is not the groundwater sustainably exploitable (safe yield).
It is quite difficult to estimate the safe yield of groundwater and it is empirically said that the
safe yield is around 10% of groundwater recharge. This study adopted 10% of groundwater
recharge as safe yield. The estimated safe yields are summarized by catchment as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment CA (km
2
) 2010 2030 2050
Lake Victoria North 18,374 708 703 720
Lake Victoria South 31,734 874 868 888
Rift Valley 130,452 1,402 1,392 1,425
Athi 58,639 333 330 338
Tana 126,026 879 873 893
Total 575,451 5,597 5,558 5,687
2-8) Based on the existing available data such as Census 2009, Kenya Vision 2030, statistic data,
etc., the water demands of domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock, wildlife and inland
fisheries were estimated for 2010 and projected for 2030 as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water Demand 2010 2030
Domestic 681 2,556
Industrial 54 250
Irrigation 2,026 7,550
Livestock 351 715
Wildlife 8 8
Fisheries 15 26
Total 3,136 11,105
2-9) The water demands of the target year 2030 are summarized by catchment and subsector as
below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment Domestic Industrial Irrigation Livestock Wildlife Fisheries Total
Lake Victoria North 428 19 733 146 0 5 1,331
Lake Victoria South 472 20 1,505 212 2 5 2,216
Rift Valley 259 17 459 137 3 2 877
Athi 899 179 754 91 2 4 1,929
Tana 297 14 3,987 105 0 5 4,408
Ewaso Ngiro North 201 1 112 24 1 5 344
Total 2,556 250 7,550 715 8 26 11,105

3. National Water Policy and Development Targets
3-1) The National Water Policy was published in 1999 as Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999 on
National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development (NWP 1999) and it is



currently under revision to align with the new Constitution of Kenya as National Water
Policy 2012 (NWP 2012). The NWP 2012 includes nine policy objectives on the water
resources management, provision of water services, water for production, institutional
framework, financing arrangement and cross cutting issues.
3-2) Kenya Vision 2030 is the countrys new development blueprint covering the period 2008 to
2030. It aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrialising, middle-income country
providing a high quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030. The national development
targets on the water sector in the Vision 2030 are as follows:
1) Water and sanitation; to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and
accessible to all.
2) Agriculture; utilisation of a million hectares of currently uncultivated land, and new
cultivation of up to 1.2 million hectares of newly-opened lands.
3) Environment; to be a nation that has a clean, secure and sustainable environment by
2030.
Under the Vision 2030, more concrete targets are proposed as flagship projects for 2008
2012 for water and sanitation sector.
4. Overall Concept and Framework by Subsector
4-1) The objective of NWMP 2030 is to present a framework for water resources development
and management consistent with the countrys social and economic development activities.
The NWMP 2030 will consist of the following nine component plans.
Development Plans
1) Water Supply Development Plan
2) Sanitation Development Plan
3) Irrigation Development Plan
4) Hydropower Development Plan
5) Water Resources Development Plan
Management Plans
6) Water Resources Management Plan
7) Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
8) Environmental Management Plan
Institutional Plan
9) Institutional Strengthening Plan
4-2) The development plans and management plans will be prepared for each of the following
WRMAs six catchment areas, while the institutional plan will be prepared at a national level.
a) Lake Victoria North Catchment Area (18,374 km
2
)
b) Lake Victoria South Catchment Area (31,734 km
2
)
c) Rift Valley Catchment Area (130,452 km
2
)
d) Athi Catchment Area (58,639 km
2
)
e) Tana Catchment Area (126,026 km
2
)
f) Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area (210,226 km
2
)



4-3) Taking into account the background of this study and current situation of the water sector
mentioned before, the following approaches to the Study are applied for formulation of the
NWMP 2030.
a) Renewal of the Existing National Water Master Plan
b) Planning on a Catchment Basis
c) Consideration of Climate Change Effect on Water Resources
d) Consistency with Existing Policies and Strategies
e) Integrated Approach
Water Supply Development Plan
4-4) Kenya Vision 2030 aims to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and
accessible to all by 2030. Based on the policy of the Vision 2030, Water Service Strategic
Plan 2009 was prepared by MWI and it presents the following targets.
a) Increase coverage of improved water supply to 100% (safety water supply: 100%)
b) Increase coverage of piped water supply by registered WSPs to 100%
c) Increase unit water supply amount to suitable level for all population
e) Decrease non-revenue water (NRW) rate to 20%
4-5) The unit water consumption for planning is set as follows:
Item Unit Water Consumption
1) Urban Water Supply (Nairobi/Mombasa and surrounding areas) 92 L/p/d
2) Urban Water Supply (Other area) 75 L/p/d
3) Large Scale Rural Water Supply 58 L/p/d
4) Small Scale Rural (Arid area) 25 L/p/d
5) Small Scale Rural (Others) 43 L/p/d
Sanitation Development Plan
4-6) Based on the policy of Water Service Strategic Plan 2009 (MWI) and Kenya Vision 2030, the
targets of sanitation development was set as follows:
a) Increase coverage of improved sanitation to 95% (100%)
b) Increase coverage of sewerage system to 80% for urban population
4-7) The improved sanitation facilities include suitably designed septic tanks, pit latrine, cesspool
and sewerage for the population who have not yet connected to sewerage system. For the
population using on-site treatment facilities such as septic tanks, pit latrine, cesspool, etc.,
improved facilities are to be provided.
Irrigation Development Plan
4-8) The irrigation sector is the largest water user sharing almost 70% of national water demand
at present and the future. The efficient water resources development and utilization should be
the key policy for irrigation sector. Therefore the water saving methods should fully be
adopted to the new irrigation development and for existing irrigation areas toward 2030. For
upland crop irrigation, drip irrigation system and/or sprinkler irrigation system will fully be
introduced. For paddy cultivation, intermittent irrigation (Alternate Wetting and Drying)
under rotational irrigation system will be applied as a component of the System of Rice
Intensification (SRI).



4-9) The irrigation development plan will be formulated under the following overall concepts.
a) Set a target to introduce water saving methods for irrigation fully so as to minimize
water demand in the future and to increase water productivity for crop cultivation;
b) Realize the above, new strategy should be set, namely (i) introduction of water saving
method shall be the conditionality for new irrigation development, and (ii) water users
for irrigation will be encouraged by providing an incentive of water charge reduction
when they introduce water saving methods;
c) Clarify the maximum irrigable area by natural river follow (without storage facilities)
by sub catchment as a base for irrigation development planning;
d) Take up all proposed large irrigation projects with storage facilities (dam, etc) and to
give higher implementation priority after evaluation;
e) Take up all small scale irrigation schemes proposed by MWI and Counties to give
higher implementation priority after evaluation;
f) Promote implementation of private irrigation schemes through realization of the
government policy to accelerate the investment to agricultural development by private
sector;
g) Promote construction of water ponds for small scale irrigation scheme and private
irrigation scheme where possible; and
h) To promote implementation of water harvesting methods for small irrigation where
surface water and groundwater sources are not available.
Hydropower Development Plan
4-10) The government of Kenya is currently preparing a new National Energy Policy. The major
future directions for the hydropower development and water use are to maintain the ration of
hydropower generation at appropriate levels to decrease dependency on the hydropower and
to promote multipurpose dam development for efficient use of water.
4-11) Based on the above national energy policy and existing hydropower development plan, the
hydropower development plan will be formulated under the following overall concept.
a) Formulate a plan based on the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP);
b) Promote efficient use of water by focusing at hydropower components of multipurpose
dam development schemes for water resources development, and by considering
integrated operation of the dam with other water users such as water supply and
irrigation.; and
c) Consider new hydropower development sites of KenGen and other private developers.
Water Resources Development Plan
4-12) In order to meet the water demands projected for 2030 including domestic, industrial,
irrigation and livestock demands, and the water resources development plan will be
formulated under the following overall concepts.
a) Meet the 2030 water demands by allocating equitably the available water resources
including the surface and ground water;
b) Incorporate the water demand management policy into the estimated 2030 water
demands to save the water to be consumed mainly for domestic and irrigation uses; and
c) Reflect the effect of the climate change on the available water resources expected in
2030;



d) Apply the reliability of water supply of one in 10 years probability for the domestic,
industrial and livestock water uses, and one in 5 years probability for the irrigation
water use;
e) Allocate in principle, (i) for domestic and industrial water demands, the surface water
first and then groundwater where the surface water is not available, (ii) for irrigation
water demands, the surface water mainly, and (iii) for livestock water demands, both of
the surface and groundwater;
f) Apply effective combination of the water resources infrastructures such as dams, water
transfers, boreholes, and water harvesting measures (small dams/ water pans, sand/ sub-
surface dams, roof catchment, rock catchment, etc.);
g) Prepare the plans for respective WRMA catchment areas to accord the development
plans with the water resources management mandated by WRMA; and
h) Take the environmental aspects into account to minimize the environmental and social
impacts induced by the development activities.
Water Resources Management Plan
4-13) The objective of Water Resources Management Plan is to manage, regulate and conserve all
water resources in an effective and efficient manner. To achieve the objectives,
management of quantity and quality of water resources is essential and sustainable
management cycle of i) water quantity and quality monitoring, ii) assessment of water
resources, and iii) water permit issuance and permit status control should be established.
4-14) The water resources management plan will be formulated under the following overall
concepts.
a) Review of existing monitoring networks of water levels and discharges, water qualities
of surface water and groundwater and rainfall;
b) Assignment of experts on hydrology in each regional office for water resources
evaluation;
c) Establishment of water quality test laboratory, and assignment of water quality experts
for water quality assessment;
d) Management of the latest version of issued water permits (actual usage of issued water
permits);
e) Provision of values for Flood Flow, Normal Flow and Reserve in the standard
observation points based on flow duration curves stipulated in Water Allocation
Guideline. ; and
f) Watershed conservation plan consisting of forest restoration, vegetation restoration
around small water sources and soil erosion and sedimentation control.
Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
4-15) The flood and drought disaster management plan deals with water-related disaster, namely
flood and drought, focusing on the pre-disaster stage and aims to minimize human and
economic damages due to floods and drought.
4-16) The flood disaster management plan will be formulated under the following overall concepts.
a) Formulation of integrated flood management plan by combining structural and non-
structural measures comprehensively. A whole-basin strategy is summarized in three
stages; i) protection using structures for critical areas, ii) no settlement for other areas,



and iii) community-based disaster management and crisis management for unavoidable
inundation;
b) New construction and rehabilitation of flood control structures such as dyke, river
improvement works, retarding basin, multipurpose dam, etc.;
c) New introduction and improvement of non-structural measures such as flood forecasting
and warning system, evacuation plan, flood fighting plan, land use regulation, etc. in
consideration of community-based disaster management; and
d) Planning for 21 target areas which were identified through Flood Mitigation Strategy
(MWI, June 2009), NWCPC Strategic Plan 2010-2015, and NWMP (1992).
4-17) The drought disaster management plan will be formulated under the following overall
concepts.
a) Effective utilization of the existing both long-term rainfall forecasting system and
drought early warning system, which and operated by KMD and MDNKOAL,
respectively, for WRMAs water use restriction system;
b) Formulation of an appropriate river water use restriction system by improving the
existing WRMAs restriction rule; and
c) Recommendation of a reservoir water use restriction system for the proposed dams to be
constructed in the future.
Environmental Management Plan
4-18) The environmental management plan aims to monitor the impacts on the environment
including social aspect by water resources development and management and protect the
environment.
4-19) The environmental management plan will be formulated under the following overall
concepts.
a) Monitoring of natural environment related to water resource, and management and
regulation of water resources development and use based on the monitoring results;
b) Strict implementation of environmental impact assessment for all water resource
development activities; and
c) Proposal of activities related to environmental management in national level such as
environmental database, institutional strengthening, study on environmental flow and
environmental education.
5. Lake Victoria North Catchment Area
5-1) The renewable surface water resources, safe yield of groundwater and water demand by
subsector of the Lake Victoria North (LVN) Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
Surface Water Groundwater (Safe Yield) Total
4,969 703 5,672

Water
Demand
Domestic Industrial Irrigation Livestock Wildlife Fisheries Total
428 19 733 146 0 5 1,331



5-2) Through the water balance study based on the water resources and water demands for 2030,
the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the LVN Catchment was determined
as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Sector Water Demand Surface Water Groundwater
Domestic 428 274 154
Industrial 19 9 10
Irrigation 733 619 114
Livestock 146 74 72
Total 1,326 976 350
5-3) The water supply development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
6.92 0.48 4.28 11.68
Required Water Supply
Capacity (m
3
/day)
824,000 84,000 250,000 1,159,000
Operation Body Registered WSPs Registered WSPs
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
Target Towns/Areas 30 Urban Centres 10 Counties 10 Counties -
5-4) The sanitation development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.

Item Sewerage System On-site Sanitation Total
Service Population
(million)
5.11 6.58 11.68
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
389,000 - -
Operation Body Registered WSPs
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
Target Towns/Areas 15 Urban Centres 10 Counties -
5-5) The irrigation development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 363 20,000 20,363
Small Scale 5,051 39,850 44,901
Private 186 39,850 40,036
Total 5,600 99,700 105,300



5-6) The hydropower development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.
Name of Plan Installed Capacity Current Situation Purpose
Nandi Forest
Multipurpose Dam
50~70 MW
F/S by MORDA completed
in 2010.
Water Supply, Irrigation,
Hydropower
Hemsted Bridge
Multipurpose Dam
Not known Not known
Hydropower
Nzoia (34B)
Multipurpose Dam
16 MW
Premininary Design Report
(December 2010)
Water Supply, Flood
Control, Irrigation,
Hydropower
Nzoia (42A)
Multipurpose Dam
24.4 MW
Draft Pre-F/S Report
(March 2010)
Flood Control,
Hydropower
5-7) The water resources development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.

Structures Quantity Total Volume/Yield Remarks
Dam (MCM) 6 71
Small Dam and Water Pan (MCM) 300 15
Intra-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 0 0
Borehole (MCM/year) 3,090 309
5-8) The water resources management plan in the LVN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Improvement of monitoring system
2) Improvement of Water Resources Evaluation
- Assignment of one hydrologist (1 person)
- Establishment of water quality test laboratory in the regional office and assignment
of a water quality expert (1 person)
3) Improvement of Water Permit Issuance and Management System
- Management of the latest version of issued water permits
- Provision of Flood Flow, Normal Flow and Reserve
4) Watershed Conservation
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (34,810 ha at Mt. Elgon and Mau Forest)
- Proposal of check dams against soil erosion and sedimentation.
5-9) The flood disaster management plan in the LVN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Improvement of the operational system for flood early warning that is currently being
established in the Nzoia River basin through WKCDD&FMP
2) Flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas including Budalangi division in
Busia district
3) Flood fighting plan for the existing dykes along the lower reaches of Nzoia and Mokom
Rivers
4) Preparation of small-scale water storages
5-10) The drought disaster management plan in the LVN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA LVN office to share
information on drought forecasting result at the earliest possible time



2) Establishment of river water use restriction system including dam reservoirs with five
river gauge stations as a control point
5-11) The environmental management plan in the LVN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Monitoring of water resources/feeder rivers in Mount Elagon National Park and
Kakamega Forest National Reserve and regulation and management of surrounding area
2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Mt.Elgon, Cherangani Hills and Mau Forest
Complex (Five Water Towers)
3) Monitoring, management and regulation of Lake Victoria as water resource of the
catchment and 5 main rivers in the catchment
6. Lake Victoria South Catchment Area
subsector of the lake Victoria South (LVS) Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
5,749 868 6,617

Water
Demand
472 20 1,505 212 2 5 2,216

the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the LVS Catchment was determined as
below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 20 9 11
Irrigation 1,505 1,272 233
Livestock 212 109 103
Total 2,209 1,689 520
6-3) The water supply development in the LVS Catchment is proposed as below.

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
8.09 0.48 4.34 12.92
Capacity (m
3
/day)
968,000 85,000 253,000 1,306,000
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions

Target Towns/Areas 24 Urban Centres 14 Counties 14 Counties



6-4) The sanitation development in the LVS Catchment is proposed as below.

Service Population
(million)
5.53 7.39 12.92
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
421,000 - -
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
6-5) The irrigation development in the LVN Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 1,800 39,000 40,800
Small Scale 14,972 63,118 78,090
Private 1,193 63,118 64,311
Total 17,965 165,235 183,200
6-6) The hydropower development in the LVS Catchment is proposed as below.
Magwagwa
Multipurpose Dam
120~140 MW F/S by MORDA completed
in 2010.
Flood Control, Hydropower
Gogo Falls Hydropower
Upgrade
Upgrading to 60
MW at maximum.
Irrigation, Hydropower
6-7) The water resources development in the LVS Catchment is proposed as below.

Dam (MCM) 9 504
Inter-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 1 41 From LVS to RV
6-8) The water resources management plan in the LVS Catchment is proposed as follows:
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (47,490 ha at Mau Forest area)



- Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for 20 springs and 58 wetlands
6-9) The flood disaster management plan in the LVS Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Establishment of a telemetric type of flood forecasting and warning system in Kano
Plain/Nyando River basin
2) Introduction of community-based disaster management system in the Sondu rivermouth
and Kuja rivermouth referring the Nyando system
3) Provision of urban drainage measures in Kisumu city and flood hazard maps covering
all the affected areas in the city
6-10) The drought disaster management plan in the LVS Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA LVN office to share
2) Establishment of river water use restriction system including dam reservoirs with five
river gauge stations as a control point
6-11) The environmental management plan in the LVS Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Monitoring of water resources/feeder rivers in 4 national parks/reserves and
management and regulation of surrounding area development
2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Mau Forest Complex (Five Water Towers)
3) Monitoring, management and regulation of Lake Victoria (South shore in Gulf Winam)
and 6 main rivers
7. Rift Valley Catchment Area
subsector of the Rift Valley (RV) Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
3,045 1,392 4,437

Water
Demand
259 17 459 137 3 2 877
the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the RV Catchment was determined as
below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 259 93 166
Industrial 17 4 13
Livestock 137 74 63
Total 872 574 298



7-3) The water supply development in the RV Catchment is proposed as below.

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
5.59 0.30 2.73 8.62
Capacity (m
3
/day)
526,000 54,000 131,000 711,000
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions

7-4) The sanitation development in the RV Catchment is proposed as below.

Service Population
(million)
3.56 5.06 8.62
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
271,000 - -
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
7-5) The irrigation development in the RV Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 774 36,700 37,474
Small Scale 7,606 2,449 10,055
Private 3,022 2,449 5,471
Total 11,402 41,598 53,000
7-6) The hydropower development in the RV Catchment is proposed as below.
Arror Multipurpose
Dam
70~80 MW
F/S by MORDA to
completed in June 2012.
Hydropower
7-7) The water resources development in the RV Catchment is proposed as below.
Dam (MCM) 6 260
Inter-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 1 41 From LVS to RV



7-8) The water resources management plan in the RV Catchment is proposed as follows:
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (236,510 ha at Cherangani Hills, Mau Forest
area and Aberdare Range)
- Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for small water sources
7-9) The flood disaster management plan in the RV Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Preparation of simplified flood hazard maps covering major villages in Middle Turkwel
and Lower Kerio
2) Provision of urban drainage measures in Nakuru and Narok towns and flood hazard
maps covering all the affected areas in the towns
7-10) The drought disaster management plan in the RV Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA RV office to share
2) Establishment of water use restriction system for rivers with five river gauge stations as
a control point and dam reservoirs in the catchment
7-11) The environmental management plan in the RV Catchment is proposed as follows:
2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Mau Forest Complex, Cherangani and
Aberdare Rang (Five Water Towers)
3) Monitoring, management and regulation of six lakes (Both of alkali lake and freshwater
lake) and three main rivers



8. Athi Catchment Area
subsector of the Athi Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
1,334 330 1,664

Water
Demand
899 179 754 91 2 4 1,929
the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the Athi Catchment was determined as
below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 179 110 69
Livestock 91 68 23
Total 1,923 1,642 281
8-3) The water supply development in the Athi Catchment is proposed as below.

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
16.55 0.29 2.59 19.43
Capacity (m
3
/day)
2,246,000 51,000 165,000 2,463,000
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions

8-4) The sanitation development in the Athi Catchment is proposed as below.

Service Population
(million)
16.49 2.94 19.43
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
1,407,000 - -
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-



8-5) The irrigation development in the Athi Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 0 40,800 40,800
Small Scale 20,563 5,582 26,145
Private 31,374 5,582 36,956
Total 51,937 51,963 103,900
8-6) The hydropower development in the Athi Catchment is proposed as below.
Mwachi Multipurpose
Dam
To be confirmed
F/S by MORDA under
implementation?
Hydropower (to be
confirmed)
Munyu Multipurpose
Dam
To be confirmed
F/S by MORDA under
implementation?
Hydropower (to be
confirmed)
8-7) The water resources development in the Athi Catchment is proposed as below.

Dam (MCM) 12 512
Inter-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 1 370 From Tana to Athi
Intra-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 1 58 From Tana to Athi
Borehole (MCM/year) 510 51
8-8) The water resources management plan in the Athi Catchment is proposed as follows:
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (113,980 ha at Arabuko Sokoke Conservation
Forest, Shimba Hills and Aberdare Range)
- Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for 20 springs and 17 wetlands
8-9) The flood disaster management plan in the Athi Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Establishment of community-based disaster management system in Kwale
2) Establishment of flood forecasting and warning systems and preparation of flood hazard
maps and evacuation plans in Kilifi and Lumi River basin



3) Provision of structural measures to protect flood prone areas of Taita Taveta district in
the Lumi River basin
4) Provision of urban drainage measures in Nairobi and Mombasa cities and preparation of
flood hazard maps covering all the affected areas in the cities
8-10) The drought disaster management plan in the Athi Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA Athi office to share
8-11) The environmental management plan in the Athi Catchment is proposed as follows:
2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Aberdare Range (Five Water Towers)
3) Monitoring, management and regulation of main 8 rivers include rivers which flow
down through large city such as Nairobi River and Athi River
4) Monitoring ecosystem of mangrove forest in coastal area and management and
regulation of surrounding area
9. Tana Catchment Area
subsector of the Tana Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
7,261 873 8,134

Water
Demand
297 14 3,987 105 0 5 4,408
the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the Tana Catchment was determined
as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 14 6 8
Irrigation 3,987 3,749 238
Livestock 105 64 41
Total 4,403 3,969 434



9-3) The water supply development in the Tana Catchment is proposed as follows:

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
4.28 0.41 3.71 8.40
Capacity (m
3
/day)
536,000 73,000 205,000 814,000
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
Target Towns/Areas 19 Urban Centres 16 Counties 16 Counties -
9-4) The sanitation development in the Tana Catchment is proposed as below.

Service Population
(million)
3.09 5.31 8.40
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
235,000 - -
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions
-
9-5) The irrigation development in the Tana Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 11,220 206,600 217,820
Small Scale 20,470 117,304 137,774
Private 38,402 117,304 155,706
Total 70,092 441,208 511,300
9-6) The hydropower development in the Tana Catchment is proposed as below.
Upgrading of
Kindaruma Hydropower
Station
+32 MW To be completed in 2014. Hydropower
Mutonga+Low
Grandfalls Dam
60 MW +140 MW
F/S by JICA completed in
1998
Hydropower
High Grandfalls
Multipurpose Dam
(Alternative of 2)
Phase 1: 500 MW
Phase 2: 700 MW
F/S by MORDA completed. Irrigation, Hydropower
9-7) The water resources development in the Tana Catchment is proposed as below.
Dam (MCM) 5 41
Small Dam and Water Pan (MCM) 1,700 85
Inter-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 1 370 From Tana to Athi



9-8) The water resources management plan in the Tana Catchment is proposed as follows:
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (216,670 ha at Aberdare Range)
9-9) The flood disaster management plan in the Tana Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Establishment of community-based disaster management system in the lower Tana areas
including Ijara district referring the Nyando system
2) Improvement of warning system for discharge released from upstream hydropower
dams in the Tana River
3) Preparation of flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas in Garissa town
4) Provision of structural measures such as dyke and widening of river channel to protect
urban area of Garissa town.
9-10) The drought disaster management plan in the Tana Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA Tana office to share
9-11) The environmental management plan in the Tana Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Monitoring of water resource/feeder rivers in 13 national parks/reserves and
2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Mt Kenya and Aberdare Rang (Five Water
Towers)
3) Monitoring, management and regulation of main 10 rivers such as Tana River
4) Monitoring ecosystem of mangrove forest in coastal area and management and
regulation of surrounding area in Marine National Park/Reserve such as Kiunga Marine
National Park and others



10. Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
subsector of the Ewaso Ngiro North (ENN) Catchment for 2030 are presented as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water
Resources
2,536 1,391 3,927

Water
Demand
201 1 112 24 1 5 344
the allocation of water resources for each subsector in the ENN Catchment was determined
as below.
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 201 32 169
Industrial 1 0 1
Livestock 24 13 11
Total 338 150 188
10-3) The water supply development in the ENN Catchment is proposed as below.

Item
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
3.46 0.27 2.43 6.16
Capacity (m
3
/day)
412,000 48,000 92,000 552,000
Individual,
Communities,
Institutions

10-4) The sanitation development in the ENN Catchment is proposed as below.

Service Population
(million)
1.69 4.47 6.16
Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
129,000 - -
Operation Body Registered WSPs Individual -
10-5) The irrigation development in the ENN Catchment is proposed as below.
(Unit: ha)
Type
Existing Area
in 2010
New and
Extension Area
Total in 2030
Large Scale 0 3,000 3,000
Small Scale 7,171 383 7,554
Private 1,663 383 2,046
Total 8,834 3,766 12,600



10-6) There is no hydropower development scheme at this moment.
10-7) The water resources development in the ENN Catchment is proposed as below.
Dam (MCM) 5 241
Intra-Basin Water Transfer (MCM/year) 0 0
10-8) The water resources management plan in the ENN Catchment is proposed as follows:
- Recovery of forest and afforestation (358,400 ha in the Catchment)
- Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for small water sources
10-9) The flood disaster management plan in the ENN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Provision of flood control structural measures in Mandera district and Isioro town
2) Establishment of flood forecasting and warning system and preparation of hazard map
and evacuation plans for the flood prone areas in Mandera district
3) Establishment of community-based disaster management system in the middle to lower
reaches of Ewaso Ngiro River including Wajir,
4) Preparation of flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas in Isioro town
10-10) The drought disaster management plan in the ENN Catchment is proposed as follows:
1) Development of a coordination system between KMD and WRMA ENN office to share
information on drought forecasting result at the earliest possible time.
10-11) The environmental management plan in the ENN Catchment is proposed as follows:



2) Monitoring, management and regulation of Mt Kenya (Five Water Towers) and
Gazetted forests in western area
3) Monitoring, of Ewaso Ngiro River, Danoro River and wetlands along to these river,
and management and regulation of surrounding area
11. Strategy for Institutional Strengthening
11-1) Aligning the Water Act 2002 with the Constitution of Kenya 2010 (CoK 2010) has not been
completed yet as of end July 2012. The key three documents required for the revision are:
New National Water Policy 2012, Draft Water Bill 2012 (new Water Act) and Concept Paper
for Aligning Water Act 2002 by Task Force. The contents of the Draft Water Bill 2012
(version of March 2012) covers also extensive reform not directly related to the required
alignment by the CoK 2010. Further detailed collation of the Draft Water Bill 2012 will be
continued. The draft of the National Water Policy 2012 (version of March 1, 2012) is still a
draft subject to further elaboration.
11-2) Strategy of the institutional strengthening on water resources management is drafted based
on the two assumptions: Sessional Paper No.1 on National Policy on Water Resources
Management and Development 1999 (NWRDP 1999) is effective as of end July 2012, and
The water resources management framework stipulated in the Draft Water Bill 2012 (version
of March 2012) will be basically unchanged in the new Water Act 2012.
11-3) Strategies are formulated for the national level and the regional level as set out below.
National Level
1) Clarify the integrated framework of water resources management at the national and
regional level in terms of regulation, services provision and water users;
2) Establish monopolistic and unified regulatory functions of water resources at the
national level (Cabinet Secretary & Water Resources Regulatory Authority (WRRA))
and regional level (Basin Water Resources Boards (BWRBs)) to regulate inter-
basin/sub-basin water transfer, and equitable and sustainable water allocation;
3) Establish unitary management of water rights and basin water resources development
plans in line with grant of water use permit;
4) Establish scientific and quantitative management of water resources to achieve credible,
transparent and accountable regulation and enforcement of water rights;
5) Enhance both supply management and demand management to achieve the target of
water supply security, and efficient, beneficial and sustainable water uses;
Regional Level
6) Strengthen capacity of BWRBs for scientific and quantitative water rights regulation at
site being consistency with the national level regulation and enforcement;
7) Enhance establishment of Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) and
strengthen WRUAs capacity as fora for conflict resolution and co-operative
management of water resources in catchment areas; and
8) Improve the financial capacity of the water resources managements institutions at
national and regional level through effective government financing.



12. Basic Concept for Economic Evaluation
12-1) Considering quantifiable benefits and costs of the projects to be proposed, the economic
evaluation will be made for the water supply sub-sector, the sanitation sub-sector, the
irrigation sub-sector, and the hydropower sub-sector.
12-2) The basic conditions for economic evaluation are tentatively set as follows:
1) Investment costs and O&M costs are roughly estimated at the price level of October
2012, by USD currency.
2) Discount rate is 10% referring to opportunity cost of capital prevails in the water sector.
3) The conversion factor from financial value to economic value is 0.90.
4) The economic life of the projects is set as 30 years for water and sewerage projects and
50 years for hydropower and irrigation projects.
5) The construction costs of multi-purpose dams will be allocated on the basis of the
allocated storage volume.

Progress Report (4) Table of Contents
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. i The Development of

THE PROJECT
ON
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE NATIONAL WATER MASTER PLAN 2030
IN

PROGRESS REPORT (4)

Location Map
Summary
Abbreviation

Table of Contents

Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1 Background of the Study ......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.3.1 Study Area ................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3.2 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 Current Progress of the Study ................................................................................................. 1-3
1.4.1 Schedule of the Study .............................................................................................. 1-3
1.4.2 Current Progress ....................................................................................................... 1-3

CHAPTER 2 MACRO-FRAMEWORKS FOR NWMP 2030 .................................................. 2-1
2.1 Socio-Economic Framework ................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Administrative Division ........................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Population ................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.3 Macro Economy ....................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.4 GDP Projection ........................................................................................................ 2-3
2.2 Water Resources ...................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.1 Projection of Future Climates .................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.2 Renewable Water Resources .................................................................................... 2-5
2.3 Present Water Use and Future Water Demand ........................................................................ 2-6
2.3.1 Basic Conditions ...................................................................................................... 2-6

Table of Contents Progress Report (4)
The Development of ii Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
2.3.2 Present and Future Water Demands ......................................................................... 2-7

CHAPTER 3 NATIONAL WATER POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT TARGETS .............. 3-1
3.1 National Water Policy ............................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Kenya Vision 2030 and Development Targets ........................................................................ 3-2

CHAPTER 4 OVERALL CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK BY SUB SECTOR .................. 4-1
4.1 Objective and Components of the NWMP 2030 ..................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Approaches to the Study ......................................................................................................... 4-1
4.3 Water Supply Development Plan ............................................................................................ 4-3
4.3.1 Basic Condition ........................................................................................................ 4-3
4.3.2 Overall Concept and Framework for Planning ........................................................ 4-5
4.4 Sanitation Development Plan .................................................................................................. 4-6
4.4.1 Basic Condition ........................................................................................................ 4-6
4.4.2 Overall Concept and Framework for Planning ........................................................ 4-8
4.5 Irrigation Development Plan ................................................................................................... 4-9
4.5.1 Basic Conditions ...................................................................................................... 4-9
4.5.2 General Concept and Framework for Planning ........................................................ 4-9
4.6 Hydropower Development Plan ............................................................................................ 4-10
4.6.1 Basic Conditions .................................................................................................... 4-10
4.6.2 General Concept and Framework for Planning ...................................................... 4-11
4.7 Water Resources Development Plan ..................................................................................... 4-12
4.7.2 Overall Concept and Framework for Planning ...................................................... 4-13
4.7.3 Water Balance Study .............................................................................................. 4-15
4.8 Water Resources Management Plan ...................................................................................... 4-17
4.9 Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan .................................................................... 4-22
4.10 Environmental Management Plan ......................................................................................... 4-26
4.10.1 Basic Condition ...................................................................................................... 4-26

CHAPTER 5 LAKE VICTORIA NORTH CATCHMENT AREA .......................................... 5-1
5.1 Catchment Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Water Resources and Water Demands .................................................................................... 5-1

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. iii The Development of
5.3 Water Allocation Plan ............................................................................................................. 5-2
5.4 Concepts and Frameworks of Development Plans and Management Plans ............................ 5-2
5.4.1 Water Supply Development Plan ............................................................................. 5-2
5.4.2 Sanitation Development Plan ................................................................................... 5-6
5.4.3 Irrigation Development Plan .................................................................................... 5-7
5.4.4 Hydropower Development Plan ............................................................................... 5-9
5.4.5 Water Resources Development Plan ...................................................................... 5-10
5.4.6 Water Resources Management Plan ....................................................................... 5-13
5.4.7 Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan ..................................................... 5-15
5.4.8 Environmental Management Plan .......................................................................... 5-18

CHAPTER 6 LAKE VICTORIA SOUTH CATCHMENT AREA .......................................... 6-1
6.4.2 Sanitation Development ........................................................................................... 6-5

CHAPTER 7 RIFT VALLEY CATCHMENT AREA ............................................................... 7-1

The Development of iv Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
CHAPTER 8 ATHI CATCHMENT AREA ................................................................................ 8-1
8.4.4 Hydropower Development Plan ............................................................................. 8-10

CHAPTER 9 TANA CATCHMENT AREA ............................................................................... 9-1

CHAPTER 10 EWASO NGIRO NORTH CATCHMENT AREA .......................................... 10-1
10.1 Catchment Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Water Resources and Water Demands .................................................................................. 10-1
10.3 Water Allocation Plan ........................................................................................................... 10-2
10.4 Concepts and Frameworks of Development Plans and Management Plans .......................... 10-2
10.4.1 Water Supply Development Plan ........................................................................... 10-2
10.4.2 Sanitation Development Plan ................................................................................. 10-5
10.4.3 Irrigation Development Plan .................................................................................. 10-7
10.4.4 Hydropower Development Plan ............................................................................. 10-8
10.4.6 Water Resources Management Plan ..................................................................... 10-11

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. v The Development of
10.4.7 Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan ................................................... 10-14
10.4.8 Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................ 10-17

CHAPTER 11 STRATEGY OF INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING .............................. 11-1
11.1 Framework of Water Resources Management ...................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 Objective of Institutional Strengthening for Water Resources
Management ........................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.2 Mission of IWRM .................................................................................................. 11-1
11.1.3 Principles of WRM ................................................................................................ 11-2
11.1.4 Sector Framework of WRM and Policy Measures ................................................. 11-2
11.1.5 Supply Side and Demand Side Water Resources Management ............................. 11-3
11.1.6 Lesson Learned from Experiences in Past Water Sector Reform .......................... 11-5
11.2 Strategy of Institutional Strengthening .................................................................................. 11-5
11.2.1 Progress of Aligning Water Act 2002 with Constitution of Kenya ....................... 11-5
11.2.2 Strategy .................................................................................................................. 11-6
11.2.3 Strategic Actions .................................................................................................... 11-7

CHAPTER 12 BASIC CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ........................................... 12-1
12.1 Evaluation Methodology ....................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2 Basic Assumptions of Economic Analysis ............................................................................ 12-2
12.3 Benefits of Water and Sanitation Projects ............................................................................. 12-3
12.3.1 Benefits for Urban Water Supply Projects ............................................................. 12-3
12.3.2 Benefits of Rural Water Supply Projects ............................................................... 12-3
12.3.3 Benefits of Sewerage Projects ................................................................................ 12-3
12.4 Benefits of Irrigation Projects ............................................................................................... 12-4
12.5 Benefits of Hydropower Projects .......................................................................................... 12-4

List of Tables

Page

Table 2.1.1 Population of 47 Counties .................................................................................... T-1

List of Figures

Page

Figure 1.3.1 Catchment Areas of WRMA ................................................................................ F-1
Figure 1.4.1 Overall Work Schedule of The Project ................................................................. F-2

The Development of vi Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Figure 2.2.1 Administrative and Catchment Boundary Map .................................................... F-3
Figure 4.9.1 Example for Water Use Restriction of the Sameura Dam in the 2005
Drought ................................................................................................................. F-4
Figure 5.4.1 Target of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage System Development in
Lake Victoria North Catchment ........................................................................... F-5
Figure 5.4.2 (1/2) Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 (Tentative) ................................................... F-6
Figure 5.4.2 (2/2) Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Lake
Victoria North Catchment Area (Tentative) ......................................................... F-7
Figure 5.4.3 Proposed Hydropower Development Sites in LVN ............................................. F-8
Figure 5.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in LVN .......................... F-9
Figure 5.4.5 (1/4) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in LVN .................. F-10
Figure 5.4.5 (2/4) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in LVN .................... F-11
Figure 5.4.5 (3/4) Current and Proposed Rainfall Monitoring Network in LVN ............................ F-12
Figure 5.4.5 (4/4) Target Watershed Conservation Areas ............................................................... F-13
Figure 5.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Lake Victoria North
Catchment (Upper: Flood, Lower: Drought) ...................................................... F-14
Figure 5.4.7 Proposed Protected and Reserved Area and Proposed Monitoring
Location in LVN Catchment .............................................................................. F-15
Lake Victoria South Catchment ......................................................................... F-16
Figure 6.4.2 Irrigation Area (withDam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Lake Victoria
South Catchment Area (Tentative) ..................................................................... F-17
Figure 6.4.3 Proposed Hydropower Development Sites in LVS ............................................ F-18
Figure 6.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in LVS ........................ F-19
Figure 6.4.5 (1/3) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in LVS ................... F-20
Figure 6.4.5 (2/3) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in LVS .................... F-21
Figure 6.4.5 (3/3) Current and Proposed Rainfall Monitoring Network in LVS ............................. F-22
Figure 6.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Lake Victoria South
Location in LVS Catchment ............................................................................... F-24
Rift Valley Catchment ........................................................................................ F-25
Figure 7.4.2 Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Rift Valley
Catchment Area (Tentative) ............................................................................... F-26
Figure 7.4.3 Proposed Hydropower Development Sites in RV .............................................. F-27
Figure 7.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in RV .......................... F-28
Figure 7.4.5 (1/3) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in RV ..................... F-29
Figure 7.4.5 (2/3) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in RV ...................... F-30
Figure 7.4.5 (3/3) Current and Proposed Raifall Monitoring Network in RV ................................. F-31

Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. vii The Development of
Figure 7.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Rift Valley Catchment
(Upper: Flood, Lower: Drought) ........................................................................ F-32
Location in RV Catchment ................................................................................. F-33
Athi Catchment ................................................................................................... F-34
Figure 8.4.2 Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Athi
Figure 8.4.3 Proposed Hydropower Development Sites in Athi ............................................. F-36
Figure 8.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in Athi ......................... F-37
Figure 8.4.5 (1/3) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in Athi ................... F-38
Figure 8.4.5 (2/3) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in Athi ..................... F-39
Figure 8.4.5 (3/3) Current and Proposed Rainfall Monitoring Network in Athi ............................. F-40
Figure 8.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Athi Catchment (Upper:
Flood, Lower: Drought) ...................................................................................... F-41
Location in Athi Catchment ............................................................................... F-42
Tana Catchment .................................................................................................. F-43
Figure 9.4.2 Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Tana
Figure 9.4.3 Proposed Hydropower Development Sites in Tana ............................................ F-45
Figure 9.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in Tana ........................ F-46
Figure 9.4.5 (1/3) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in Tana .................. F-47
Figure 9.4.5 (2/3) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in Tana .................... F-48
Figure 9.4.5 (3/3) Current and Proposed Rainfall Monitoring Network in Tana ............................ F-49
Figure 9.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Tana Catchment (Upper:
Flood, Lower: Drought) ...................................................................................... F-50
Location in Tana Catchment .............................................................................. F-51
Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment ......................................................................... F-52
Figure 10.4.2 Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by Sub Catchment in Ewaso
Ngiro North Catchment Area (Tentative) ......................................................... F-53
Figure 10.4.3 Candidate Hydropower Development Sites in ENN .......................................... F-54
Figure 10.4.4 Locations of Candidates of Dams and Water Transfers in ENN ........................ F-55
Figure 10.4.5 (1/3) Current and Proposed Surface Water Monitoring Network in ENN .................. F-56
Figure 10.4.5 (2/3) Current and Proposed Groundwater Monitoring Network in ENN .................... F-57
Figure 10.4.5 (3/3) Current and Proposed Rainfall Monitoring Network in ENN ............................ F-58
Figure 10.4.6 Proposed Disaster Management Plan in the Ewaso Ngiro North

The Development of viii Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Location in ENN Catchment .............................................................................. F-60
Figure 11.1.1 Existing Sector Framework of Water Resources Management in
Kenya (Draft)...................................................................................................... F-61
Figure 11.2.1 Actual Institutional Set-up of Ministry of Water and Irrigation ......................... F-62
Figure 11.2.2 Sector Framework of Water Resources Management in Kenya (Draft) ............. F-63

Progress Report (4) Abbreviations
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. I The Development of

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ASAL : Arid and Semi-arid Land
AWD : Alternate Wetting and Drying
B/C Ratio : Benefit and Cost Ratio
BPS : Budget Policy Statement
BWRBs : Basin Water Resources Boards
CoK 2010 : Constitution of Kenya 2010
CRC : Crisis Response Centre
D/D : Detailed Design
DDMC : District Disaster Management Committee
DOC : Disaster Operation Center
DRSRS : Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing
EIA : Environment Impact Assessment
EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return
EMCA : Environmental Management and Coordination Act
ENN : Ewaso Ngiro North
ENSDA : Ewaso Ngiro South Development Authority
FDFC : Flood Diagnostic and Forecasting Centre
FEWS : Flood Early Warning System
FFWS : Flood Forecasting and Warning System
FMU : Flood Management Unit
GCM : Global Climate Model
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GOK : Government of Kenya
GW : Groundwater
ICPAC : IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre
IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
KEFRI : Kenya Forestry Research Institute
KenGen : Kenya Electric Generating Company
KFS : Kenya Forest Service
KFSSG : Kenya Food Security Steering Group
KIHBS : Kenya Integrated Household Survey
KMD : Kenya Meteorological Department
KMFRI : Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
KNBS : Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
KVDA : Kerio Valley Development Authority
LBDA : Lake Basin Development Authority
LCPDP : Least Cost Power Development Plan
LVN : Lake Victoria North
LVS : Lake Victoria South
MDNKOAL : Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands
MoE : Ministry of Environment
MOEMR : Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
MORDA : Ministry of Regional Development Authority

Abbreviations Progress Report (4)
The Development of II Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
MRDA : Ministry of Regional Development Authorities
MWD : Ministry of Water Development
MWI : Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NCCRS : National Climate Change Response Strategy
NEMA : National Environment Management Authority
NET : National Environmental Tribunal
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
NIB : National Irrigation Board
NPV : Net Present Value
NRW : Non-revenue Water
NWCPC : National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation
NWMP (1992) : National Water Master Plan in 1992
NWMP 2030 : National Water Master Plan 2030
NWP 1999 :
Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999 on National Policy on Water Resources
Management and Development
NWP 2012 : National Water Policy 2012
NWRDP 1999 : Water Resources Management and Development 1999
O&M : Operation and Maintenance
PDMC : Provincial Disaster Management Committee
RBOs : River Basin Organizations
RV : Rift Valley
SCMP : Sub-Catchment Management Plan
SEA : Strategic Environmental Assessment
SHER : Similar Hydrologic Element Response
STI : Science, technology and innovation
SW : Surface Water
T/D : Tender Document
TARDA : Tana & Athi Rivers Development Authority
UN : United Nations
WKCDD& FMP : Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project
WRM : Water Resources Management
WRMA : Water Resources Management Authority
WRRA : Water Resources Regulatory Authority
WRUAs : Water Resources Users Associations
WSC : Water and Sanitation Company
WSI : Water Sector Institution
WSP : Water Service Provider
WSTF : Water Supply Trust Fund
WWF : World Wide Fund for Nature
WWTP : Waste Water Treatment Plant

Progress Report (4) Abbreviations
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. III The Development of

Abbreviations of Measures

Length

mm = millimeter
cm = centimeter
m = meter
km = kilometer

Money

Kshs = Kenya shilling
USD = U.S. dollar

Area

ha = hectare
m
2
= square meter
km
2
= square kilometer
Energy

kcal = Kilocalorie
kW = kilowatt
MW = megawatt
kWh = kilowatt-hour
GWh = gigawatt-hour

Volume

1, lit = liter
m
3
= cubic meter
m
3
/s, cms = cubic meter per second
CM = cubic meter
MCM = million cubic meter
BCM = billion cubic meter
m
3
/d, cmd = cubic meter per day

Others

% = percent
o = degree
' = minute
" = second
C = degree Celsius
cap. = capital
LU = livestock unit
md = man-day
mil. = million
no. = number
pers. = person
mmho = micromho
ppm = parts per million
ppb = parts per billion
lpcd = litter per capita per day

Weight

mg = milligram
g = gram
kg = kilogram
t = ton
MT = metric ton

Time

s = second
hr = hour
d = day
yr = year

Progress Report (4) Introduction
Chapter 1
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. 1 - 1 The Development of
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Aiming to ensure proper development and management of water resources in the country, the
Government of Kenya (GOK) had formulated the National Water Master Plan in 1992 (NWMP
(1992)) under technical assistance of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Since then,
the GOK has been implementing the projects proposed in the NWMP (1992).
After enactment of the Water Act 2002, the GOK has been implementing water sector reform. In the
water resources management sub-sector, Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) was
established in 2003 as a lead agency in the national water resources management. The water
resources management system was changed from administrative basis to catchment basis.
The Kenya Vision 2030 was prepared in 2007 and the countrys new development blueprint was
presented. Water is defined as essential resources to support the development activities planned
under the Vision 2030. In order to achieve the Vision 2030, the proper implementation system and
planning of water resources management are essential to cope with the increasing water demands of
domestic, irrigation, industries, etc. while conserving the catchments sustainably.
The global climate change is becoming a great challenge in Kenya. Recently the drought and flood
risks are considered to be increasing. The GOK has prepared the National Climate Change Response
Strategy (NCCRS). As the water sector is one of the most important sectors to support the
development of the country, the adaptation measures should be carefully considered.
The situation of water sector was much changed as mentioned above. This makes the renewal of
NWMP (1992) necessary.
In response to the official request from the Government of Kenya in July 2008, the Government of
Japan decided to conduct Technical Cooperation (Development Study Program) on the Project for the
Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030 (NWMP 2030) in the Republic of Kenya in
accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in force in Japan.
Accordingly, JICA, the official agency responsible for the implementation of official development
assistance of the Government of Japan, is entrusted to undertake the Project jointly with the Ministry
of Water and Irrigation and in close cooperation with the authorities concerned (hereinafter referred to
as "the Study").
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the Study are:
a) To assess and evaluate availability, reliability, quality, and vulnerability of countrys water
resources up to around 2050 taking into consideration the climate change,
b) To renew the National Water Master Plan towards the year 2030 taking into consideration
the climate change,
Introduction Progress Report (4)
Chapter 1
The Development of 1 - 2 Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
c) To formulate action plan for activities of WRMA up to the year 2022 to strengthen their
capability, and
d) To strengthen capacity of water resources management through transfer of technology.
1.3 Scope of the Study
1.3.1 Study Area
The Study covers the entire area of Kenya. The study area consists of the following six catchments
classified by the NWRMS as shown in Figure 1.3.1.
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
It is noted that figures of the catchment areas mentioned above are those described in the WRMA
Catchment Strategies (2008).
1.3.2 Scope of the Study
The Study is being carried out in accordance with the Scope of Work agreed between the Government
of Kenya and the JICA Mission on April 20, 2010.
The scope of work covers the following items:
a) Collection and Field Survey of Existing Data and Information
b) Analysis and Study
c) Water Balance Analysis
i) Water demand projection by each river basin through:
ii) Water resources potential by each river basin
d) Renewal of the National Water Master Plan toward 2030
i) Making concept of National Water Master Plan through review of existing policies/
strategies
ii) National level
Evaluation of vulnerability of countrys water resources toward 2050
Plan for institutional and organizational strengthening for water resources
management
iii) Each basin
Formation of integrated plan of water resources management and flood
control/disaster management
Support for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) by the Government of Kenya
Action Plan up to 2022
Cost estimate
Progress Report (4) Introduction
Chapter 1
iv) Pilot activities in Tana catchment area
Advice for preparation and improvement of law, regulation, institution, and
organization related to the flood fighting and disaster management in the catchment
Establishment of Catchment Forum and assistance for improvement of the catchment
governance
Assistance for strengthening of hydrological information management
Assistance for operation of water permit database
1.4 Current Progress of the Study
1.4.1 Schedule of the Study
The Study is being carried out in accordance with the schedule shown in Figure 1.4.1 and the total
period of the Study will be thirty-three (33) months.
The Study is staged into two phases and each phase consists of the field works in Kenya and the home
works in Japan.
Phase 1: Basic Study and Evaluation of Vulnerability of Water Resources by Climate Change
Preparatory Works in Japan
First Works in Kenya
First Works in Japan
Phase 2: Formulation of Master Plans and Action Plans
Second Works in Japan
Second Works in Kenya
Third Works in Japan
Third Works in Kenya
Fourth Works in Japan
1.4.2 Current Progress
After the preparatory works in Japan, the first group of JICA Study Team arrived at Nairobi on
October 24, 2010 and commenced the Phase 1 works in Kenya. The first Steering Committee
meeting of the Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030 was held on
October 26, 2010 at MWI. The contents of the draft Inception Report were in principle accepted by
Kenyan side.
The MWI publicly launched the Project on the Development of the National Water Master Plan 2030
in the Seminar on the Climate Change Adaptation and Water Resources Management held on
October 27, 2010, Laico Regency, Nairobi.
The JICA Study Team substantially commenced the Phase 1 works in Kenya immediately after the
Steering Committee meeting. The Phase 1 works include basic study and evaluation of vulnerability
of water resources taking into account climate change.
Introduction Progress Report (4)
Chapter 1
Phase 1 works in Kenya were carried out till the middle of December 2011and the Progress Report (3)
describing the results of the Phase 1 works as of the end of October 2011 except water balance study
and evaluation of water resources potential. Then, the Interim Report compiled all the results of the
Phase 1 works was prepared in March 2012.
Phase 2 works were commenced on April 16, 2012. First work of the Phase 2 was explanation and
discussion on the Interim Report. The Steering Committee Meeting was held on April 30, 2012 and
accepted by Kenyan side with some comments. In addition, two-day workshop on the Interim Report
was held on May 8 and 9, 2012 in order to have comments, opinions and advices by the relevant
organizations and personnel.
Base on these explanations and discussions the JICA Study Team carried out the study on concepts and
frameworks for development and management of the water resources including general direction and
targets for NWMP 2030 formulation, water resources allocation policy, water demand meeting,
institutional strengthening strategy.
This Progress Report (4) describes the results of the above study as of the middle of July 2012.
Progress Report (4) Macro-Frameworks for NWMP 2030
Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2 MACRO-FRAMEWORKS FOR NWMP 2030
2.1 Socio-Economic Framework
2.1.1 Administrative Division
Previously, administrative division comprised provinces, districts, divisions, locations and sub
locations. With the New Constitution, administrative division in Kenya consists of counties, districts,
divisions, locations and sub locations. 47 county governments established under the New Constitution
shall generate revenue and deliver public services such as water and sanitation services to citizens.
The devolution of power to county governments is expected to commence after the general election in
March 2013. Figure 2.2.1 shows new administrative boundary in 6 catchment areas.
According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the urban area was defined as all cities,
municipalities, town councils, urban councils, all district headquarters and all town and trading centres,
with a minimum population of 2,000. This definition applied to the 1989, 1999, and 2009 Census.
With the New Constitution, Urban Areas and Cities Bill 2011 was enacted, and there are two
categories in the urban area, that is; 1) the urban area that includes a municipality and a town, and 2)
cities. The urban area with a population of at least 500,000 residents is classified as a city, while a
municipality comprises of a population more than 250,000, and a town means the urban area with a
population more than 10,000. This new classification is still not fully applied at the time of writing
and in transition period. Since the Kenya Vision 2030 used the previous definition of urban areas by
the KNBS, the Study adopts the previous definition of urban areas.
2.1.2 Population
(1) The 2009 Population and Housing Census
Kenya has been undertaking censuses after every 10 years since 1969. The number of persons
enumerated during the 2009 Population and Housing Census was 38,610,097 representing an increase
of 35% from the 1999 Census at an average rate of 3.0% annually. At national level the growth rate
increased marginally from 2.9 to 3.0% annually in the past 10 years. In the 1999-2009 period,
growth rates have reduced in all provinces except Rift Valley.
Majority of the population still resides in the rural areas. As of the 2009, 67.7% (26,122,722) living
in the rural areas and 32.3% (12,487,375) living in the urban centres.
Table 2.1.1 shows the population of 47 counties in the 2009 Population and Housing Census.
(2) Population Projection
The planning horizon of this study is Year 2030 and further Year 2050 was adopted to evaluate
vulnerability of water resources in Kenya. Therefore the population projection was made for 2030
and 2050.
Macro-Frameworks for NWMP 2030 Progress Report (4)
Chapter 2
The Kenya Vision 2030 presents the future population up to year 2032 using the 1999 Census results
as the base. The figure below was extracted from the Kenya Vision 2030 document and shows the
projected population figures.
19%
Urban population
%
26% 32% 38% 47% 56% 63% 68%
26.6
2022 1999
27.1
2017 2012
22.7
25.3 26.5
2007 2027
22.3
2032
20.2
2030
24.6
Urban population in millions
Rural population in millions
23.1
16.9
5.4
9.0
12.3
38.2
43.4
31.7
28.2
Total Population
Millions
34.3 38.8 43.9 49.7 56.2 60.5 63.6
Urban dwellers
exceed half the
countrys
population and
overtake rural
dwellers

Source: Kenya Vision 2030 A Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya
Note: * Based on projections from 1999 National Census
Population Projection by Kenyan Vision 2030
This study adopted the 2009 Census data as the base. The average population growth rates of the
Vision 2030 are presented below.

Note: Projections for Years 2010 and 2011 utilised Yearly growth rates calculated from Kenyan Vision 2030
Average Population Growth Rates in Kenyan Vision 2030
Projections beyond 2032 are not available in Kenya and very difficult to predict. The population of
2050 under this study was estimated assuming that growth rates will reduce in line with the Vision
2030 projections. The United Nations projects the population of 96.89 million by 2050, which is
indicative figure for this study. The population of 2050 was projected at the average annual growth
rate of 1.94 % indicative of a more developed country with a decrease in birth rates and a reduction in
internal migration rates from rural to urban.
The table below summarizes the national population projected based on the procedure mentioned
above.
Chapter 2
Population Projected
(Unit: million persons)
Year 2009 (Census)* 2010 2030 2050
Area No. % No. % No. % No. %
Urban 12.29 33 13.08 34 46.02 63 61.04 63
Rural 25.12 67 25.45 66 21.81 37 35.85 37
Total 37.50 100 38.53 100 67.84 100 96.89** 100
Source: JICA Study Team
Note: *2009 Census Pop adjusted for eight anomalous Districts
**UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision
2.1.3 Macro Economy
The economy of Kenya has been largely dependent on agriculture and tourism in the past. According
to the 2012 Economic Survey, Kenya continues to recover steadily from the multiple shocks that the
country suffered since 2008, despite the recent high oil and food prices and unfavourable weather
conditions. The World Banks Kenya Economic Update for June 2012 projects a Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) growth rate of 5.0% for 2012, and the government estimates at the same level of 5.2%.
The major economic indices are as shown below.
Economical Statistics
Indices 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011*
GDP (current price- Ksh) (billions) 1,834 2,108 2,367 2,550 2,671
GDP growth (annual %) 7.0 1.5 2.7 5.8 4.4
Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 4.3 16.2 10.5 4.1 14.0
Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) 21.7 22.3 23.5 21.4 24.0
Manufacturing (% of GDP) 10.4 10.8 9.9 9.9 9.4
Electricity and Water Supply 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.4 0.9
Electricity (% of GDP) 0.8 1.5 1.2 0.7 0.2
Water Supply (% of GDP) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
Transport and communication (% of GDP) 10.6 10.3 9.9 10.0 9.7
Growing of crops and horticulture (growth rate %) 2.7 -7.2 -5 7.5 0.0
Electricity (growth rate %) 11.8 6.1 5.2 11.9 -4.5
Water Supply (growth rate %) 1.8 2.9 3.6 3.5 3.2
GDP per capita (US$) 719 774 738 760 774
Balance of trade (Ksh Billion) -330 -426 -443 -537 -805
Source: Economic Survey 2012; Kenya Economic Update June 2012, World Bank
Note: * Provisional
2.1.4 GDP Projection
According to the 2012 Budget Policy Statement (BPS), after a weak performance in 2008 with real
GDP growing at 1.5% down from 7% in 2007, the Kenyan Economy is recovering achieving a peak
GDP of 5.8% in 2010. The paper expects a moderate rate of 5.5% in 2012 with the weaker global
economy and tighter domestic macroeconomic conditions, but in the medium term the economy is
expected to grow up to 6.0 % to accelerate towards the Vision 2030 target in the later years. Given
the growth prospect of BPS and the recent growth trend in East Africa, the target of the Vision 2030 is
expected to achieve in the later period when the key infrastructure development and oil export from
Kenya will be undertaken. The high growth rate of 10% would sustain, as the Vision 2030 projects,
and then the growth rate will decline gradually as the economy becomes mature thereafter. The BPS
GDP medium term projection was subjected to a trend analysis and the results indicate that the data fit
Chapter 2
a polynomial trend which projected that Kenya will gradually achieve the 10% GDP growth by approx.
2020 as shown below.
GDP Growth Rate Projected
Year % Year % Year % Year %
2010 6 2016 8 2021 10 2026 9
2011 5 2017 9 2022 10 2027 9
2012 5 2018 9 2023 10 2028 9
2013 6 2019 9 2024 10 2029 8
2014 6 2020 10 2025 10 2030 8
2015 8
It is not possible to carry out projections for the next 20 years in similar detail as above, due to lack of
long term data and the unpredictable nature of the relevant parameters. For this study it is assumed
that following the implementation of Vision 2030 the Kenyan economy will have reached a level of
relative maturity and with reference to current GDP rates of stable economies a GDP rate of 4% per
year is applied.
2.2 Water Resources
2.2.1 Projection of Future Climates
The future water resources of Kenya were evaluated considering the climate change effect.
Considering the data availability for emission scenarios (A1B) adopted for this study and evaluation of
reproducibility of Kenyan climate characteristics, 11 GCMs were used for the future climate
projection for 2030 and 2050.
According to the multi-model ensemble analysis of 11 GCMs, the increase of the surface air
temperature seems to be unavoidable in the future. The surface temperature will increase around 1C
by 2030 and 2 C by 2050 uniformity from that of the current climate.
The mean annual rainfall and evapotranspiration are expected to increase for 2030 and 2050 as shown
below.
Projection of Future Climates
(Unit: mm/year)
Item 2010 2030 2050
Mean Annual Rainfall 672 742 794
Mean Annual Potential Evapotranspiration 544 608 655
The temporal and spacial distributions of the mean annual rainfall for both 2030 and 2050 are similar
to the current climate. In the long rain season (March-May), the rainfall may increase in the western
highland area and may be unchanged or decrease in the coastal area. In the long dry season
(June-August), the rainfall may be almost unchanged over the country and slightly decrease in the
coastal area.
Chapter 2
From the viewpoint of water resources, the western part of Kenya is expected to be more wetted, while
the eastern part is anticipated to be drier due to increase of potential evapotranspiration.
2.2.2 Renewable Water Resources
Based on the projected future climates the water resources was estimated by using Similar Hydrologic
Element Response (SHER) model which can simulate basin-scale hydrological cycle including river
flow, infiltration, groundwater recharge and interflow.
By the analysis, the renewable water resources, defined to be theoretically maximum usable
freshwater resources which can be estimated by the annual precipitation minus actual annual
evapotranspiration and multiply the difference by the area, were estimated as follows:
Annual Renewable Water Resources and Groundwater Recharge
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2010 2030 2050
Renewable Water Resources
76,610 80,474 83,583
Surface Water 20,637 24,894 26,709
Groundwater Recharge 55,973 55,580 56,874
The renewable surface water and groundwater recharge of each catchment are summarized as below.
Annual Renewable Surface Water Resources by Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment
CA (km
2
)
2010 2030 2050
Rift Valley 130,452 2,457 3,045 3,794
Athi 58,639 1,198 1,334 1,711
Tana 126,026 5,858 7,261 7,383
Total 575,451 20,637 24,894 26,709
As shown in the above table, the renewable water resources in all catchments except Ewaso Ngiro
North Catchment have increase trend. The renewable water resources in Ewaso Ngiro North
Catchment are expected to increase toward 2030, but decrease toward 2050 due to the increase of
potential evapotranspiration. The contradicted trend is seen due to sensitive balance of rainfall
increase and evaporation increase.
Chapter 2
Annual Groundwater Recharge by Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment CA (km
2
) 2010 2030 2050
Rift Valley 130,452 13,935 13,837 13,522
Athi 58,639 3,600 3,575 3,493
Tana 126,026 8,836 8,774 8,574
Total 575,451 55,974 55,580 56,874
As seen in the above table, it is said that the groundwater recharge remains almost unchanged. The
above groundwater recharge is not the groundwater sustainably exploitable (safe yield). It is quite
difficult to estimate the safe yield of groundwater and it is empirically said that the safe yield is around
10% of groundwater recharge. This study also adopted 10% of groundwater recharge as safe yield.
Then, a ground flow analysis was carried out to distribute the safe yield to six catchments. The
estimated safe yield of each catchment is as shown below.
Estimated Safe Yield of Groundwater by Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Catchment
CA (km
2
)
2010 2030 2050
Lake Victoria North 18,374 708 703 720
Lake Victoria South 31,734 874 868 888
Rift Valley 130,452 1,402 1,392 1,425
Athi 58,639 333 330 338
Tana 126,026 879 873 893
Total 575,451 5,597 5,558 5,687
2.3 Present Water Use and Future Water Demand
2.3.1 Basic Conditions
The present water use and future water demand were estimated for those of domestic, industrial,
irrigation, livestock, wildlife and inland fisheries uses. The year 2010 represents the present
condition and the year 2030 is the target year for NWMP 2030.
For the estimation of present water use in 2010, actual water use data are required, but the data
available are not sufficient for estimation, so that the present water demand was estimated based on the
estimated unit water requirement of respective subsectors instead of the present water use.
The water demands of the industrial, livestock, wildlife and inland fisheries uses were projected based
on the latest census information and the projection of population data. The projected population is
38.5 million for 2010 and 67.8 million for 2030 as mentioned in Sub-section 2.1.2. The GDP growth
was projected assuming the GDP growth rates of 5-10% as mentioned in Sub-section 2.1.4.
The domestic water demand comprises residential, institutional and commercial demands. It was
projected based on the provisions of the MWI Design Manual for Water Supply in Kenya, October
Chapter 2
2005. The water supply coverage of 100% was adopted for 2030 based on the target set in the Kenya
Vision 2030. The allowance for water losses was assumed to be 20% by 2030 against 40% in 2010.
The irrigation water demands were calculated based on the irrigation areas, unit water requirements,
and assumed cropping patterns and intensities. The irrigation areas for water demand forecast were
assumed to be 165,800 ha for 2010 including on-going projects, 1.2 million ha for 2030 based on the
Kenya Vision 2030. Irrigation area of 1.2 million is the ambitious target. For the unit water
requirements, the estimation by Irrigation Section of MWD in 1985 was referred and adjusted. The
overall irrigation efficiency was assumed to be 80%. The future crop intensity was assumed to be
130%.
2.3.2 Present and Future Water Demands
Based on the above basic conditions, the water demands of domestic, industrial, irrigation, livestock,
wildlife and inland fisheries were estimated for 2010 and projected for 2030 as shown in the table
below.
Present and Future Water Demands by Sub-sector
(Unit: MCM/year)
Water Demand 2010 2030
Domestic 681 2,556
Industrial 54 250
Irrigation 2,026 7,550
Livestock 351 715
Wildlife 8 8
Fisheries 15 26
Total 3,136 11,105
The water demands of 2010 (present) and 2030 (target year) are distributed to each catchment by
subsector as follows:
Present Water Demands by Catchment in 2010
(Unit: MCM/year)
Lake Victoria North 84 4 16 71 0 3 178
Lake Victoria South 60 4 166 103 2 2 338
Rift Valley 59 4 119 68 3 2 253
Athi 223 39 920 46 2 1 1,231
Tana 231 3 563 48 0 3 848
Total 681 54 2,027 351 8 15 3,136
Future Water Demands by Catchment in 2030
(Unit: MCM/year)
Lake Victoria North 428 19 733 146 0 5 1,331
Lake Victoria South 472 20 1,505 212 2 5 2,216
Rift Valley 259 17 459 137 3 2 877
Athi 899 179 754 91 2 4 1,929
Tana 297 14 3,987 105 0 5 4,408
Total 2,556 250 7,550 714 8 26 11,105
Progress Report (4) National Water Policy and Development Targets
Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3 NATIONAL WATER POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT TARGETS
3.1 National Water Policy
The National Water Policy was made in 1999 as Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999 on National Policy on
Water Resources Management and Development (NWP 1999) and it is currently under revision to
align with the new Constitution of Kenya as National Water Policy 2012 (NWP 2012).
According to the draft of National Water Policy 2012 (March 2012), the following policy objectives
are stated.
1) Water Resources Management
To ensure a comprehensive framework for promoting optimal, sustainable, and
equitable development and use of water resources for livelihoods of Kenyans
2) Provision of Water Services
To progressively achieve universal rights to water supply and sanitation for all by 2030
in the rural and urban areas
3) Water for Production
To promote sustainable availability of water for production purposes for attainment of
national cultural and socio-economic development aspirations
4) Institutional Framework
The institutional structure in the water sector is contributing to overcome persistent
sector challenges and is adjusted in line with the new Water Act in 2014
To ensure that the sector is operating in a coordinated and a harmonized approach that
supports a high level of development effectiveness and sound communication
5) Financing Arrangements
Sector financing is aligned to national policy objectives, ensures effectiveness of funds
and is accounted for within a monitoring, evaluation and reporting framework
6) Cross Cutting Issues
All WSIs use updated databases and monitoring and evaluation system with a defined
quality and report annually to the public on performance and impact
To move towards gender equality in WSIs, integrate the concerns of the youth and offer
a significant contribution in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
All WSIs and WSPs to document good governance practices according to standards set
by the sector regulators
The policy objectives includes several policy statements. Among the policy statements, the
following shows the concrete strategies which are important for formulation of NWMP 2030.
1) Water Resources Management
Enhance storm water management and rainwater harvesting
Enhance inter-basin water transfer in Kenya as a strategic intervention for optimized
used of water resources
Enhance pollution control
National Water Policy and Development Targets Progress Report (4)
Chapter 3
Improve effluent waters treatment and recycle for use
Ensure sustainable groundwater resources for present and future generations
Develop a water management system which contributes to the protection of the
environment
2) Provision of Water Services
Ensure access to water and sanitation according to rights
Improved performance of water services providers
Increased potential for bulk water supply
Improve management of sewer systems and sludge management as substantial
contribution to public health
3) Water for Production
Improve freshwater supplies for economic and social growth
Gradually increase irrigated land for crop agriculture
Gradually enhance access to water for livestock production
Promote efficient water use and innovative management of water for industrial
production
Ensure the establishment of protected areas crucial for water storage, biodiversity /
wildlife
Increase hydropower generation capacity
3.2 Kenya Vision 2030 and Development Targets
Kenya Vision 2030 is the countrys new development blueprint covering the period 2008 to 2030. It
aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrialising, middle-income country providing a high
quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030.
The Vision is based on three pillars: the economic, the social and the political. The economic pillar
aims to achieve an average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 10% per annum beginning
in 2012. The social pillar seeks to build a just and cohesive society with social equity in a clean and
secure environment. The political pillar aims to realise a democratic political system, and protects the
rights and freedoms of every individual in Kenyan society.
The economic, social and political pillars of Kenya Vision 2030 are anchored on;
1) Macroeconomic stability for long-term development,
2) Continuity in governance reforms,
3) Enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor,
4) Infrastructure,
5) Energy,
6) Science, technology and innovation (STI),
7) Land reform,
8) Human resources development,
9) Security, and
Progress Report (4) National Water Policy and Development Targets
Chapter 3
10) Public services.
The national development targets on the water sector in the Vision 2030 are as follows:
1) Water and sanitation; to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and
accessible to all.
2) Agriculture; utilization of a million hectares of currently uncultivated land, and new
cultivation of up to 1.2 million hectares of newly-opened lands.
3) Environment; to be a nation that has a clean, secure and sustainable environment by 2030.
Under the Vision 2030, more concrete targets are proposed as flagship projects for 2008 2012 for
water and sanitation as follows:
a) Rehabilitate the hydro-metrological network and rehabilitate 600 stations;
b) Construct 2 multi-purpose dams with storage capacity of 2.4 billion m
3
along rivers Nzoia
and Nyando;
c) Construct 22 medium-sized multi-purpose dams with a total capacity of 2 billion m3 to
supply water for domestic, livestock and irrigation use in the arid and semi-arid areas;
c) Construct a 54 km canal from Tana River to Garissa (The Rahole Canal);
d) Rehabilitate and expand the Mzima pipeline which will supply water in all the coastal towns
in support of tourism;
e) Rehabilitate and expand urban water supply and sanitation in the key satellite towns
identified under the economic pillar.;
f) Construct the Tana Delta Project and;
g) Rehabilitate and expand the major irrigation schemes (Bura, Hola, Kano Plains, Nzoia,
Perkera, Kerio Valley, Mwea, Taita Taveta, Ewaso Ngiro North and Ngurumani).
These projects will be taking into account after confirming their situations.
Progress Report (4) Overall Concept and Framework by Sub Sector
Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4 OVERALL CONCEPT AND FRAMEWORK BY SUB SECTOR
4.1 Objective and Components of the NWMP 2030
The objective of NWMP 2030 is to present a framework for water resources development and
management consistent with the countrys social and economic development activities.
The NWMP 2030 will consist of the following nine component plans which cover the relevant
development plans, management plans and institutional plan. The plans 1) 8) will be prepared for
each catchment of WRMAs six catchments which are water resources management units, and the plan
9) will be considered at national level.
Development Plans
1) Water Supply Development Plan
2) Sanitation Development Plan
3) Irrigation Development Plan
4) Hydropower Development Plan
5) Water Resources Development Plan
Management Plans
6) Water Resources Management Plan
7) Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
8) Environmental Management Plan
Institutional Plan
9) Institutional Strengthening Plan
Six catchments of WRMA are as follows and shown in Figure 4.1.1.
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
4.2 Approaches to the Study
Taking into account the background of this study and current situation of the water sector mentioned
before, the following approaches to the Study are applied for formulation of the NWMP 2030.
(1) Renewal of the Existing National Water Master Plan
The situation of the water sector has been substantially changed after formulation of the existing
National Water Master Plan in 1992 (NWMP 1992). They are increasing of water demands resulting
from population growth and economic development, water scarcity due to water demand increase,
Overall Concept and Framework by Sub Sector Progress Report (4)
Chapter 4
degrading of the environment such as deforestation and water pollution, impacts of climate change,
water sector reform, Kenyan Vision 2030, etc. Under such circumstances, renewal of the NWMP
(1992) was taken up.
The NWMP 2030 will be prepared based on the NWMP (1992) with reflecting current situation of the
water sector in order to keep consistency between both plans.
(2) Planning on a Catchment Basis
Based on Water Act 2002, Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) was established in 2003
and the water resources management framework was substantially changed from administrative to
catchment basis. In order to adapt to the new management system, the NWMP 2030 will be prepared
by catchment for the following six catchments of WRMA.
More than 50% of the renewable water resources in Kenya are classified as transboundary water.
The GOK drafted a Transboundary Water Policy in 2011 to manage and utilize the shared water
resources sustainably without losing sight of equity and obligation not to cause significant harm to the
sharing partners.
As there are no international protocol and treaty so far, it is not possible to consider the transboundary
water in the present study. The NWMP 2030 therefore will be formulated on condition that the
renewable water resources in the territory of Kenya are usable to meet the water demands of the
catchments concerned.
(3) Consideration of Climate Change Effect on Water Resources
It is said that frequencies of floods and droughts are recently increasing in Kenya due to the global
climate change. For the reliable planning of water resources development and management, it will
be necessary to know the effect on the water resources by future climate change.
The water resources development and management plans under the NWMP 2030 will be formulated
based on the ensemble mean values of the climates projected for 2030. The plans of relevant
subsectors also will take the climate change effect into consideration.
(4) Consistency with Existing Policies and Strategies
After enactment of Water Act 2002, a number of policies, strategies and plans were prepared as listed
including those under preparation and revision. The latest and effective documents will be referred
to for formulation of the NWMP 2030 to keep principal directions of policies and strategies concerned
as far as possible.
(5) Integrated Approach
The present NWP 1999 and the draft NWP 2012 emphasize the need to adopt the integrated water
resources management (IWRM) concept for sustainable water resources development and
management. The IWRM concept which aims at the coordination among stakeholders should be
adopted to minimize the current and future water conflicts and to solve the various cross-sectoral
issues for the sustainable development and management of the water resources.
Chapter 4
4.3 Water Supply Development Plan
4.3.1 Basic Condition
(1) Goal of Water Service Level by 2030
The Kenya Vision 2030 states, the 2030 vision for water and sanitation is to ensure that improved
water and sanitation are available and accessible to all. Based on the policy of the Kenya Vision
2030, Water Service Strategic Plan, 2009 prepared by the MWI, the targets on water supply in Kenya
by 2030 are as follows:
1) Increase coverage of improved water supply to 100% (safety water supply: 100%)
2) Increase coverage of piped water supply by registered WSPs to 100%
3) Increase unit water supply amount to suitable level for all population
4) Decrease Non-revenue Water (NRW) to 20%
The water supply development plan in the NWMP 2030 aims to meet the above target.
(2) Coverage of Water Supply
As for the current situation, based on Census 2009 data, the population and ratio of water connection
to each drinking water source were stimulated as shown below:
Current Situation of Drinking Water Source Connection, 2010
Drinking Water
Source/
Evaluation
Piped by WSP Spring/ well/
borehole
Water vendor Stream, lake,
pond, others

Total
Improved
Source
Improved and
Un-improved
Un-improved
Source
Un-improved
Source
Urban Population 6.61
(52.9%)
3.05
(24.4%)
1.66
(13.3%)
1.16
(9.3%)
12.5
(100%)
Rural Population 4.15
(15.9%)
11.30
(43.3%)
0.60
(2.3%)
10.05
(38.5%)
26.1
(100%)

Total
10.76
(27.9%)
14.35
(37.2%)
2.26
(5.9%)
11.21
(29.0%)
38.6
(100%)
Source: JICA Study Team, based on data of Census 2009
To achieve the goal described above, the target water connection in 2030 was set as below:
Target Condition of Drinking Water Source Connection, 2030
Drinking Water
Source/
Evaluation
Piped by WSP Spring/ well/
borehole
pond, others

Total
Improved
Source
Improved and
Un-improved
Un-improved
Source
Un-improved
Source
(100.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
44.3
(100%)
(10.0%)
20.1
(90.0%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
22.3
(100%)

Total
46.5
(69.9%)
20.1
(30.1%)
0
(0.0%)
0
(0.0%)
66.6
(100%)
Remark: Large part of population in Kenya are expected to have one and alternative water sources. For example, even if
people connect piped water supply system, the people will still use private well and/or rainfall harvest tank.
Chapter 4

Development Plan of Water Supply System
(3) Unit Water Consumption
According to A Performance Report of Kenyas Water Service Sector Issue No 4, 2011, the current
unit water consumption in urban water supply system is estimated as below:
Average Water Consumption in Urban Water Supply
(Unit: l/p/day)
WSP Nairobi Mombasa Kisumu Nakuru Eldoret National
Average
Average Water
Consumption
(except for NRW)

57

27

15

29

75

36

Source: JICA Study Team, based on Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011
According to the design manual in Kenya (Practical Manual, 2005), the design unit water consumption
is as follows:
Design Unit Water Consumption in Kenya
Category Design Unit Water
Consumption (l/p/day)
Urban
Population
High Income 200
Middle Income 120
Low Income
Individual connection
Non-individual connection

60
30
Rural
Population
Individual connection
Non-individual connection
40-60
10-20
Source: Practical Manual, 2005
Service Population
(million persons)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1 2
2030 2010
Piped Water Supply
30 % 64%
Borehole/Spring/Well
36 % 36%
Unsuitable
Sources
Chapter 4
(4) Non-revenue Water (NRW)
According to A Performance Report of Kenyas Water Service Sector Issue No 4, 2011, the current
situation of NRW in urban water supply system is estimated as below:
Non Revenue Water Ratio, 2010
WSP Nairobi Mombasa Kisumu Nakuru Eldoret National
Average
NRW
42%

35%

50%

53%

25%

45%
Source: JICA Study Team, based on Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011
The national target of NRW is set at 20%.
4.3.2 Overall Concept and Framework for Planning
Based on the basic conditions and targets mentioned before, the water supply development plan will
be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
(1) Measures to increase the coverage of improved water supply to 100%
a) In the Study, the water supply system for future development is considered as a combination
of three types of water supply system: 1) Urban Water Supply System (UWSS), which is a
piped water supply system for urban population and to be managed by registered WSP, 2)
Large Scale Rural Water Supply System, which is a piped water supply system for rural
population and also to be managed by registered WSP, and 3) Small Scale Water Supply
System (SSWSS), which is for rural population and to be managed by individual,
community or institution.
b) The 27.1% of population in Kenya, which is equivalent to 10.6 million of residents, get
water from streams, lakes, ponds without proper treatment, which are categorized as
Unimproved drinking water source (refer to above table). It is required to provide
improved water source, such as piped water supply and well/ spring protected properly, for
the residents.
c) Around 6.6% of the population, which is equivalent to 2.6 million of residents, get water
from water vendors, which are registered and considered as Unimproved drinking water
source (refer to above table). Water business by unregistered water vendor shall be
forbidden. Water supply from Water Kiosk using water piped by registered WSPs is
categorized as piped by WSP.
d) Around 35.9% of the population get water from springs, wells and boreholes. Some
percentages of them are protected and managed properly, and categorized as Improved
drinking water source, and the remainings are not. (The percentage has not been clear)
Unprotected springs, wells and borehole shall be improved.
e) According to Kenya Vision 2030, the population of Kenya will be increased by 28.0 million
from 2010 to 2030, and the urban population will be increased by 31.8 million. (the rural
population will be decreased) It is required to provide improved water source for these
increased population.
Chapter 4
(2) Measures to increase coverage of piped water supply by registered WSPs to 100%
a) Total water supply capacity of current registered Water Service Providers (WSPs) is 930,000
m
3
/day for 9.17 million of service population. In order to supply water for 49.3 million
service population, which includes 100% of urban population and 10% of rural population,
around 6,780,000 m
3
/day of capacity is required for registered WSPs
(3) Measures to increase unit water supply amount to suitable level for all population
a) Considering availability of water source and current water supply condition in the catchment
area, planning units of water demand are tentatively set as below:
Unit Water Consumption for Planning
Category Unit Water Consumption
1) Urban Water Supply (Nairobi/Mombasa and surrounding areas) 92 L/p/d
2) Urban Water Supply (Other area) 75 L/p/d
3) Large Scale Rural Water Supply 58 L/p/d
4) Small Scale Rural (Arid area) 25 L/p/d
5) Small Scale Rural (Others) 43 L/p/d
They are established as below:
Estimation of Unit Water Consumption
Category Design Amount
(l/p/day)
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Urban
Population
High Income 200 6% 5% - - -
Middle Income 120 50% 30% - - -
Low Income
Individual C.
Non-individual C.

60
30

22%
22%

30%
35%

-
-

-
-

-
-
Rural
Population
Individual C.
Non-individual C.
40-60
10-20
-
-
90%
10%
50%
50%
20%
80%
Unit Water Consumption (l/p/day) 92 75 58 43 25
(4) Measures to decrease Non-revenue Water (NRW) to 20%
a) Reduction of leakage water and installation of suitable water meter are key measures for
reduction of NRW ratio. As for the existing water supply system, it takes long time and
huge efforts to achieve the target on the NRW reduction. However, for new development
area, it is relatively easy to establish water supply system to keep low NRW ratio.
4.4 Sanitation Development Plan
According to Water Service Strategic Plan, 2009 (MWI) and Kenya Vision 2030, the goals of
sanitation service for 2030 are as below:
1) Increase coverage of improved sanitation to 95% (100%)
2) Increase coverage of sewerage system to 80% for urban population and 30% for rural
population
Chapter 4
Based on the Census 2010 data, the current situation of the sanitation in Kenya is estimated as below:
Current Situation of Sanitation in 2010
Sanitation/
Evaluation
Sewerage Septic Tank, Pit
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)

Total
Improved
sanitation
Improved and
Un-improved
Un-improved
sanitation
(18%)
8.9
(70%)
1.4
(12%)
12.5
(100%)
(0%)
20.7
(79%)
5.4
(21%)
26.1
(100%)
Total 2.3
(7%)
29.4
(76%)
6.9
(17%)
38.6
(100%)
As for sewerage for rural population, it is assumed as small scale/ community basis system, so that it is
categorized as a kind of septic tank. To achieve to the goal, the numerical target on connection of
each sanitation is set as below:
Target of Sanitation Condition, 2010
Sanitation/
Evaluation
Sewerage Septic Tank, Pit
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)

Total
Improved
sanitation
Improved and
Un-improved
Un-improved
sanitation
(80%)
8.9
(20%)
0
(0%)
44.3
(100%)
Rural Population 0
(0%)
22.3
(100%)
0
(0%)
22.3
(100%)
Total 42.1
(63%)
24.5
(37%)
0
(0%)
66.6
(100%)

Development Plan of Sanitation System
Service Population
(million persons)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1 2
2030 2010
Sewerage
7 % 63%
On-site Treatment
76 % 37%
No Treatment
Chapter 4
Based on the basic conditions and targets mentioned before, the sanitation development plan will be
formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
(1) Measures to increase coverage of improved sanitation to 100%
a) Around 17.0 % of the population, which is equivalent to 6.6 million of the population, dont
use wastewater treatment facility. It is required to provide improved sanitation facilities,
such as suitable designed septic tanks, pit latrine, cesspool and sewerage for the population.
b) Around 75.6 % of the population use on-site treatment facilities, such as septic tanks, pit
latrine, cesspool, etc. Some percentages of the facilities are not suitable, and categorized as
Un-improved sanitation (The percentage has not been clear). Un-suitable on-site
facilities shall be improved.
(2) Measures to increase coverage of sewerage system to 80% for urban population and 30% for rural
population
a) In order to achieve the target of sewerage service population (35.4 million) in urban area, 87
urban centres are proposed for the target of sewerage system development as shown below:
(The target urban centres are selected in descending order.)
Target Urban Centres for Sewerage Development, 2010
Catchment Target Urban Centre for Sewerage Development
Lake Victoria North (15) ELDORET, KITALE, KAKAMEGA, KAPSABET, VIHIGA, MUMIAS, KIMILILI,
BUNGOMA, BUSIA, LUANDA, LONDIANI, WEBUYE, BONDO, SIAYA,
MALABA
Lake Victoria South
(17)
KlSUMU, KERICHO, BOMET, KISII, AWASI, RONGO, HOMABAY, MIGORI,
SUNEKA, KIPKELION, NYAMIRA, KEROKA, AHERO, OYUGIS, MUHORONI,
KEHANCHA, AWENDO
Rift Valley (12) NAKURU, NAIVASHA, GILGIL, MOLO, NJORO, OL KALOU, LODWAR,
ITEM/TAMBACH, NAROK, KAKUMA, KAPENGURIA, KABARNET
Athi (23) NAIROBI, RUIRU, KIKUYU, KANGUNDD-TALA, MACHAKOS, NGONG,
MAVOKO, THlKA, KARURI, KIAMBU, KITENGElA, LIMURU, MTWAPA,
JUJA, ONGATA RONGAI, MAKUYU, WANGURU, KWALE, MOMBASA,
MALINDI, UKUNDA, KILIFI, WUNDANYI
Tana (11) NYERI, GARISSA, KITUI, EMBU, MERU, MATUU, CHUKA, MURANGA,
CHOGORIA, MARAGUA, LAMU
Ewaso Ngiro North (9) MANDERA, WAJIR, ISIOLO, NANYUKI, NYAHURURU, MOYALE, RHAMU,
ELWAK, TAKABA
b) In order to achieve the target of sewerage system, around 6,370,000 m
3
/day of treatment
capacity is required. The current capacity of existing sewerage system is estimated at
around 352,000 m
3
/day, and existing development plans propose new sewerage system with
401,000 m
3
/day of the capacity, so that additional 5,617,000 m
3
/day of the capacities is
required.
Chapter 4
4.5 Irrigation Development Plan
In Kenya irrigation development has been stagnated for long time compared with its development
potential. Especially for recent 20 years. The reason of low progress of irrigation development may be
as follows.
1) In Kenya the government budget allocated to the irrigation sector has been limited.
2) Government agencies concerned to irrigation development is many such as Ministry of
Water and Irrigation, National Irrigation Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of
Regional Development, Regional Development Authority, President Office, County
Government, etc). The limited government budget have allocated to many agencies and
finally the budgets for irrigation development and rehabilitation/restoration have become
almost nil.
3) The Kenyan government issued a policy to give a power on irrigation management to the
Ministry of Water and Irrigation in 2003. However all other agencies concerned to irrigation
have never been release changed power and right on irrigation development until now.
4) In 1993 the World Bank issued a new policy for irrigation development so as to shift from
hard (development) to soft (management) and provision of budget for irrigation
development was stopped. Other donors have also followed the World Bank policy. This has
caused the difficulty for Kenya to get international support for irrigation development from
1993 to mid 2000s.
However since 2008, the situation has much improved reflecting the situation below:
1) In 2007, the Kenyan government has issued the new development policy called Vision
2030 and development priority was given to irrigation sector in this plan.
2) Owing to the new policy, government budget allocated to irrigation sector has increased
much after 2008. Then many planning, feasibility study and detailed design works have been
implemented actively now.
3) In 2003, the World Bank had issued a report on Water Sector Strategy and changed his
policy on irrigation sector so as to give priority to physical development as well as water
management. Owing to this policy change, the World Bank had started to provide financial
support for irrigation development actively.
4.5.2 General Concept and Framework for Planning
In NWMP the irrigation development plan will be formulated with a concept of efficient utilization of
limited water resources and maximization of water productivity in order to realize the target set in the
Vision 2030 to reach 1.2 million ha in 2030. General concept and framework for planning on irrigation
development would be as follows:
1) To set a target to introduce water saving methods for irrigation fully so as to minimize water
demand in the future and to increase water productivity for crop cultivation.
2) To realize the above, new strategy should be set, namely (a) introduction of water saving
method shall be the conditionality for new irrigation development, and (b) water users for
irrigation will be encouraged by providing an incentive of water charge reduction when they
introduce water saving methods.
Chapter 4
3) To clarify the maximum irrigable area by natural river follow (without storage facilities) by
sub catchment as a base for irrigation development planning.
4) To take up all proposed large irrigation projects with storage facilities (dam, etc) and to give
higher implementation priority after evaluation.
5) To take up all small scale irrigation schemes proposed by MWI and County to give higher
implementation priority after evaluation.
6) To promote implementation of private irrigation schemes through realization of the
sector.
7) To promote construction of ponds (100,000-500,000 tons of net storage capacity) for small
scale irrigation scheme and private irrigation scheme where possible.
8) To promote implementation of water harvesting methods for small irrigation where surface
water and groundwater sources are not available.
Proposed procedure for screening, evaluation and priority ranking for implementation would be as
follows:
Screening at initial State
1. Soundness from a viewpoint of available water resources and land resources.
2. Feasibility of proposed plan.
3. Possibility of environmental and social problems.
Priority for Implementation
Priority No.1 On-going projects
Priority No.2 Rehabilitation and extension projects
Priority No.3 Feasible project having EIRR more than 12%
Priority No.4 Feasible project having EIRR less than 12%
Priority No.5 Groundwater irrigation schemes
4.6 Hydropower Development Plan
KenGen and other power sector related organizations prepare Least Cost Power Development Plan
(LCPDP) in every year in March to indicate power development plan for the next 20 years. On the
other hand, as there has not been adequate study conducted for hydropower development since 1991,
there are less candidate hydropower projects to be considered for the national power development plan.
A new National Energy Policy (Draft) was published in May 2012. In the draft policy, there are
some items related to hydropower development mentioned such as:
as for the countermeasure for climate change it is required to maintain the ratio of hydropower
generation in the energy mixture in an appropriate level; and
from the point of effective use of limited water resources, future hydropower projects should
be developed as multipurpose type development.
Chapter 4
In addition to above two items, some other items such as:
Establishment of inter-ministerial coordination committee to coordinate conflicts among
different water users; and
Establishment of a fund for hydrological risk mitigation.
In the future, more impending demand and supply balance will be expected, and more coordination
with other water users and more efficient water use will be required. With such situations, it will
become more important to promote water resources development and use of the water for hydropower
generation by multipurpose dam development schemes.
As mentioned above, as countermeasures against the future climate change, the government directs to
decrease dependency on hydropower generation to keep the ratio of hydropower generation at
appropriate levels in the energy mixture. Therefore, as shown in the figure below in LCPDP
2011-2031, it is planned that the current generation output from hydropower will be kept at the same
level toward 2031.
In the master plan, in case any prospective hydropower development locations, especially hydropower
components of multipurpose dam are identified, such schemes will be taken into the hydropower
development plan in the master plan to promote the required study or actions for the next step.
In general, the ratio of hydropower generation in the energy mixture will decrease in the future.

Legend: Wind: Wind Power, Hydro: Hydropower, Coal: Coal fired, Geot: Geothermal, GT: Gasturbine,
Cogn: Gogeneration, Import: Imported electricity, MSD: Medium Speed Diesel, Nucl: Nuclear Power
Source: LCPDP2011-2031
Power Development Plan by Type of Energy
Under the conditions mentioned as above, hydropower development plan will be formulated with the
following principles:
Chapter 4
(i) Formulate a plan based on the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP)
(ii) Promote efficient use of water by focusing at hydropower components of multipurpose dam
development schemes for water resources development, and by considering integrated
operation of the dam with other water users such as water supply and irrigation.
(iii) Consider new hydropower development sites of KenGen and other private developers.
4.7 Water Resources Development Plan
Future water demands will increase due to increase in population and economic activities. On the
other hand, available water resources will be affected by the climate change. The water resources
development plan in the Study needs to be formulated in order to attain the equitable allocation of the
limited and climate affected water resources to the various water users and to identify the water
resources infrastructures required to be developed. The target year of the plan formulation was set to
be 2030 as stated in Chapter 1.
The total surface and ground water resources for the year 2030 were estimated averaging 2021-2040
hydrological series and incorporating the future climate change as presented in Chapter 2, and are
summarized below for the respective catchment areas.
Surface and Ground Water Resources Projected for 2030
Water Resources for 2030 (MCM/year)
Catchment
Area
Area (km
2
)*
2
Surface Water Groundwater
(Safe Yield)
Total
LVN*
1
18,374 4,969 704 5,673
LVS 31,734 5,749 868 6,617
RV 130,452 3,045 1,392 4,437
Athi 58,639 1,334 330 1,664
Tana 126,026 7,261 873 8,134
ENN 210,226 2,536 1,391 3,927
Total 575,451 24,894 5,558 30,452
Notes: *
1
LVN=Lake Victoria North, LVS=Lake Victoria South, RV=Rift Valley, ENN=Ewaso Ngiro North
*
2
Areas indicated in WRMA Catchment Area Management Strategy, 2009
The water demands for the year 2030 were projected on the basis of the assumed growth of population
and economic activities such as irrigation area increase and industrial growth stipulated in the Kenya
Vision 2030, which are discussed in Chapter 2, and are summarized below for the respective
catchment areas.
Water Demands Projected for 2030
Catchment
Area
Water Demands for 2030 (MCM/year)
Domestic Industrial Irrigation Livestock Wildlife Fishery Total
LVN 428 19 733 146 0 5 1,331
LVS 472 20 1,505 212 2 5 2,216
RV 259 17 459 137 3 2 877
Athi 899 179 754 91 2 4 1,929
Tana 297 14 3,987 105 0 5 4,408
ENN 201 1 112 24 1 5 344
Total 2,556 250 7,550 715 8 26 11,105
Chapter 4
The total projected water demands of 11,105 MCM/year in 2030 amount to approximately four times
of the present water demands of 3,136 MCM/year due to increase in mainly population and irrigation
areas. To compare the water demands with the water resources described above, it is said that Athi
Catchment Area is the most critical area in terms of a ratio of the demands to the resources, although
other catchment areas have the ratios between 10 and 44%.
The MWIs National Water Resources Management Strategy 2010-2016 (April 2012) includes the
national water harvesting and storage policy, of which the objectives encompass to provide a
framework for expansion of infrastructure for national water storage capacity from the current 124
MCM to 4.5 BCM to ensure an increase in per capita storage from 5.3 CM to 16 CM over the next ten
years.
Considering the current situation and needs of the water resources development sub-sector as stated in
the preceding Section, the following general planning concepts are conceived in formulating the water
resources development plans:
(1) Plans to meet the 2030 water demands with equitable water allocation
The target of the water resources development plans is to meet the water demands projected for the
year of 2030 including domestic, industrial, irrigation and livestock demands. The 2030 water
demands are to be allocated equitably among the water sub-sectors.
The water demands for the wildlife and inland fishery are not to be considered in formulating the
water resources development plans, because (i) the wildlife water can be supplied from the river
maintenance flow (reserve), and (ii) activities of the inland fishery are extended over the existing lakes
and reservoirs and no substantial amount of additional water is desired.
(2) Plans to include water demand management
The water resources development plans include the plans for water resources infrastructures
development to meet the 2030 water demands. Since the 2030 water demands are projected to
increase by three times of the present one, however the water resources are finite and the infrastructure
developments require substantial funds, a policy of the water demand management was introduced to
the 2030 demands estimate in order to save the water consumption as stated in Chapter 2.
(3) Plans to reflect the effect of climate change
The result of the projection for 2030 water resources reflecting the effect of climate change shows the
facts that (i) the spatial distribution will be almost unchanged compared with the present situation, but
the northern part of both the Rift Valley and Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area will be drier, and (ii)
as to the seasonal variation, more water resources will be expected in the rainy season and less water
resources in the long dry season (June to August) in most of the country as stated in Chapter 2. The
projected 2030 water resources are applied for the water resources development plans to make them
more realistic.
Chapter 4
(4) Plans to apply the reliability of water supply
The water resources development plans are to be formulated by setting the reliability of water supply
to the water sub-sectors. The reliability of one in 10 years probability for the domestic, industrial and
livestock water uses, and one in 5 years probability for the irrigation water use is applied for the
planning, following the reliability set for the NWMP (1992) and experiences of plan formulation in
other countries.
(5) Plans to allocate the water resources to demands
The basic ideas to allocate the water resources to the water sub-sector are as follows:
a) To supply the domestic and industrial water, the surface water (including the dams and
water harvesting measures) is to be allocated first, which is generally cheap in
development cost. The groundwater will be allocated where sufficient surface water is
not available, available surface water is located far from the demand, and/or the water
demand is not substantial.
b) To supply the irrigation water, the surface water (including the dams and water harvesting
measures) is almost the sole water resource because of the large amount of the demand.
However, the groundwater is also to be used for the small scale irrigation schemes or
schemes with drip irrigation system.
c) To supply the livestock water, both of surface water (mainly from water harvesting
measures particularly small dams/ water pans) and groundwater are to be allocated.
(6) Plans to consist of effective water resources infrastructures
As the water resources infrastructures to be incorporated into the water resources development plans,
dams, water transfers, boreholes, and water harvesting measures (small dams/ water pans, sand/
sub-surface dams, roof catchment, rock catchment, etc.) are to be planned. Their expected functions
and some remarks in planning are as follows:
1) Dams: The dams are to be planned to supply rather large demands such as domestic,
industrial and irrigation water demands. The dams are as far as possible to be
multi-purpose including the flood control function to utilize the limited resources
efficiently.
2) Water transfers: The water transfers are to be planned where both of the surface and
ground water are not available and these are viable technically and economically, and
environmentally friendly. The inter-basin water transfer, in particular, may need a
decision of implementation at a national level.
3) Boreholes: The groundwater usage through boreholes is to be planned where the surface
water is not available and the demand is rather small such as domestic, industrial and
livestock water demands. Artificial groundwater recharge may be introduced where it
seems to be effective.
4) Water harvesting measures: The water harvesting measures are to be planned for rural
Chapter 4
domestic, irrigation and livestock water demands. Rehabilitation of the small dams and
water pans will be proposed.
(7) Plans for respective WRMA catchment areas
The water resources development plans are to be prepared for the respective WRMA catchment areas
to accord the development plans with the water resources management mandated by WRMA. The
water demands and water resources are to be balanced within each of the respective catchments in
principle. If an inter-basin water transfer is required, it will be decided from the national interest.
(8) Plans to take the environmental aspects into account
The water resources development plans to be formulated are to be the ones to minimize the
environmental and social impacts induced by the development activities.
4.7.3 Water Balance Study
(1) Methodology of Water Balance Study
The water balance study is required in order to assess the magnitude of water resources shortage by
subtracting the future water demands from the resources and to quantify the water resources volumes
required to be developed.
The water balance study was carried out for 20 years from 2021 to 2040 between the surface and
ground water resources projected for the 20 years reflecting the expected climate change and the
projected water demands for the year of 2030 for each of six WRMA catchment areas.
The procedure of the water balance study adopted in the Study is as follows:
1) Setting percentages of the water resources allocation, i.e. surface and ground water, to
supply for each of urban/ rural domestic, industrial, irrigation and livestock water
demands, to achieve an effective combination of the water resources,
2) Dividing the surface water amount for urban/ rural domestic, industrial, irrigation and
livestock water uses in proportion to the respective demands, in order to attain an
equitable allocation of the surface water among the demands.
3) Balancing the surface water resources and surface water demand for urban/ rural domestic,
industrial, irrigation and livestock water uses to assess the surface water deficits and
identify the required water resources development infrastructures.
(2) Conditions of Water Balance Study
The water balance study was conducted on the following conditions:
1) Surface and Ground Water Resources and Water Demands for the Year 2030
The projected surface and ground water resources for 2030 (which are the average of the
projected resources from 2021 to 2040) presented in Sub-Section 4.7.1 were used for the water
balance study for the respective catchment areas.
Chapter 4
The water demands of 2030 used for the water balance study are also as presented in
Sub-Section 4.7.1.
Monthly mean values of the water resources and demands were applied for the water balance
study.
2) Percentages of Water Resources Allocation
The percentages of the water resources were set in principle as follows considering
distribution of the water demands and available water, and the economical usage of the water
resources:
Percentages of Water Resources Allocation by Sub-Sector
(Unit: %)
Water Sources Domestic,
Urban
Domestic,
Rural (large)
Domestic,
Rural (small)
Industrial Irrigation Livestock
Surface Water 95 50 0 50 100 50
Groundwater 5 50 100 50 0 50
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
3) Model of Water Balance Study
The model for the water balance study was developed for each of six catchment areas, which
were further subdivided into total 204 sub-basins as the minimum units for the balance study
as tabulated below.
The Number of Sub-Basins
Catchment Area Area (km
2
) No. of Sub-basins
LVN 18,374 39
LVS 31,734 31
RV 130,452 35
Athi 58,639 33
Tana 126,026 39
ENN 210,226 27
Total 575,451 204
Calculations of the water balance between the water resources and demands were carried out
for each of the sub-basins.
The water resources structures such as dams and water transfers, which are existing or under
construction were incorporated into the model.
4) Reserve
An amount of the reserve consisting of the ecological need and basic human needs was
determined as the 95% value of the daily flow duration curve for each river in accordance with
WRMA Guidelines for Water Allocation, 2010.
Chapter 4
5) Return Flow
No return flow was considered in the water balance study for domestic, industrial, irrigation
and livestock uses taking into account the process of water consumption. On the other hand,
the return flow rate of 100% was assumed for the hydropower use since the hydropower
generation did not consume any water.
6) Irrigation Water Requirement
Unit irrigation water demand by month (m
3
/s/1,000 ha) is estimated by sub basin assuming
introduction of water saving methods to meet water shortage in Kenya. Irrigation efficiency is
assumed at 60% for furrow irrigation, 75% for sprinkler irrigation, 90% for drip irrigation and
65% for paddy irrigation with water saving method (AWD: alternate wetting and drying).
Overall irrigation efficiency in 2030 was assumed to be 80%. Furthermore, cropping intensity
was assumed to be 130%.
The above basic conditions will be subject to change according to the water balance
calculation.
4.8 Water Resources Management Plan
The objective of Water Resources Management Plan is to manage, regulate and conserve all water
resources in an effective and efficient manner by involving the stakeholders, guaranteeing sustained
access to water and equitable allocation of water while ensuring environmental sustainability.
Water Resources Management Plan is broadly defined as two aspects of (i) organizational and
institutional, and (ii) management. In the master plan, organizational and institutional aspects are
covered by Institutional Strengthening Plan, and management aspects are covered by Water Resources
Management Plan.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is in charge of water resources management.
According to WRMA regional offices, problems and issues in water resources management are listed
as follows:
a) Lack of water resources monitoring networks for management
b) Water scarcity variability
c) Water Pollution
d) Catchment degradation
e) Enforcement of Water Resources Management Rules 2007
f) Climate change impacts
To achieve the objectives of water resources management considering above problems and issues, two
major aspects of (i) Water Resources Quantity and (ii) Water Resources Quality management are
important.
Chapter 4
To manage Water Resources Quantity, the first step is to grasp the current status of water resources.
To grasp the current status, establishment of hydro-meteorological network is important, which
enables observation of water resources quantity in the catchment. Observed data is stored and used
to evaluate the water resources in the catchment and to know the accurate water resources quantity in
the catchment. With the accurate data of water resources quantity, adequate issuance of water
permits for water use will become possible. Further, through adequate management of issued water
permits, adequate management of water resources quantity will become possible.
To manage Water Resources Quality, it is important to establish monitoring networks to monitor and
maintain the water quality. In Kenya, water quality monitoring is conducted by WRMA, while
effluent discharge permit is issued from National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). It
is necessary for both organization of WRMA and NEMA to closely coordinate to police the pollution
sources, improve and maintain the water quality.
Water Resources Management Rules 2007 stipulates procedures for application and issuance of water
permits and standards for effluent discharge. It is important to enforce the rule.
As for countermeasures for climate change, it is important to establish rules for water use during
drought and to consider water saving for water use.
Catchment degradation especially degradation caused by deforestation of water conservation forest is
a big issue. Catchment conservation activities are necessary to maintain or improve water holding
capacity of the catchment that contributes to maintenance or increase of available water resources.
Under the conditions mentioned as above, water resources management plan will be formulated
aiming at establishing sustainable management cycle as depicted as below, namely (i) water quantity
and quality monitoring, (ii) assessment of water resources, and (iii) water permit issuance and permit
status control. In addition, (iv) appropriate measures for watershed conservation should be
considered.

Water Resources Management Cycle
Chapter 4
(1) Monitoring
WRMA periodically observes surface and groundwater resources in its six regional offices. For
example, water levels are observed, once a day for surface water and once a month for groundwater,
river discharge is observed once a month, and water quality for both surface and groundwater once a
month. Observed data is kept in each regional office or sub regional office and stored in the
database.
For surface water monitoring, WRMA targets to observe 220 locations all over Kenya. In reality, due
to restrictions on budget and human resources, only 154 locations (70% against the target) is observed.
For groundwater monitoring, WRMA targets to observe 202 locations, while actual observation is in
92 locations (46% against the target). Water quality is observed at the same locations as surface
water and groundwater monitoring stations. Rainfall is also monitored with target of 301 locations
however 216 locations (68% against the target) is observed in reality.
The current monitoring system was established under the current organization of WRMA from the
view points of numbers of stored data for individual monitoring stations, necessity for continued
monitoring at relevant stations, available budget and human resources. Therefore the target numbers
for monitoring stations are judged to be of optimized ones. However, in reality, due to lack of budget
and human resources, damage of measurement equipment caused by deterioration or vandalism, and
lack of restoration budget for the damaged equipment, some stations have become non operational.
Numbers of required monitoring stations should be reviewed based on the current target number and in
due consideration of future water use.
Observed data is stored in the database in regional offices as well as sent to WRMA headquarter.
Stored data is used for evaluation of water resources. It can be said that monitoring system is
basically established.
Taking into account of the current monitoring situations above, reviews will be made on current
monitoring systems of surface water, groundwater, water quality and rainfall. In particular, number
of locations for monitoring and frequency of monitoring will be reviewed, and necessary
recommendations will be provided from the view point of adequate evaluation of the water resources
in the catchment with due consideration on future water use.
(2) Evaluation of Water Resources
Observed data of surface and groundwater are stored in the database of WRMA which are to be used
for evaluation of water resources in the catchment. However, in reality, the stored data is hardly used
for evaluation. There is no concrete system established for evaluation of water resources.
In this connection, it is necessary to establish a system to evaluate water resources in the catchment
based on observed data of water quantity and quality. Basic ideas of establishment of water
resources evaluation system are as follows:
a) By assigning experts on hydrology in each regional office to establish a system to evaluate
and grasp the latest water resources amount from observed surface water, groundwater and
rainfall data, data on water permit issuance, and estimated water resource potential amount.
Chapter 4
b) By establishing water quality test laboratory and by assignment of water quality experts in
each regional office to establish a system to manage water quality for both surface and
groundwater.
(3) Water Permit Issuance and Management
Water permits are issued and managed by WRMA in its regional offices. According to WRMA
Performance Report (2009), water permit application, authorization, and issuance status are
summarized as follows:
Current Situations of Water Permits
Region
Applications Authorizations Permits Valid Permits
No.
Vol.
(Mm
3
/
day)
No.
Vol.
(Mm
3
/d
ay)
No.
Vol.
(Mm
3
/day)
No.
Vol.
(Mm
3
/day)
%
Lake
Victoria
North
SW 919 - 432 0.161 269 0.868 180 0.308
71
GW 878 - 540 0.007 140 0.005 110 0.005
Lake
Victoria
South
SW 1,790 - 1,303 5.138 283 2.632 227 2.160
82
GW 1,361 - 1,326 0.018 35 0.002 34 0.002
Rif t Valley
SW 252 - 663 0.168 503 1.752 162 1.625
42
GW 389 - 1,390 0.134 183 0.116 124 0.110
Athi
SW 2,999 - 2,751 - 470 0.202 199 0.134
40
GW 7,449 - 5,895 - 571 0.028 217 0.010
Tana
SW 6,434 - 3,436 1.631 1,622 2.204 239 0.213
17
GW 1,710 - 1,057 0.039 145 0.015 68 0.013
Ewaso
Ngiro North
SW 1,566 - 1,031 1.195 201 0.309 38 0.093
28
GW 1,421 - 871 0.044 31 0.007 28 0.005
Total
SW 13,960 - 9,616 8.293 3,348 7.967 1,045 4.533
37
GW 13,208 - 11,079 0.242 1,105 0.173 581 0.145
Annual
Total
SW 2.91 BCM/yr 1.65 BCM/yr
GW 0.06 BCM/yr 0.05 BCM/yr
Total 2.97 1.70

Source: WRMA Performance Report 1(July 2010)
As seen in the table above, ratio of effective permits is as low as 37%, which means that the latest
accurate amount of water abstraction is not known. To cope with the expected more severe water
shortage, it is prerequisite to appropriate issuance of water permits and their management is
prerequisite for water resources management activities as well as evaluation of water resources.
As for water permits, based on Water Act 2002 Section 8(1) (a), WRMA established a Water
Allocation Guideline in March 2010 as a guideline for water allocation plan formulation. The
guideline defines, based on a flow duration curve, Flood Flow as the discharge that exceeds 80%
discharge, Normal Flow as the discharge that is between 80% and 95% discharge, and Reserve as
the discharge that is less than 95% discharge. The guideline advises to allocate Normal Flow to
domestic water supply water permits and Flood Flow to irrigation water use permits.
Chapter 4
Q95
Q80
Reserve
Normal
Flow
Flood
Flow
80 95
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
Percentage

Flow Duration Curve
However, so far there is no observation point that defines Flood Flow, Normal Flow and Reserve. In
reality, water permits are issued based on Water Allocation Threshold for Water Permit
Classification which was prepared in October 2007.
Taking above situations into consideration, basic approaches for water permit issuance and
management improvement will be as follows:
a) Management of the latest version of issued water permits (actual usage of issued water
permits)
b) Provision of values for Flood Flow, Normal Flow and Reserve in the standard observation
points based on flow duration curves stipulated in Water Allocation Guideline.
(4) Watershed Conservation
Against a vast territorial area of Kenya, sources of rivers depend mainly on five water towers of:
Mount Kenya; Mau Forest; Cherangani Hills; Aberdares Forest; and Mount Elgon. Forest area in
Kenya is in a decrease trend since 1990. It is estimated that about 30% of forest area disappeared in
20 years (based on satellite image analysis by JICA Study Team). Decrease of areas of five water
towers gives adverse effects to water resources, therefore, from the view point of water resources
management, it is necessary to restore such decreased forest areas.
On the other hand, in the arid or semi-arid areas in Rift Valley, Athi, and Ewaso Ngiro North, due to
increased use of small water sources such as springs, decrease of vegetation and degradation of water
quality in the surrounding areas are becoming major issues that needs countermeasures.
In the areas around the Lake Victoria, in the catchments of Lake Victoria North and Lake Victoria
South, due to large scale logging in the forest, there are significant issues of soil erosion in the
mountain areas, soil intrusion in reservoirs and irrigation facilities and flooding caused by outflows of
soil that also needs countermeasures.
Considering above situation, in the master plan, watershed conservation plan will be formulated in the
following three aspects:
a) Restoration of forest areas in five water towers;
Chapter 4
b) Restoration of vegetation around small water sources; and
c) Countermeasures against soil outflow caused by deforestation.
4.9 Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
(1) Current Situation of Flood Management
Flood management system has not been established adequately from its historical background that
flood disasters have been less emphasized compared to the countrys severe drought disasters. A
responsible organization for flood management has not been clear legally. Currently MWI, WRMA,
KMD, DOC, NWCPC, each DDMC, etc. are involved in flood management. In recent years, the
Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Unit under MWI and Flood Management Unit (FMU)
under WRMA were established in 2009 and in 2010, however they have not been fulfilling their roles
as governing bodies yet.
Out of 5 priority projects proposed in NWMP (1992), only river improvement works in the Nzoia and
Nyando Rivers have been implemented by NWCPC. However, these implementation works are not
in a systematic manner, but they are conducted as finance becomes available.
Flood early warning system, which is considered useful for reducing flood damages, has not been
established except for an installation in the Nzoia River basin as a pilot project. In the current
management system, WRMA regional offices give a flood warning based on their past experiences and
disseminate the warning to the public through DDMC, etc., however such information is not reached
to the public in most cases. One of the key issues regarding evacuation activities has been sharing
information among the concerned organizations and providing information to the public.
(2) Current Situation of Drought Management
Drought management system has been generally established since the government has focused on
drought disasters for a long time. As a drought crisis response system in terms of food, water, energy,
etc., Kenya Food Security Steering Group (KFSSG) and Crisis Response Centre (CRC) have been
organized. MWI is one of member organizations of KFSSG.
In the arid and semi-arid land districts, comprehensive drought management systems including early
forecasting and warning, drought assessment, non-structural measures such as effective rainwater use,
groundwater harvesting, public relation activities, etc. have been developed through ALRMP II
primarily by MDNKOAL in cooperation with MWI. The drought early warning for every ASAL
district is determined based on the result of long-term rainfall forecast issued by KMD.
In times of drought, WRMA adjust water provision by restricting water intake with a priority order of
domestic, agriculture, industry and others. However, there are some issues in this system. That is,
water resources are taken illegally when it is restricted or large water intake associations such as
irrigation operators are outside the jurisdiction of WRMAs water restriction. In addition, although
both long-term rainfall forecasting system and drought early warning system have been established
and operated by KMD and MDNKOAL, respectively, those results have not been utilized effectively
Chapter 4
for WRMAs adjustment of water provision because cooperation systems between WRMA and KMD
or MDNKOAL are not sufficiently performed. The flow and image of existing systems is summarized
in the figure below:

Source: Interview with MDNKOAL, Drought Early Warning Bulletin (January 2011, West Pokot District), and
The Outlook for the June-July-August (JJA) 2012 Period (Issue Date: June 4, 2012)
Images of Existing Rainfall Forecast System and Drought Early Warning System
(1) Goal
Among various natural disasters, the NWMP2030 deals with water-related disaster, namely flood and
drought, focusing on the pre-disaster stage. The goal is to minimize human and economic damages
due to floods and drought.
(2) General Concept and Framework for Flood Disaster Management Plan
Flood disaster management plan shall be developed in accordance with the following principles:
1) It is essential to formulate integrated flood management plan by combining structural and
non-structural measures comprehensively. A whole-basin strategy for flood risk management
can be summarized as follows:
Step 1 Protection using structures: Strategically protecting urban
and densely-populated areas and critical facilities using
levees and other structures
For critical areas:
Step 2 No settlement: Integrating the no settlement policy into
development regulations and regional development
programs, and constructing flood-proof buildings only with
adequate evacuation arrangements.
For other areas:
Step 3 Community-based disaster management and crisis
management: Establishing a crisis management framework For unavoidable inundation:
ICPAC
Provides rainfall forecasting in
African region as a long-term
prediction of 10-day, 1-month
and 3-month.
KMD
Downscales the ICPACs
result and utilize for domestic
rainfall forecasting of 4-day,
7-day, 1-month and 3-month.
MDNKOAL
Determine monthly warning
stages for every ASAL
districts with 4 stages,
namely Normal, Alert, Alarm
and Emergency by livelihood
zone types.

District
Distribute warning information
to the public.
Livelihood Zone Warning Stage Trend
Agro pastoral Alert Worsening
Mixed farming Normal Stable
Pastoralist Alert Worsening
District Alert Worsening

Rainfall Outlook
Chapter 4
where communities build their disaster management capacity
and local governments and NGOs support them.
2) The plan shall include both new construction and rehabilitation of flood control structures
such as dyke, river improvement works, retarding basin, multipurpose dam, etc.
3) The plan shall include new introduction and improvement of non-structural measures such
as flood forecasting and warning system, evacuation plan, flood fighting plan, land use
regulation, etc. in consideration of community-based disaster management.
4) Target areas for flood disaster management plan are 21 basins/areas, which were identified
through Flood Mitigation Strategy (MWI, June 2009), NWCPC Strategic Plan 2010-2015,
and NWMP (1992), as summarized in the table below:
Target Area for Flood Disaster Management Plan
Catchment Area Proposed Examination Area
Lake Victoria North 1. Yala Swamp
Lake Victoria South 2. Kano Plain, 3. Sondu Rivermouth, 4. Kuja Rivermouth, 5. Kisumu
Rift Valley 6. Middle/Lower Turkwel, 7. Lower Kerio, 8. Nakuru, 9. Narok, 10. Mogotio
Athi 11. Downmost Athi, 12. Lumi Rivermouth, 13. Nairobi City, 14. Kwale, 15. Mombasa
Tana 16. Lower Tana, 17. Ijara
Ewaso Ngiro North 18. Middle/Lower Ewaso Ngiro North, 19. Wajir, 20. Mandera, 21. Isiolo
(3) General Concept and Framework for Drought Disaster Management Plan
Drought disaster management plan shall be developed in accordance with the following principles:
1) It is essential to effectively utilize the existing both long-term rainfall forecasting system and
drought early warning system, which and operated by KMD and MDNKOAL, respectively,
for WRMAs water use restriction system.
2) The plan shall include formulation of an appropriate river water use restriction system by
improving the existing WRMAs restriction rule.
3) The plan shall include recommendation of a reservoir water use restriction system for the
proposed dams to be constructed in the future.
The basic ideas for river water use restriction are as follows:
a) To clearly understand a timing of actions for water use restriction, several river gauge
stations shall be selected from the major stations, including newly proposed stations, in each
catchment as a control point.
b) Three steps of reference water level, namely Normal, Alert and Alarm, shall be set for each
control point. According to the Guidelines for Water Allocation (WRMA, 2010) and the
Water Resources Management Rules (WRMA, 2007), Normal Flow is defined as any flow
that is less than the Q80 flow value and Reserve Flow shall not be less than Q95 flow value.
In consideration of these definitions, the reference water levels shall be designed as Q80,
Q90 and Q95 for Normal, Alert and Alarm, respectively.
c) Drought Conciliation Councils shall be summoned to discuss actions to be taken when river
water level is expected to become lower than Normal level.
Chapter 4
d) Once river water level reach to Alert level, water use restriction shall be started. River
water level shall not be lowered than Alarm level by adjusting controlled intake volume.
e) In order to enable early actions based on the existing drought forecasting and early warning
system, coordination system between KMD and WRMA regional offices shall be developed.
A method to determine reduction rate in water intake among water users in times of drought shall be
basically adjusted in the following manner:
a) Based on current water level of rivers and lakes that are under the jurisdiction of WRMA,
water level shall be forecasted by considering future weather forecast. Then necessary
reduction rate in water intake for whole basins will be determined.
b) Based on the above a), reduction rate shall be determined for the respective intended
purposes such as domestic water supply, industry, agriculture, etc. considering possible
water saving volume for each purpose. At this time, it is essential to consider priority order
that has been conventionally stipulated in Kenya.
c) While referring to the actual data on reduction rates during the past drought, the final
reduction rate shall be determined.
The image of determination method for reduction rate in river water use restriction at a certain gauge
station is illustrated as the figure below. In the sample case below, maximum utilizable discharge
during Alert stage is estimated at 22.3 m
3
/s of the balance between Q
90%
and Q
95%
. In order to reduce
water intake to maintain 95% discharge continuously, discharge of 9.6 m
3
/s should be restricted. The
pattern I shows the same reduction rates for the all purposes. Meanwhile, the pattern II and III show
different rates for the respective purposes in consideration of priority order. Although only 3 kinds of
pattern are indicated below, the reduction rate for each purpose will be determined by consultation
among relevant water users.

Image of Determination Method for Reduction Rate in River Water Use Restriction
Chapter 4
In addition, as the institutional framework for effective and fair implementation of water restriction, it
is recommended to set up the following institutional arrangement:
a) In order to create a consultation mechanism, Regional Drought Conciliation Councils shall
be established consisting of relevant bodies and relevant organizations at the respective
catchment.
b) All the water users including irrigation water users shall be registered as a member of
WRUA.
c) In times of water use restriction, a conflict between water users is likely to occur. To
resolve such conflicts involving water resources, a specialized court shall be established.
The court is assumed to be like the National Environmental Tribunal (NET)
1
that plays the
role of formal courts in environmental dispute settlement and also provides legal opinion to
NEMA on complex matters where the Authority seeks such advice.
NWMP 2030 will propose construction of various scales of reservoirs including large dam, small dam,
water pan, underground dam, etc. as described in the chapter for water resources development.
Essentially, water use restriction system is much more effective if it is applied to reservoir water
compared to river water from the view point of future utilization of saved water.
Figure 4.9.1 provides an example of reservoir water use restriction system of the Sameura Dam, the
Yoshino River in Japan.
4.10 Environmental Management Plan
Kenya has various natural environmental resources such as forests, grasslands, wetlands, coral reefs
and mangroves among others and a biodiversity supported by the natural resources. These natural
environmental resources are very important in global terms and have brought large benefit to Kenya.
However, the ecosystem depends on the national parks and reserves gazetted for wildlife conservation
which account for only eight per cent of the land area (4,403,595 ha). Management of the natural
environmental resources for wildlife habitat and ecosystem and management of surrounding areas are
significant challenges. It was reported that number of large wildlife such as black rhinoceros, lion,
etc. was decreased by 60-70% from 1977 and also the number of wildlife is decreasing by 3% annually.
The urgent actions should be taken. Despite the situation, a comprehensive environmental policy and
environmental management plan are absent. Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
(MOEMR) understands necessity of the environmental management plan including water resources
issues.
Kenya Vision 2030 proposes to implement two environmental flagship projects for 2008-2012. They
are; i) Securing wildlife corridors and migratory routes and ii) Rehabilitation and protection of

1
NET was established under Section 125 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1999. NET
reviews administrative decisions made by NEMA relating to issuance, revocation or denial of license and conditions of
license. The Tribunal consists of five members: a Chairman, appointed by the Judicial Service Commission; two lawyers,
one nominated by the law society of Kenya and the other appointed by the Minister for Environment and Natural Resources;
and two persons, appointed by the Minister, with competence in environmental conservation.
Chapter 4
indigenous forests in the Five Water Towers. It is important to manage the water resources related to
the natural environmental resources for environmental conservation.
Water resources of river, lake, wetlands, water conservation forest, etc. are important natural
environmental resources and also they are habitats and water source for wildlife. The natural
environmental resources are being degraded with expansion of human settlement by rapid population
growth, illegal logging/cultivation, climate change, etc.
Based on the above-mentioned conditions, the environmental management plan of NWMP 2030 aims
to monitor the impacts on the environment including social aspect by water resources development
and management and protect the environment.
The general concept and framework for planning are as mentioned below:
1) Monitoring of natural environment related to water resource and management and regulation
based on the monitoring results,
2) Assured implementation of environmental impact assessment to all water resource
development, and
3) Activities related to environmental management in state level.
The concept 1) aims to properly regulate the water resources development and use by monitoring the
natural environmental resources to be protected or reserved objects in each catchment. The natural
environmental resources to be protected or reserved are ecosystems of lakes, rivers (include river
mouths), wetlands and water conservation forests.
The concept 2) aims to monitor implementation of EIA/SEA system under Environmental
Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) for the water resources development projects to be
proposed in the NWMP 2030.
The concept 3) aims to propose activities and plans at national level required for the future proper
environmental management. They will be as follows:
a) Preparation of national environmental database for all the relevant Ministries
b) Establishment of legal system for conservation of natural environmental resources related to
water resources,
c) Strengthening of organizations such as water quality inspection section in WRMA and water
quality section in NEMA,
d) Proposal of study plan for establishment of environmental flow in the rivers for which the
water resource development is expected, and
e) Introduction of environmental education program for elementary and secondary education
level.

Progress Report (4) Lake Victoria North Catchment Area
Chapter 5
CHAPTER 5 LAKE VICTORIA NORTH CATCHMENT AREA
5.1 Catchment Characteristics
Lake Victoria North (LVN) Catchment Area is located at the western part of Kenya, and surrounded by
Mt. Elgon (4,321 m) in the north and Cherengani Hills in the east. The LVN Catchment borders on
Uganda in the west and Lake Victoria in the south-west. Total area is 19,012 km
2
which is 3.3% of
area of Kenya. According to the Census 2009, population in the catchment is 7.23 million, or about
19% of the total population of Kenya. Population density is as high as 380 persons/km
2
.
Major cities/towns in the LVN Catchment are: Eldoret, Kakamega, Kitale, Bungoma, Kapenguria,
Busia, Siaya, Vihiga and Kapsabet.
The LVN Catchment includes whole area of Busia, Bungoma, and Kakamega counties, the large part
of Siaya, Vihiga, Nandi, Uasin Gishu, and Trans-Nzoia counties, and small part of Elgiyo Marakwet
and West Pokot counties.
The whole area lies in the highland of more than 1,000 m above sea level. Major rivers are Nzoia,
Yala, Malaba, Malikisi, and Sio rivers. Nzoia River is a representative river with a drainage area of
12,853 km
2
that covers about 2/3 of the LVN Catchment. Yala River flows in the southern part of the
LVN Catchment to the west and pours into the Lake Victoria. The drainage area is 3,259 km
2
which
is 17% of the LVN Catchment. Sio River flows along the border with Uganda into the Lake Victoria.
Malaba and Malikisi rivers flow across the border with Uganda. Total drainage area of these three
international rivers is 2,301 km
2
which is 12% of the LVN Catchment.
As for crops in the LVN Catchment, maize is widely grown in the whole area, cassava, cotton,
sorghum and millet in the downstream areas, banana, beans, wheat, sugar and coffee in the middle to
upper areas. Sisal is grown in the south-eastern part of Mt. Elgon.
Eldoret is the largest city in the LVN Catchment with many kinds of industries such as agricultural
equipment, brewing and beverages, food processing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, leather, textiles,
timber and timber products, light engineering etc. Food processing and light engineering in Kitale
and paper industry in Webuye are also famous.
5.2 Water Resources and Water Demands
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the LVN Catchment for 2030
are presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 4,969
Groundwater (Safe Yield) 703
Total 5,672
Lake Victoria North Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 5
The water demands in 2030 of the LVN Catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
428 19 379 146 0 5 977
5.3 Water Allocation Plan
The water balance study was carried out for the Lake Victoria North (LVN) Catchment Area in
accordance with the methodologies and conditions stated in Sub-Section 4.7.3.
Results of the water balance study are shown below as the water allocation plan and in Sub-Section
5.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the LVN Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the LVN Catchment is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Sub-Sector Water Demand (2030) Water Resources Allocation
Industrial 19 9 10
Livestock 146 74 72
Total 1,326 976 350
5.4 Concepts and Frameworks of Development Plans and Management Plans
5.4.1 Water Supply Development Plan
(1) Current Situation of Water Supply Development
The table below shows the current population in 2010 and population projected for 2030 for Lake
Victoria North Catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be increased by 5.43 million
and the rural population will be decreased by 0.81 million.
Population Projected for Lake Victoria North Catchment
(Unit: million person)
Year Urban population Rural Population Total
2010 1.49 5.57 7.06
2030 6.92 4.76 11.68
Based on the 2009 Census data, the current situation of water connection in the catchment was
estimated below:
Chapter 5
Current Situation of Water Connection in Lake Victoria North in 2010
Type Piped by WSPs Spring/ well/
borehole
pond, others
Urban 31.2% 52.8% 3.2% 12.8%
Rural 5.0% 69.8% 0.4% 24.8%
Total 11.3% 65.7% 1.1% 21.9%
The water from un-registered Water Vendor (1.1%) and water from stream, lake, pond without proper
treatment (21.9%) are categorized as unimproved drinking water source. It is estimated that around
23% (1.1%+21.9%) of the population in the catchment connect such unimproved drinking water
source.
It is estimated that 66% of the population get water from springs, wells or boreholes. Un-protected
well and spring are also categorized as Unimproved Drinking Water Source. The ratio of
unprotected ones has not been cleared.
The water supply system managed by registered WSPs covers 405,000 service population, which is
equivalent to 11% of the population in the catchment. The table below shows five urban WSPs and
three rural WSPs, of which total water supply capacity is 54,000 m
3
/day.
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Lake Victoria North Catchment
WSP Service Towns/Areas
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Eldoret WSC Eldoret 220,198 36,400
Nzola WSC Kitale, Kapolet, Kimilili, Kamtiong', Webuye, Bungoma, Matisi,
Malakhisi, Malaba, Kocholia
129,798 27,200
Western WSC Kakamega, Mumias, Busia, Nambale 25,080
Amatsi WSC Maseno, Mbale, Kaimosi, Vihiga 25,767 6,350
Kapsabet Nandi WSC Kapsabet 1,584 3,800
Sibo WSC Yala, Sega, Ugunja, Ukwala, Siaya, Mauna, Bondo, Asembo bay,
South Sakwa-Bondo
52,590 10,704
Kapenguria WSC Kapenguria 18,281 2,043
[Rural]
Uasin Gishu District Sosiani, Sigowet, Mosombor 17,116 1,299
Lugari District Lugari 5,512 164
Trans Zoia District Kitale 5,046 66
Total 475,892 113,106
Source: Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011
(2) Concept and Frameworks of the Plan
Based on the basic conditions and targets mentioned before, the water supply development plan in the
Lake Victoria North Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
a) In order to supply water to 100% of the population and 10% of the rural population in the
catchment, through registered WSP, it is required to develop urban water and rural water supply
system, which have total capacity of 1,095,000 m
3
/day. The current water supply capacity of
Chapter 5
registered WSPs in the catchment is estimated at 54,000 m
3
/day, so that additional 1,041,000
m
3
/day of the capacity shall be developed.
b) Above water supply system shall supply water for the people who currently use Un-improved
Drinking Water Source (water from unregistered water vendor and surface water without proper
treatment) also.
c) Unprotected springs, wells and boreholes shall be improved. First of all, number and situation of
unprotected water sources shall be confirmed through investigation
As for water source of the domestic water supply in the catchment, it is considered that 95% of urban
water supply systems depends on surface water source.
Large amount of surface water source and groundwater source are available in the Lake Victoria North
Catchment. Considering potential of water sources in the catchment and characteristics of each water
supply system, it is considered that each water supply system depends on the following ratios on
surface water source and groundwater source as shown in table below:
Target Ratio of Surface Water and Groundwater Uses in Lake Victoria North Catchment

System
Piped by WSPs Spring/ Well/
Borehole
(Groundwater)
Water vendor Stream, Lake,
Pond, Others
(Surface Water)
Surface water Groundwater Both sources
Urban Water Supply System 95% 5% --- --- ---
Large Scale Water Supply System 50% 50% --- --- ---
Small Scale Water Supply System --- --- 100% --- ---
(3) Tentative Proposed Plan
There are 30 major urban centres, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Lake Victoria
North. It is proposed that the urban population of those 30 urban centres would be covered by urban
water supply system, and other urban population and rural population in the surrounding area will be
covered by large scale rural water supply system.
The proposed development capacity of each water supply system in 2030 is shown in the below table.
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Lake Victoria North
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
6.92

0.48

4.28

11.68

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m3/day)
824,000

84,000

250,000

1,159,000

Operation Body Registered
WSP
Registered
WSP
Individual,
Community,
Institution

Target Towns/ Area 30 Major
Urban Centres
10
Counties
10
Counties

Chapter 5
Out of total population (11.68 million) in the catchment area, the above 7.4 million of population are
proposed to connect to piped water supply systems, which will be managed by registered WSPs.
Required capacity of piped water supply system (urban water supply system and rural water supply
system) is 908,000 m
3
/day. The current water supply capacity is 143,000 m
3
/day, and the capacity
under construction is around 70,000 m
3
/day, so that additional capacity of 695,000 m
3
/day is required
by 2030.
The table below shows required water supply capacities in 2030, and current water supply capacities
for major urban centres in the Lake Victoria North Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure
5.4.1.
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities for Major Urban Centres in Lake
Victoria North Catchment
Urban Centre
Population Forecast, 2030 Required
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
1 ELDORET 1,026,141 0 1,026,141 117,288 36400 11800
2 KITALE 522,121 0 522,121 59,678 10000 1800
3 KAKAMEGA 451,223 0 451,223 51,575 16000 15000
4 KAPSABET 426,810 3,614 430,424 49,117 3800 0
5 VIHIGA 420,896 0 420,896 48,108 60 0
6 MUMIAS 354,554 13,997 368,551 41,814 1680 1200
7 KIMILILI 336,611 0 336,611 38,475 3200 1200
8 BUNGOMA 274,698 21,618 296,316 33,388 7000 0
9 BUSIA 255,591 8,323 263,913 29,980 7400 0
10 LUANDA 242,634 0 242,634 27,733
11 LONDIANI 212,178 1,540 213,718 24,394 300
12 WEBUYE 203,288 20,465 223,754 25,120 7,000
13 BONDO 164,562 4,921 169,484 19,263 1,125
20,000 14 SIAYA 111,055 19,466 130,521 14,486 2,100
15 YALA 31,528 23,285 54,813 5,748 2,400
16 KAPENGURIA 167,404 32,004 199,408 22,081 2,496
17 MALABA 105,602 35,779 141,382 15,365
18 MALAKISI 83,997 21,119 105,116 11,545
19 MOI'S BRIDGE 71,769 6,471 78,240 8,799
20 CHWELE 70,441 4,394 74,835 8,456 1200
21 BUTERE 68,897 0 68,897 7,875
22 KIMININI 58,930 0 58,930 6,736
23 USENGE 57,494 4,826 62,320 7,016
24 LUMAKANDA 54,402 0 54,402 6,218 1200
25 UGUNJA 35,609 22,774 58,383 6,167 385 0
26 PORT VICTORIA 32,260 12,945 45,205 4,879
27 UKWALA 25,504 44,369 69,874 7,000 360 0
28 NAMBALE 24,295 25,474 49,769 5,122
29 BURNT FOREST 24,216 23,704 47,920 4,950 0
30 MALAVA 20,012 48,531 68,543 6,756
Others 1,065,655 192,866 11,400 14,528
Total 5,934,726 7,400,000 908,000 113,106 67,928
Chapter 5
5.4.2 Sanitation Development Plan
(1) Current Situation of Sanitation Development
Based on 2009 Census data, the Study Team estimated the current situation of sanitation use in the
catchment as shown below:
Current Situation of Sanitation in Lake Victoria South North catchment
Type Sewerage Septic Tank, Pit
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 7.3% 91.3% 1.4%
Rural 0.1% 94.6% 5.3%
Total 1.8% 93.8% 4.4%
Most of the population in the catchment, use on-site wastewater treatment facilities, such as Septic
Tank, Pit Latrine or Cesspool. According to the data provided by Lake Victoria North WSB, existing
sewerage system covers 152,000 population with the treatment capacity of 21,000 m
3
/day. Eight
WWTPs are operated in the catchment.
(2) Concept and Framework of the Plan
Based on the basic conditions and targets mentioned before, the sanitation development plan in the
Lake Victoria North Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
a) Provide suitable wastewater treatment facilities for 310,000 residents (4.4% of population in the
catchment), who dont use any wastewater treatment facilities
b) Improve unsuitable on-site wastewater treatment facilities categorized as unimproved sanitation,
such as pit latrine without slab/open pit
c) Provide suitable wastewater treatment system/ facilities for increasing population of 3.6 million.
(For new development area, basically new sewerage system shall be developed.)
d) Develop sewerage system for 5.11 million of urban population in 15 urban centres.
The summary of proposed sanitation development plan is shown below:
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Lake Victoria North Catchment
Sewerage On-site Treatment Total
Service Population
(million)
5.11

6.58

11.68

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
389,000

Operation Body Registered WSP Individual, Community,
Institution

Target Towns/ Area 15
urban Centres
10
Counties

Chapter 5
The table below shows required capacity of sewerage system in 2030, and existing wastewater
treatment capacities in the Lake Victoria North Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure 5.4.1.
(The current capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Required Capacities and Existing Capacities of Sewerage System in Lake Victoria North
Catchment
Major Urban Centre Service Population
Required Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Existing Capacity and
Capacity under Construction
(m
3
/day)
1 ELDORET 1,026,141 78,192 4,800
2 KITALE 522,121 39,786 800
3 KAKAMEGA 451,223 34,383 2,700
4 KAPSABET 426,810 32,523 2,500
5 VIHIGA 420,896 32,072
6 MUMIAS 354,554 27,017
7 KIMILILI 336,611 25,650
8 BUNGOMA 274,698 20,932 4,500
9 BUSIA 255,591 19,476 3,000
10 LUANDA 242,634 18,489
11 LONDIANI 212,178 16,168
12 WEBUYE 203,288 15,491 2,700
13 BONDO 164,562 12,540
14 SIAYA 111,055 8,462
15 MALABA 105,602 8,047
Total 5,107,967 389,227 21,000
5.4.3 Irrigation Development Plan
(1) Current Situation of Irrigation Development
The LVN Catchment Area is characterized by ample rainfall (1,000-2,000 mm per yearfor irrigation
and undulated topography ranging from highland (EL 2,000-2,200 m) to Lake Victoria (EL 1,134
m).Flat land is limited to alluvial plain along Lake Victoria. The largest river in LVNCA is the Zoia
river having a catchment area of about 13,000 km
2
). Second largest river is the Yala river. These rivers
are the major water source for irrigation.
Agriculture in this catchment area is characterized by topography (elevation). In mountainous area
(1,700-2,000 m) maize is the major crop for cultivation followed by sorghum, beans and vegetable
cultivated under rainfed. In the middle area (1,300-1,700 m), sugar cane is the major crop and forms a
largest sugar production area in Kenya. In lowland area, (below 1,300 m), maize and rice have been
produced.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 5,600 ha in 2012, consisting of 363 ha of large scale
scheme, 5,051 ha of small scale schemes, and 186 ha of private schemes.
Large scale irrigation schemes proposed in the Catchment area by June 2012 are listed below.
Chapter 5
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in LVN Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Project County Irrigation
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Nandi HP Int. Dev. Vihiga / Nandi 10,000 New Dam LBDA
Yala Swamp Siaya 4,600 New Weir LBDA-NIB
Lower Sio-1 Busia 6,600 New Dam NIB
Lower Sio-2 Busia 4,000 New NIB
Lower Nzoia Busia-Siaya 10,470 New Weir NIB
Upprt Nzoia Bungoma 7,500 New NIB
Total 43,170
Remarks: NIB = National Irrigation Board, LBDA = Lake Basin Development Authority
Small scale irrigation scheme proposed by county government is 220 schemes having 28,429 ha.
(2) Concept and Framework of Irrigation Planning
Irrigation development plan will be formulated with the concept of efficient utilization of water
resources and maximization of water productivity to realize the target set in the Vision 2030. General
concept and framework for planning on irrigation development would be as follows:
a) To set a target to introduce water saving methods for irrigation fully so as to minimize water
b) To clarify the maximum irrigable area by natural river follow (without storage facilities) by
c) To take up all proposed large irrigation projects with storage facilities (dam, etc) and to give
d) To take up all small scale irrigation schemes proposed by MWI and County to give higher
e) To promote implementation of private irrigation schemes through realization of the
sector.
f) To promote construction of ponds (100,000-500,000 tons of net storage capacity) for small
g) To promote implementation of water harvesting methods for small irrigation where surface
Proposed irrigation area in 2030 by type of irrigation is as shown in the table below.
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (LVN)
Type of
Scheme
Existing Irrigation Area
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
Total Irrigation Area in
2030
Large 363 20,000 20,363
Small 5,051 39,850 44,901
Private 186 39,850 40,036
Sub-total 5,600 99,700 105,300
Remarks: * = Dam, Pond, Pan, Water Harvesting, Groundwater
Chapter 5
From water balance study, the maximum irrigable area by river water without storage facilities is
estimated at 83,767 ha for the Lake Victoria North Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to large
scale schemes, small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 47,954 ha of irrigation area is
assumed to be developed with water resources development facilities such as storage dams. ponds,
pans and rainwater harvesting and groundwater.
Proposed 6 large scale irrigation projects (43,170 ha) are under evaluation. The priority of
implementation will be given to the Lower Nzoia project and the Yala swamp project. Distribution of
irrigation area in 2030 is as shown in Figure 5.4.2 (1/2) and Figure 5.4.2 (2/2).
5.4.4 Hydropower Development Plan
(1) Current Situation of Hydropower Development
There is no medium to large scale hydropower station in Lake Victoria North (LVN) Catchment Area
except Sosiani (or Selby Falls) small hydropower station with its installed capacity of 400 kW.
There is no future plan in the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP) prepared annually,
however, there is a multipurpose development project called Nandi Forest Dam scheduled in the
upper reach of Yala river. It is reported that the hydropower component of Nandi Forest Dam is in a
scale of 50 to 70 MW. Nandi Forest Dam is a multipurpose dam project for irrigation, hydropower
and water supply. Feasibility Study (F/S) by the Ministry of Regional Development Authority
(MORDA) completed in 2010, and Detailed Design (D/D) and preparation of Tender Document (T/D)
is expected to complete by 2011.
Other than Nandi Forest Dam, there are three multipurpose dam development projects with
hydropower components planned in Nzoia river as follows:
1) Hemsted Bridge Dam (Water Supply, Irrigation, and Hydropower)
2) Nzoia Dam (34B) (Water Supply, Flood Control, Irrigation, and Hydropower)
3) Nzoia Dam (42A) (Flood Control, and Hydropower)
Judging from the existing information, above listed projects are reported to have hydropower
components in multipurpose dam development projects.
Although it is necessary to examine the possibility of development of each development scheme from
water resources development point of view, all the listed hydropower development plans as above are
to be included into Hydropower Development Plan at this moment.
The following table shows Hydropower Development Plan in LVN Catchment Area. Locations of
the project are shown in Figure 5.4.3.
Chapter 5
Tentative Hydropower Development Plan in LVN
No. Name of Plan
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Current Situation Purpose
1
Nandi Forest
Multipurpose Dam
50~70 MW
F/S by MORDA completed in
2010.
Hydropower
2
Hemsted Bridge
Multipurpose Dam
Not known Not known
Hydropower
3
Nzoia (34B)
Multipurpose Dam
16 MW
Premininary Design Report
(December 2010)
Water Supply, Flood Control,
4
Nzoia (42A)
Multipurpose Dam
24.4 MW
Draft Pre-F/S Report (March
2010)
Source: MORDA, NWMP (1992)
5.4.5 Water Resources Development Plan
(1) Current Situation of Water Resources Development
The Lake Victoria North (LVN) Catchment Area has a total basin area of 18,374 km
2
, and an annual
average rainfall of 1,420 mm which is the largest among those for the WRMA six catchment areas.
The present water demand (2010) in the LVN Catchment was estimated based on the population of
7.06 million and irrigation area of 1,876 ha as presented in Section 5.2 and summarized below.
Present Water Demand (2010) in the LVN Catchment
Sub-Sector Present Water Demand (2010)
(MCM/year)
Domestic 84
Industrial 4
Irrigation 16
Livestock 71
Total 175
The existing water resources structures/ facilities except for the direct intake facilities from the rivers
to satisfy the above stated present water demands are listed below.
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the LVN Catchment
Existing Structures/
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam Moiben Dam Domestic water supply to Eldoret Storage volume of 18MCM
Dam Twin Rivers Dam Domestic water supply to Eldoret -
Dam Ellegirini Dam Domestic water supply to Eldoret Storage volume of 2MCM
Dam Kipkarren Dam Domestic water supply to Eldoret Storage volume of 3MCM
Dam Lessos Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Inter-Basin Water
Transfer
From Moiben Dam Domestic water supply to Iten -
Borehole Total No. of 2,731 Domestic water supply mainly Total abstraction volume of
41MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water
Pan
Total No. of 270 Domestic and livestock water
supply mainly, partly for
irrigation
Total storage volume of
8.1MCM, average volume per
facility of 30,000CM
Chapter 5
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the LVN Catchment is
approximately 32 MCM. The existing 5 dams are of the domestic water supply purpose and not the
large-scale dams. There is no dam under construction. The dams under planning and/or designing
in the Catchment are Siyoi Dam (domestic water supply), Nzoia Dam at 34B site (domestic and
irrigation water supply, flood control, and hydropower), and Nandi Forest Dam (domestic and
irrigation water supply and hydropower).
There are 2,731 boreholes in the Catchment, which is approximately 20% of the national total 13,758
boreholes (MWI). These boreholes supply around half of the domestic water demands in the
Catchment. Total storage volume of the small dams/ water pans is 8MCM, which is 25% of the total
storage volume in the Catchment.
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the LVN Catchment
are as follows:
Present and Future Water Demands in the LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Sub-Sector Present Water Demand (2010) Future Water Demand (2030)
Domestic 84 428
Industrial 4 19
Irrigation 16 733
Livestock 71 146
Total 175 1,326
The projected 2030 water demands show the great increase by about 8 times compared with the
present demands due to considerable increase in population to 11.68 million and irrigation areas to
105,300 ha expected by 2030.
It is certain that the existing water resources structures/ facilities will not be able to satisfy the greatly
increased 2030 water demands, therefore new structures/ facilities are required to be developed. As
the projected available 2030 surface water of 4,969 MCM/year is far larger in amount than the
groundwater of 703 MCM/year in the Catchment, the development will focus on the surface water.
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the LVN Catchment are set as
enumerated below, based on the current conditions of the catchment area.
1) Since the surface water is abundant, the development plan focuses on the maximum
exploitation of the surface water, in particular for the large and/or concentrated demands.
Where the amount of the surface water is not sufficient compared with the water demands,
the surface water is located far from the demand centres, and/or the water demands are
small and scattered, the groundwater is to be used for satisfying the demands.
2) Candidates of the dams development for the surface water exploitation include in
principle (i) dams under designing and/or planning by the government including the
Kenya Vision 2030 flagship projects and projects being studied by the WKCDD&FMP,
and (ii) dams proposed by the NWMP (1992).
Chapter 5
3) In addition to the above dam candidates, small dams and water pans are to be planned
from the viewpoints of effective and flexible use of the surface water, and a combination
of the water usage and flood mitigation by storing flood water.
On the basis of the overall planning concepts as stated in Sub-Section 4.7.2 and above mentioned
concepts of the planning for the LVN Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
the 2030 projected water demands and 2030 projected water resources in the Catchment. Results of
the balance study gave the allocated amount of the surface and groundwater to satisfy the water
demands as presented in Section 5.3.
To utilize the allocated amount of the surface and groundwater, the following new water resources
structures/ facilities will be required in addition to the direct intake facilities from the rivers and other
water bodies. The structures/ facilities and their required volumes were derived from the water
balance study. These are, however, subject to change in the course of further water balance studies.
Figure 5.4.4 shows locations of the candidates of dams and water transfers.
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Name of Dams Storage Volume
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Siyoi Dam 1 4 5 (4)*
1
Flagship Project, D/D
Mukulusi Dam 1 0 1 (5)
Nandi Forest Dam 0 27 27 (230) With hydropower, D/D
Nzoia Dam at 34B site 1 0 1 (986) Flagship Project, D/D
with P and F too
Nzoia Dam at 42A site 1 3 4 (387) With hydropower and F
Hemsted Bridge Dam 0 33 33 (126) With hydropower
Total 4 67 71
Note: D/D=Detailed design completed or on-going, P=Hydropower purpose, F=Flood Control purpose
*
1
=Figures in parentheses are those proposed by the existing studies.
2) Small Dams/ Water Pans
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Structures Volume for
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Small Dam/ Water Pan 0 0 15 15
Note: Excluding the storage volume of the existing small dams and water pans of 8MCM.
3) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the LVN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Facilities Volume for
Domestic/ Industrial
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 123 114 72 309
Note: Excluding the abstraction volume of the existing boreholes of 41MCM/year.
Chapter 5
5.4.6 Water Resources Management Plan
(1) Current Situation of Water Resources Management
Lake Victoria North Catchment Area has basin mean annual rainfall of 1,415 mm, which is the highest
among six catchment areas of WRMA, and available water resource is abundant. The catchment area
includes major cities such as Eldoret, Kitale and Kakamega, and is the most populated area in Kenya
with its population density of 380 persons per square kilometer. High water demand is expected in
the future that is lead by domestic and industrial water supply as well as irrigation water uses.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Lake Victoria North Regional Office in
Kakamega. Under the regional office, there are three sub-regional offices of Kitale that covers the
northern part, Siaya that covers south-western part, and Eldoret that covers south-eastern part of the
catchment.
The following table shows the current monitoring situations of surface and groundwater, water quality
and rainfall. Surface water monitoring stations are very well maintained and groundwater and
rainfall stations are fairly maintained.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resource in LVN
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 27 13 24 11 65
Operational 27 9 24 10 52
Achievement (%) 100 69 100 90 80
Source: WRMA Performance Report 1 (July 2010)
The current situations of water permit issuance and management are as follows. Ratio of valid
permits against issued permits is relatively high:
Current Situations of Water Permits in LVN
Item Application Authorized Issued Permits Valid Permits
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 919 432 269 180 67
Groundwater 878 540 140 110 79
Total 1,797 972 409 290 71
As for catchment conservation of LVN Catchment Area, it is important to conserve Mt. Elgon and
Mau Forest which are major water sources of the rivers in the catchment. According to the satellite
image analysis conducted by the JICA Study Team, about 30% forest area is estimated to be decreased
in 20 years since 1990. As of 2010, the ratio of forest area in the catchment area is 5.6%.
There is no significant issue related to rehabilitation of vegetation around small water sources in LVN
Catchment Area. However, there are issues of soil erosion and soil outflow caused by deforestation
that needs countermeasures.
Chapter 5
Based on the General Concept and Framework for the Planning, basic concept and framework of the
water resources management plan for the catchment will be as follows:
1) Monitoring system
Based on the existing monitoring network, install additional monitoring stations in the
poorly networked areas. Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be
installed in the tributary of upper Nzoia in Kipkaren river. For groundwater, monitoring
boreholes will be installed in water demand areas of Eldoret, Mumias and Siaya. These
monitoring boreholes should be of exclusive use for monitoring purpose.
2) Evaluation of Water Resources
Assignment of experts on hydrology
Establishment of water quality test laboratory and assignment of water quality experts
3) Water Permit Issuance and Management
Management of the latest version of issued water permits
Provision of Flood Flow, Normal Flow and Reserve based on flow duration curve that is
stipulated in Guidelines for Water Allocation
Implement recovery of forest area and afforestation.
Propose check dams as countermeasures for soil outflow.
Based on the Concept and Framework of the Plan, water resources management plan will be as
follows:
As shown in Figure 5.4.5 (1/4)-(3/4)
Assignment of an expert on hydrology (1 person)
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in the regional office and assignment of a
water quality expert (1 person)
Management of the latest version of issued water permits (to know the real status of
issued water permits)
stipulated in Guidelines for Water Allocation at locations of:
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Nzoia river
b) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Yala river
Chapter 5
To increase the ration of forest areas from 5.6% in 2010 to 7.4%, implement recovery of
forest area and afforestation with the area of 34,810 ha by Kenya Forest Service (KFS).
Concrete target areas are: the eastern skirt of Mt. Elgon which is the source of Nzoia river
and the northwestern part of Mau Forest which is the source of Yala river. (Ref. Figure
5.4.5 (4/4))
Propose check dams as countermeasures for soil outflow (Identification of the target area
and aggregate number of required dams are being examined.).
5.4.7 Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
(1) Current Situation of Flood and Drought Disaster Management
Flood Disaster Management
LVN as well as LVS has been the most vulnerable area to flood disasters in Kenya. Due to this
historical background, Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project
(WKCDD& FMP), which is funded by Government of Kenya and World Bank, has been implemented
since 2007. The project is implemented based on a concept of integrated flood management
consisting of various components including construction of multipurpose dam, construction and
rehabilitation of dykes, river improvement works, establishment of flood early warning system, etc.
It is therefore expected that flood damages will be mitigated by those structural and non-structural
measures in the future once the project has completed.
However, although the project is still on-going, there have already been some issues on operation and
maintenance such as theft or failure of monitoring equipments. In addition, although flood early
warning system has been developed through cooperation among WRMA-LVN office, KMD and DOC,
a post-project operation plan including an office to be transferred the system has not been determined.
Dykes have so far been constructed with a length of 16.6 km on left bank and 16.2 km on right bank
along the Nzoia River, and 9 km on right bank along the Yala River. They have contributed to flood
control against normal floods, however it was recorded that those dykes were breached by the
extraordinary flood in 2008. At the time, it is even said that inadequate flood fighting activities have
resulted in the expansion of inundation areas. In recent years, river improvement works of 1.7 km
and revetment works of 0.7 km were implemented along the Nzoia River. NWCPCs activities in
terms of river improvement are in progress mainly in Nzoia River as of June 2011. The improvement
works in Nzoia River include heightening and realignment of the existing dykes, and river training.
Regarding the current system for flood forecasting, there are 27 river gauge stations under the
management of WRMA. Out of those stations, the Ruambwa station in the Nzoia River has been
provided with two steps of warning water level, namely Alert and Alarm. Once river water level
reach to the warning levels, WRMA regional office disseminate the warning information to the public
through the relevant organizations.
Drought Disaster Management
Although drought damages have not been reported in LVN, according to the water demand projection
study, irrigation and domestic water demands largely increase and water balance situation is expected
Chapter 5
to be tightening. This means drought disaster management will become an important issue even in
LVN. According to the water balance study for NWMP 2030, a ratio of water shortage to water
demand is expected to increase from 19.4% in 2010 to 41.5% in 2030.
Flood Disaster Management Plan
In Yala Swamp, the target area in LVN, it is expected that critical areas will be protected by structural
measures to be constructed through on-going WKCDD&FMP as described above. Meanwhile, land
use regulation shall not be particularly incorporated into the flood management plan because any
regional development plans for this catchment in near future has not been confirmed. Therefore,
flood disaster management plan shall be developed by focusing on issues on operation and
maintenance for the existing and on-going flood management measures. The followings are basic
policy to formulate the flood disaster management plan in LVN:
1) Improvement of operational system for flood early warning that is being established in the
Nzoia River basin
2) Preparation of hazard map and public awareness for flood disasters in each district of flood
plane
3) Formulation of flood fighting plan against the existing structures
4) Recommendation of construction or installation of small-scale water storages from the view
point of both flood management and drought management
Drought Disaster Management Plan
In line with the general concept and framework described in chapter 4, the followings are basic policy
to formulate drought disaster management plan in LVN;
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for LVN.
The proposed measures are illustrated in Figure 5.4.6 (upper).
It is proposed to improve the operational system for flood early warning that is currently
being established in the Nzoia River basin through WKCDD&FMP as shown in the figure
below. The red characters in the figure denote improvement point. Although flood
forecasting analysis is made primarily by KMD headquarters during project implementation
period, it should be done in the future by WRMA regional office on its own initiative in
cooperation with KMD. Warning information shall also be provided by WRMA regional
Chapter 5
office. Incidentally, the target area of WKCDD&FMP makes up most of the LVN catchment
as expressed in Figure 5.4.6 (upper).

Proposed Operational System for FEWS in the Nzoia River Basin

Flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas including Budalangi division in Busia
district shall be prepared and notified to the public. The contents of hazard map should
include probable flood area and depth, evacuation place, dissemination flow of warning
information, list of actions to be taken, etc. Also a public awareness program for evacuation
activities should be prepared.
Flood fighting plan for the existing dykes along the lower reaches of Nzoia and Mokom
Rivers shall be prepared. The plan should include patrol system for dykes to identify a risk
of breaching, scouring and overtopping, and flood fighting engineering methods to prevent an
expansion of inundation areas.
It is recommended to construct or install small-scale water storages from the view point of
both flood management and drought management. The purposes of water storage are to
reduce peak flood discharge and to harvest rainwater for effective utilization. The specific
methods of small-scale storage are mainly categorized into:
a) roof catchment,
b) road catchment, and
c) farming water storages such as pans and flood harvesting canals.
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for LVN.
The proposed measures are illustrated in Figure 5.4.6 (lower).
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA LVN office shall be developed to share
information on drought forecasting result at the earliest possible time. One of the
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA LVN in the KMDs drought forecasting
system. WRMA LVN shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
meteorological drought forecast.
Communities
KMD
Catchment Level National Level

DOC
MWI
Media
Data Transmission Information Dissemination Coordination Warning Dissemination
Monitoring Stations
PDMC / DDMC
Flood Diagnostic and Forecasting Centre
(FDFC)
WRMA-LVN
(Basin Water Resources Board)
Chapter 5
Regarding river water use restriction, four river gauge stations are tentatively selected from
the major stations in LVN catchment as a control point. Three steps of reference water level,
namely Normal, Alert and Alarm should be estimated based on the past records. The
selected stations and their reference discharge are summarized in the table below:
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in LVN
Station No. Station Name
Reference Discharge (m
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
1FG03 Yala 10.62 8.71 8.16
1EF01 Nzoia at Ruambwa 49.89 45.08 43.41
1DA02 Nzoia 23.25 20.65 19.82
1AH01 Sio 1.65 1.25 1.17
Note: The above values are tentatively estimated by using daily discharge data for 2019-2040 in
consideration of climate.
Essentially, water use restriction system is much more effective if it is applied to reservoir
water compared to river water from the view point of future utilization of saved water. It is
recommended to develop water use restriction system for reservoirs to be constructed in the
future.
5.4.8 Environmental Management Plan
(1) Current Situation of Environmental Management
The LVN catchment area faces to the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria in the southern part of the
catchment. Nzoia River and Yala River are the main rivers flowing in the catchment.
The Lake Victoria has many environmental challenges such as degradation of lake ecosystem by alien
invasive species, water pollution/eutrophication by human sewage and water level lowering by
decreased rainfall amount. The situation is becoming worse. To cope with these challenges, the
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project has been conducted by Kenya, Uganda and
Tanzania since 1990. The project researched sustainable use of natural water resources and
maintenance of the lake ecosystem. The environmental education program and other programs are
under implementation in each country. The freshwater fisheries in the Lake Victoria is the largest in
Kenya and account for 78.7% of the total freshwater fisheries production.
Mt.Elgon, Cherangani Hills and Mau Forest Complex out of Five Water Towers are located in the
northern part of the catchment. Mt. Elagon is water source of Nzoia River and is designated as
National Park. However, the forest was affected by illegal logging and encroachment due to increase
of population.
Based on the above-mentioned situation and general concept, the concept and framework of
environmental management in the LVN catchment are as follows:
1) Monitoring of conditions of Mount Elagon National Park, Kakamega Forest National
Reserve including their surrounding areas, and regulation and management based on the
monitoring results,
Chapter 5
2) Monitoring of conditions of Mt.Elgon, Cherangani Hills and Mau Forest Complex (Five
Water Towers) as water conservation forest including their surrounding areas, and regulation
and management based on the monitoring results,
3) Monitoring of conditions of Lake Victoria as water source of the catchment and five main
rivers in the catchment and regulation and management based on the monitoring results.
Based on above concept and framework, the content of the environmental management plan of the
LVN catchment is presented below. Figure 5.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the
proposed monitoring locations.
Environmental Management Plan of the LVN Catchment
Type Object Main Monitoring Contents (Frequency) Management/Regulation
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1
Mount Elgon
National Park
Water quality/flow rate of river
(Quarterly)
Water quality/quantity in reserved area,
especially watering place (Quarterly)
Flora and fauna (Yearly)
Effluent water quality and quantity from
hotels and loggers (as required)
Vegetation (Half-year period)
Restrictions for
development of the
surrounding and an upper
area
Strengthening penalties
for illegal activities in
protected areas
WRMA/
KWS/
Country council/
DRSRS
2
Kakamega
Forest National
Reserve
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r
e
s
t

3 Mt.Elagon
Forest cover by Satellite Image (Dry
season/Yearly)
Vegetation, especially forest
physiognomy (Yearly)
Groundwater level (Continual
observation)
Illegal logging/Encroachment
(Monthly)
Status of buffer zones (Monthly)
Strengthening monitoring
patrol to Illegal logging
and encroachment
Management and
maintenance of buffer
zones
WRMA/
KFS/
DRSRS
4
Cherangani
Hills
5
Mau Forest
Complex
W
a
t
e
r

b
o
d
i
e
s

6 Nzoia River
Field Survey
Flow rate/water quality (Quarterly)
River ecosystem (Quarterly)
Soil erosion of river bank(Quarterly)
Location of pollution sources (Point and
Non-point sources) (Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of intakes and effluent licenses
(Monthly)
Thorough control of
intake volume and
effluent water quality
for offenders
Regulations for
development areas and
dumping sites
Preparation of pollution
sources map NEMA/
MOEMR/WRMA
7 Mokona River
8 Kuywa River
9 Makikisi River
10
Selby Fall
River
11 Lake Victoria
Field Survey
(Monthly)
Lake ecosystem (Yearly)
Sedimentation (Quarterly)
Soil erosion (Monthly)
Location of pollution sources (Point and
Non-point sources) (Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of Intakes and effluent licenses
(Monthly)
Progress Report (4) Lake Victoria South Catchment Area
Chapter 6
CHAPTER 6 LAKE VICTORIA SOUTH CATCHMENT AREA
Lake Victoria South (LVS) Catchment Area is located at the south-western part of Kenya, which
includes the basins of four major rivers that originate from Cherangani Hills and flow westward or
south-westward. The LVS Catchment borders on the LVN Catchment in the north, Lake Victoria in
the west and Tanzania in the south. Total area is 27,389 km
2
which is 4.7% of Kenya. According to
the Census 2009, population in the catchment is 7.26 million, or about 19% of the total population of
Kenya. Population density is as high as 265 persons/km
2
.
Major cities/towns in the LVS Catchment are: Kisumu, Kisii, Migori, Kericho, Homa Bay, Molo and
Kehancha.
The LVS Catchment includes the whole area of Kisumu, Kericho, Homa Bay, Nyamira, Kisii, Bomet
and Migori counties, and a part of Siaya, Vihiga, Nandi, Nakuru and Narrok counties.
Most of the major rivers originate from the 3,000 m-class mountain in the Mau forest, that is located in
the western part of Cherangani Hills. Major rivers are Nyando, Sondu, Kuja and Mara rivers.
Nyando (3,604 km
2
), Sondu (3,474 km
2
) and Kuja (6,843 km
2
) rivers flow into the Lake Victoria.
The basin of these three rivers accounts for 51% of LVS catchment. The drainage area of Mara River
(9,107 km
2
) account for about one-third of the total catchment of LVS Vatchment, which flows
through Masai Mara National Reserve across the border with Tanzania and flows into the Lake
Victoria in the territory of Tanzania. The four major rivers account for about 84% of the total area of
LVS Catchment and the rest 16% area is composed of small catchments along the Winam Gulf in the
Lake Victoria.
As for crops in the LVS Catchment, maize is widely grown in the whole area, cotton is grown along
the Winam Gulf in the Lake Victoria. Cassava, sorghum and millet are grown in the northern shore
of the Winam Gulf. Tobacco and beans are grown in the middle to lower reach of Kuja river. In the
middle to upper catchment of around 2,000 m above sea level, tea, sugar, coffee and pyrethrum are
widely grown. In particular, the areas around Kericho, Bomet, Nyamira and Kisii are famous for tea
plantation, which produce more than 40% of the total tea production in Kenya.
Kisumu is the largest city in the LVS Catchment with many kinds of industries such as cement,
construction material, brewing and beverages, food processing, timber and timber products, textiles,
printing and light engineering etc. In the area surrounding Kericho, tea processing industry is
famous.
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the LVS Catchment for 2030
Lake Victoria South Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 6
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 5,749
Total 6,617
The water demands in 2030 of the LVS Catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
472 20 790 212 2 5 1,501
The water balance study was carried out for the Lake Victoria South (LVS) Catchment Area in
6.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the LVS Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the LVS Catchment Area is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 20 9 11
Irrigation 1,505 1,272 233
Livestock 212 109 103
Total 2,209 1,689 520
(1) Current Situation of Water Supply
The table below shows the current population in 2010 and population projected in 2030 for Lake
Victoria South Catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be increased by 6.30 million
and the rural population will be decreased by 0.82 million.
Population Projected for Lake Victoria South Catchment
(Unit: million person)
2010 1.79 5.64 7.43
2030 8.09 4.82 12.92
Chapter 6
Based on the 2009 Census data, the current situation of water connection in the catchment as below:
Current Situation of Water Connection in Lake Victoria South Catchment
borehole
pond, others
Urban 25.7% 37.5% 7.4% 29.4%
Rural 6.5% 41.7% 0.5% 51.3%
Total 11.5% 40.6% 2.3% 45.6%
47.9% (2.3%+45.6%) of the population in the catchment connect such unimproved drinking water
source.
It is estimated that 40.6% of the population get water from springs, wells or boreholes. Un-protected
well and spring are also categorized as unimproved drinking water source. The ratio of unprotected
ones has not been cleared.
The water supply system managed by registered WSPs covers 1,380,000 service population, which is
equivalent to 26% of the population in the catchment. The table below shows five urban WSPs and
three rural WSPs, of which total water supply capacity is 54,000 m
3
/day. (Unit water supply amounts
are quit low)
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Lake Victoria South Catchment
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Kisumu WSC Kisumu 181,512 22,400
Kericho WSC Kericho 98,507 13,680
Guii WSC Kisii, Nyamira, Tabaka, Ogembo, Keroka, Gesusu, Birongo, Borabu 221,439 15,350
Tililbei WSC Litein, Chebang'ang', Fort Tenan, Bomet, Sotik, Londiani, Sigowet,
Longisa, Chepalungu, Sosiot, Bargeywet, Kipkelion, Sigor, Kipsitet,
Chesinende, Chepkemel
79,488 17,800
South Nyanza WSC Mbita, Oyugis, Seme, Nyahera, Kendu Bay, West Karachuonyo,
Homa Bay, Ndhiwa
417,021 7,710
Nyanas WSC Sondu, Muhoroni, Koru Mnara, Kibigori, Awasi, Tamu, Nandi Hills,
Kaptumo, Mosombor, Lessos, Kubujoi
302,747 4,832
Gulf WSC Kombewa, Kiboswa 6,956 4,520
Mikutra WSC Kilgoris, Angata Barakoi, Nkararu, Migori, Isebania, Rongo,
Lolgorian, Kehancha
11,814 2,846
[Rural]
NYASARE Migori 300
Total 1,319,484 89,438
Chapter 6
Lake Victoria South Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
system, which have total capacity of 1,250,000 m
3
3
/day, so that additional 1,190,000
m3/day of the capacity shall be developed.
b) Above water supply system shall supply water for the people (48%) who currently use
Un-improved Drinking Water Source (water from unregistered water vendor and surface water
without proper treatment) also.
Large amount of surface water source and groundwater source are available in the Lake Victoria South
surface water source and groundwater source as shown in the table below:
Target Ratio of Surface Water and Groundwater Uses in Lake Victoria South Catchment

System
Piped by WSPs Spring/ well/
borehole
(Groundwater
source)
pond, others
(Surface water
source)
Surface water
source
Groundwater
source
Both sources
Urban Water Supply System 95% 5% --- --- ---
Large Scale Water Supply System 50% 50% --- --- ---
Small Scale Water Supply System --- --- 100% --- ---
There are 24 major urban centres, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Lake Victoria
South Catchment. It is proposed that the urban population of these 24 urban centres are covered by
urban water supply system, and remaining urban population and rural population in the surrounding
area will be covered by large scale rural water supply system.
The proposed development capacity of each water supply system in 2030 is shown below.
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Lake Victoria South Catchment
Urban Water Supply Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural Water
Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
8.09

0.48

4.34

12.92

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m
3
/day)
968,000

85,000

253,000

1,306,000

Operation Body Registered WSP Registered
WSP
Individual, Community,
Institution

Major Urban Centres
14
Counties
14
Counties

Chapter 6
system) is 1,052,000 m
3
3
under construction is 63,000 m
3
3
/day is required by
2030.
for major urban centres in the Lake Victoria South Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure
6.4.1.
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities for Major Urban Centres in Lake
Victoria South Catchment
Urban Centre
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
1 KlSUMU 1,376,951 18,483 1,395,433 159,087 22400 24000
2 KERICHO 500,590 1,798 502,388 57,383 12960 0
3 BOMET 411,695 23,285 434,981 49,201 450 0
4 KISII 402,216 1,418 403,634 46,104 7,500 12000
5 AWASI 331,086 0 331,086 37,843 100 0
6 RONGO 291,006 0 291,006 33,262 320 2000
7 HOMABAY 289,788 776 290,565 33,194 3500 2000
8 MIGORI 261,093 6,796 267,889 30,469 1,356 15000
9 SUNEKA 249,872 8,475 258,347 29,341
10 KIPKELION 229,919 2,718 232,637 26,530 280 0
11 NYAMIRA 204,882 36,398 241,280 26,769 3200 0
12 KEROKA 204,813 11,116 215,929 24,434 600 4000
13 AHERO 179,889 22,314 202,202 22,616
14 OYUGIS 174,313 14,452 188,765 21,255 1920 0
15 MUHORONI 169,425 0 169,425 19,365 720 0
16 KEHANCHA 148,046 193,210 341,256 34,711 320 350
17 AWENDO 105,588 0 105,588 12,069 2000
18 TABAKA 75,481 16,564 92,045 10,153 150 0
19 NANDI HILLS 49,760 54,298 104,058 10,687 268 0
20 KENDU BAY 72,511 14,494 87,005 9,623 720 0
21 MBITA POINT 58,950 43,592 102,542 10,752
22 LITEIN 44,759 81,650 126,409 12,634 12000 0
23 SOTIK 41,136 11,655 52,790 5,775 500 0
24 NYANSIONGO 27,717 33,923 61,640 6,292 600 0
25 OGEMBO 17,087 48,576 65,663 6,426 600 0
Other 1,525,438 316,028 11,264 2,000
Total 5,918,571 8,090,000 1,052,000 81,728 63,350
6.4.2 Sanitation Development
(1) Current Situation of Sanitation
Chapter 6
Current Situation of Sanitation in Lake Victoria South Catchment
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 4.4% 89.1% 6.5%
Rural 0.2% 79.7% 20.1%
Total 1.3% 82.2% 16.6%
Most of the population (82.2%) in the catchment, use on-site wastewater treatment facilities, such as
Septic Tank, Pit Latrine or Cesspool. According to the data provided by Lake Victoria South WSB,
existing sewerage system covers 88,000 service populations with the treatment capacity of 20,531
m
3
/day. Four (4) WWTPs are operated in the catchment.
Lake Victoria South Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
a) Provide suitable wastewater treatment facilities for 1,230,000 residents (16.6% of population in
the catchment), who dont use any wastewater treatment facilities
The target service population of each sanitation in 2030 is shown in the below table:
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Lake Victoria South Catchment
Service Population
(million)
5.53

7.39

12.92

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
421,000

Institution

Urban Centres
14
Counties

treatment capacities in the Lake Victoria South Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure 6.4.1.
(The current capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Chapter 6
Required Sewerage Capacities and Current Capacities of Urban Centres (LVS)
Required Capacity
(m
3
/day)
(m
3
/day)
1 KlSUMU 1,376,951 104,924 17,800
2 KERICHO 500,590 38,145 1,500
3 BOMET 411,695 31,371
4 KISII 402,216 30,649
5 AWASI 331,086 25,229
6 RONGO 291,006 22,175
7 HOMABAY 289,788 22,082 1,231
8 MIGORI 261,093 19,895
9 SUNEKA 249,872 19,040
10 KIPKELION 229,919 17,520
11 NYAMIRA 204,882 15,612
12 KEROKA 204,813 15,607
13 AHERO 179,889 13,708
14 OYUGIS 174,313 13,283
15 MUHORONI 169,425 12,910
16 KEHANCHA 148,046 11,281
17 AWENDO 105,588 8,046
Total 5,531,170 421,475 20,531
This catchment area is horseshoe shape enclosing a bay of Lake Victoria. Many rivers discharge river
water to lake and develop alluvial plains along the lake. Elevation of upstream of river basin is around
1,500 m Annual rainfall on the mountain side is 1,600 mm and 1,000 mm at the plain.
Present land use in this catchment is 46% for agricultural use (mostly rainfed), 44% for grassland, and
10%for others. Major crops cultivated are food crops such as maize, sorghum, beans and cassava. In
addition, horticulture is commonly practiced under small pump irrigation. Production is not stable due
to rainfed condition. There are many future irrigation programs to raise agricultural productivity in
alluvial plains such as Kano plain and lower Kuja river area.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 17,965 ha in 2010, consisting of 1,800 ha of large
scale scheme, 14,972 ha of small scale schemes, and 1,193 ha of private schemes.
Chapter 6
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in LVS Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Kimira Homabay 2,000 Hew Weir LBDA
Kano Plain (Magwagwa dam) Kisum-Homabay 15,000 New Dam LBDA
Kano Planin (Sondu Miriu) Kisum-Homabay 2,000 New Dam NWI-MRDA
Lower Kuja Migori 20,000 New Dam NIB
Kakelo Kakoth Migori 600 NIB
Oria Rice Migori 500 NIB
Twablehof-Jofwa Suba 900 NIB
Kanyango Suba 1,000 NIB
Nyakwar Dani Suba 1,000 NIB
Lambwe Suba 1,000 NIB
Nyagidha Homa Bay 515 NIB
Oluch Homa Bay 1,100 NIB
Kawandhone Kisumu 600 NIB
Nyaroya Suba 1,400 NIB
Total 47,615
Remarks: NIB = National Irrigation Board, LBDA = Lake Basin Development Authority
MWI = Ministry of Water and Irrigation, MRDA = Ministry of Regional Development Authorities
sector.
Chapter 6
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (LVS)
Type of
Scheme
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
2030
Large 1,800 39,000 40,800
Small 14,972 63,118 78,090
Private 1,193 63,118 64,311
Sub-total 17,965 165,235 183,200
estimated at 144,196 ha for the Lake Victoria South Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to
large scale schemes, small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 66,195 ha of irrigation area is
implementation may be given to the Kano Plain project and the Lower Kuja project. Distribution of
irrigation area in 2030 is as shown in Figure 6.4.2 and Figure 5.4.2 (1/2).
There are two existing hydropower stations, namely Sondu/Miriu Hydropower Station (60 MW) in
Sondu river, and Gogo Falls Hydropower Station (2 MW) in Kuja river in Lake Victoria South (LVS)
Catchment Area. There is another hydropower station called Sangoro Hydropower Station (20.6
MW) located downstream of Sondu/Miriu power station, which is under construction and to be
completed by August 2012. There is no future development plan in the Least Cost Power
Development Plan (LCPDP) in LVS Catchment Region.
Apart from LCPDP, there is Magwagwa Multipurpose Dam Development Project located in the
middle reach of Sondu river. It is reported that hydropower component of Magwagwa Dam is in the
size of 120 to 140 MW. Magwagwa Dam is planned for water supply, irrigation, flood control, and
hydropower.
There is a KenGens plan for upgrading the installed capacity of the existing Gogo Falls Hydropower
Station from 2 MW to 60 MW at maximum.
In LVS Catchment Area, the followings are the existing plans that include hydropower development:
1) Magwagwa Multipurpose Dam (Water Supply, Irrigation, Flood Control, Hydropower)
2) Gogo Falls Hydropower Upgrade (Irrigation, Hydropower)
Judging from the existing information, above listed projects are reported to have possibilities for
implementation.
Chapter 6
Although for multipurpose dam scheme it is necessary to examine the possibility of development from
water resources development point of view, all the listed hydropower development plans as above are
to be included into Hydropower Development Plan at this moment.
The following table shows Hydropower Development Plan in LVS Catchment Region. Locations of
Tentative Hydropower Development Plan in LVS
No. Name of Plan Installed Capacity (MW) Current Situation Purpose
1 Magwagwa
Multipurpose Dam
120~140 MW F/S by MORDA
completed in 2010.
2 Gogo Falls Hydropower
Upgrade
Upgrading the existing 2
MW to 60 MW at
maximum.
Source: MORDA, KenGen
The Lake Victoria South (LVS) Catchment Area has a total basin area of 31,734 km
2
, and an annual
average rainfall of 1,280 mm which is the second largest among those for the WRMA six catchment
areas.
The present water demand (2010) in the LVS Catchment was estimated based on the population of
Present Water Demand (2010) in the LVS Catchment
(MCM/year)
Domestic 60
Industrial 4
Irrigation 166
Livestock 103
Total 333
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the LVS Catchment
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam Gogo Falls Dam Hydropower (2MW) -
Dam Sondu/Miriu Dam Hydropower (81MW) Storage volume of 1MCM
Inter-Basin Water Transfer - - -
36MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water Pan Total No. of 544 Domestic and livestock water
supply mainly, partly for irrigation
Chapter 6
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the LVS Catchment is
approximately 6 MCM. The existing 2 dams are of the hydropower generation purpose and not the
large-scale dams. There is no dam under construction. The Bunyunyu Dam for the domestic water
supply has completed its detailed design. The dam under planning and/or designing in the Catchment
is Magwagwa Dam (hydropower and irrigation water supply).
boreholes (MWI). There are 544 small dams/ water pans and their total storage volume is 5.3 MCM,
which is 84% of the total storage volume in the Catchment.
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the LVS Catchment
are as follows:
Present and Future Water Demands in the LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 60 472
Industrial 4 20
Irrigation 166 1,505
Livestock 103 212
Total 333 2,209
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the LVS Catchment are set as
1) Similarly to the LVN Catchment, the surface water is abundant, therefore the development
plan focuses on the maximum exploitation of the surface water, in particular for the large
and/or concentrated demands. Where the amount of the surface water is not sufficient
compared with the water demands, the surface water is located far from the demand
centres, and/or the water demands are small and scattered, the groundwater is to be used
for satisfying the demands.
Kenya Vision 2030 flagship projects, and (ii) dams proposed by the NWMP (1992).
from the viewpoints of effective and flexible use of the surface water, and a combination
of the water usage and flood mitigation by storing flood water.
Chapter 6
concepts of the planning for the LVS Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Londiani Dam 3 25 28 (49)*
1
Flagship Project
Nyando (Koru) Dam 19 28 47 (154) Flagship Project
Itare Dam 5 19 24 (12) Flagship Project
Magwagwa Dam 1 0 1 (700) With hydropower, D/D
Namba Kodero Dam 41 315 356 (270)
Bunyunyu Dam 1 0 1 (8) Flagship Project, D/D
Awasi Dam 0 0 0 (157) Flagship Project
Kibos Dam 0 26 26 (5) Nyando M/P
Sisei Dam 0 2 2 (31)
Sand River Dam 9 10 19 (-)
Total 79 425 504
Note: D/D=Detailed design completed or on-going
*
1
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
3) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the LVS Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 148 233 103 484

Chapter 6
Lake Victoria South Catchment Area has basin mean annual rainfall of 1,277 mm, which is the second
highest among six catchment areas of WRMA, and available water resource is abundant. The
catchment area includes major cities such as Kisumu, Kisii and Kericho, and is one of the most
populated area in Kenya with its population density of 265 persons per square kilometer. High water
demand is expected in the future that is lead by domestic and industrial water supply as well as
irrigation water uses.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Lake Victoria South Regional Office in
Kisumu. Under the regional office, there are three sub-regional offices of Kisumu that covers the
northern part (northern shore of the Lake Victoria and Nyando river), Kisii that covers south-western
part (southern shore of the Lake Victoria and Kuja river), and Kericho that covers south-eastern part
(Sondu and Mara rivers) of the catchment.
There are four major rivers in the catchment, namely Nyando, Sondu, Kuja and Mara rivers. The
following table shows the current monitoring situations of surface and groundwater, water quality and
rainfall. Surface water quality and groundwater monitoring stations are not well maintained.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resources in LVS
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 39 30 61 17 65
Achievement (%) 87 50 77 76 82
permits against issued permits is relatively high:
Current Situations of Water Permits in LVS
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 1,790 1,303 283 227 80
Groundwater 1,361 1,326 35 34 97
Total 3,151 2,629 318 261 82
As for catchment conservation of LVS Catchment Area, it is important to conserve Mau Forest which
is major water sources of the rivers in the catchment. In Mau Forest, decrease of forest areas is the
most significant among five water towers. According to the satellite image analysis conducted by the
JICA Study Team, about 40% forest area is estimated to be decreased in 20 years since 1990. As of
2010, the ratio of forest area in the catchment area is 5.8%.
Chapter 6
According to interviews to WRMA, there are issues of vegetation losses on small water sources in 20
springs and 58 wetlands in LVS Catchment Area, and they need rehabilitation. Major reasons for
these vegetation losses are caused by human activities such as settlement, farming, grazing, and brick
making, etc.
Further, there are issues of soil erosion and soil outflow caused by deforestation that needs
countermeasures.
poorly networked areas.
Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be installed in the upper reach of
Kuja river and in Mara river near the border with Tanzania.
For groundwater monitoring boreholes, in addition to the existing 15 monitoring
boreholes, 5 to 10 additional monitoring boreholes will be installed in the town areas of
Kericho, Homa Bay, Kisii and Migori. In total, 20 to 25 monitoring boreholes will be
operated which are of exclusive use for monitoring purpose.
For rainfall monitoring stations, review will be made on the existing monitoring network
with 53 stations. For example, densely networked area near Kericho will be reviewed
and additional 5 to 10 stations will be proposed for poorly networked southern part of the
catchment.
Conservation and rehabilitation of vegetation around small water sources in the
catchment.
follows:
Chapter 6
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in the regional office and assignment of a
water quality expert (1 person)
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Nyando river
b) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Sondu river
c) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Kuja river
d) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Mara river
Concrete target areas are: the northwestern part of Mau Forest which is the source of
Nyando river, the southwestern and southern part of Mau Forest which is the source of
Sondu and Mara rivers. (Ref. Figure 5.4.5 (4/4))
Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for 20 springs and 58 wetlands in the catchment
(target locations are being identified).
Propose check dams as countermeasures for soil outflow (Identification of the target area
and aggregate number of required dams are being examined.).
In the LVS catchment that has suffered from flood damages over the years, Integrated Flood
Management Plan for Nyando River Basin was formulated in 2008 technical and financial assistance
of JICA. Following this, the Programme for Community-based Flood Disaster Management to Adapt
to Climate Change in the Nyando River Basin was carried out from September 2009 to August 2011 and
community-based disaster management system has been developed in the Nyando River basin. The
programme included small-scale structural measures as well as non-structural measures. The
communities have completed preparation to mitigate flood damages on their own initiatives by
completing construction of evacuation places, formulation of evacuation plans. However, in the
current system, while occurrence of flood is identified based on visual judgement of river water level,
Chapter 6
the issue is that enough lead time for evacuation activities has not been secured because propagation
time of flood in LVS is relatively short.
Dykes have so far been constructed with a length of 15.1 km on both banks in total along the Nyando
River. They have contributed to flood control against normal floods, however it was recorded that
those dykes were breached and overtopped by the extraordinary flood in 2006. At the time, it is even
said that inadequate flood fighting activities have resulted in the expansion of inundation areas. In
recent years, river improvement works of 4.5 km and dredging works of 9.3 km were implemented
along the Nyando River by NWCPC. Also revetment works of 0.6 km were done along the Sondu
River. NWCPCs activities in terms of river improvement are in progress mainly in Nyando River as
of June 2011. The improvement works in Nyando River include new dyke construction, river
training and de-silting.
In Kisumu urban areas, in recent years, urban flood was occurred in 2009. Urban drainage problems
have continued. The study on urban drainage in Kisumu city is underway as of June 2011.
Although drought damages have not been reported in LVS, according to the water demand projection
study, irrigation and domestic water demands largely increase and water balance situation is expected
to be tightening. This means drought disaster management will become an important issue even in
LVS. According to the water balance study for NWMP 2030, a ratio of water shortage to water
demand is expected to increase from 45.5% in 2010 to 53.2% in 2030.
Out of the target areas in LVS, Kano Plain/Nyando River basin shall be protected by structural
measures including multipurpose dam, while telemetric type of flood forecasting and warning system
should be developed for this area in order to improve the existing community-based disaster
management system. This is because propagation time of flood is relatively short in this area.
In the Sondu rivermouth and Kuja rivermouth, a simplified flood forecasting system by using water
level observation in the upper reaches shall be developed for community-based management because
there are scarcely densely-populated areas.
Regarding urban drainage issues in Kisumu, structural drainage measures shall be implemented, while
hazard map necessary for densely-populated areas shall be developed.
to formulate drought disaster management plan in LVS;
Chapter 6
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for LVS.
It is proposed to establish a telemetric type of flood forecasting and warning system in Kano
Plain/Nyando River basin. In the system, WRMA LVS office shall make flood/inundation
analysis by using rainfall and river water level data, which are observed by telemetric
monitoring facilities installed in the basin. Also WRMA LVS office shall issue a warning
based on forecasted river water level and probable flood area in the lower reaches that are
obtained from the analysis result.
In the Sondu rivermouth and Kuja rivermouth, community-based disaster management system
is proposed by reference to the system that has been already developed in the Nyando River
basin. These areas shall basically adopt a simplified flood forecasting system by using river
water level observation in the upper reaches. The communities themselves will recognize
occurrence of flood and carry out necessary activities in accordance with hazard map and
evacuation plan, which should be prepared in advance by themselves.
It is proposed to implement urban drainage measures in Kisumu city, while flood hazard maps
covering all the affected areas in the city shall be prepared and notified to the public. The
contents of hazard map should include probable flood area and depth, evacuation place,
dissemination flow of warning information, list of actions to be taken, etc.
a) roof catchment,
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for LVS.
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA LVS office shall be developed to share
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA LVS in the KMDs drought forecasting
system. WRMA LVS shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
Regarding river water use restriction, four river gauge stations are tentatively selected from
the major stations in LVS catchment as a control point. Three steps of reference water level,
Chapter 6
namely Normal, Alert and Alarm should be estimated based on the past records. The
selected stations and their reference discharge are summarized in the table below:
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in LVS
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
1GD03 Nyando 12.35 9.81 8.58
1JG04 Sondu Miriu 4.28 3.43 3.00
1KB05 Gucha Migori 0.95 0.59 0.44
1LA04 Mara 2.47 2.07 1.95
Note: The above values are tentatively estimated by using daily discharge data for 2019-2040 in
future.
Kisumu City is a central city of the LVS catchment area and has a population of over 400,000.
Inflow of human sewage and industrial waste water from the city is causing degradation of
environment of the Lake Victoria.
Masai-Mara National Reserve is located in the catchment area and bounds Serengeti National Park of
Tanzania. This reserve is evaluated as internationally important area for natural ecosystem such as
gnu migratory over the borders. Mara River is main water source in the reserve. This river is a
solitary example of environmental river flow study by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). The
study is Good Practice of water resource management considering both of rural people's life and
wildlife. However, conflicts between rural people and Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) caused by
water shortage and excessive grasslands by drought are becoming a problem in recent year.
Mau Forest Complex which has the largest forest area among Five Water Towers. The Mau Forest is
located in the northern part of the catchment and has serious forest degradation by illegal logging and
encroachment among Five Water Towers. Thus, strengthening patrol activity and afforestation by local
people are conducted by Kenya Forest Service (KFS) for the conservation of the forest. According to
KFS, these mitigation measures are contributing to stopping deforestation, but not enough.
environmental management in the LVS catchment are as follows:
1) Monitoring of water sources rivers in four national parks/reserves, and management and
regulation of surrounding area development,
2) Monitoring of conditions of Mau Forest Complex (Five Water Towers) and rivers,
management and regulation, and
Chapter 6
3) Monitoring of conditions of Lake Victoria (South shore in Winam Gulf) and six main rivers,
and management and regulation.
LVS catchment is presented below. Figure 6.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the
Environmental Management Plan of the LVS Catchment
Type Object
Main Monitoring Contents
(Frequency)
Management/Regulation
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1 Kisumu Impala Sanctuary
Water quality/flow rate of
river (Quarterly)
Water quality/quantity in
reserved area, especially
watering place (Quarterly)
Effluent water quality and
quantity from hotels and
loggers (as required)
Restrictions for
development of the
surrounding and an
upper area
protected areas
WRMA/
KWS/
Country council/
DRSRS

2
Ndere Island National
Park
3 Ruma National Park
4
Masai-Mara National
Reserve
W
a
t
e
r

C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

F
o
r
e
s
t

5 Mau Forest Complex
Forest cover by Satellite
Image (Dry season/Yearly)
observation)
(Monthly)
Status of buffer zones
(Monthly)
Strengthened monitoring
and encroachment
Management and
zones
WRMA/
KFS
W
a
t
e
r

B
o
d
i
e
s

6 Lake Victoria
Ditto LVN Ditto LVN
NEMA/
MOEMR/
WRMA

7 Nyando River
Field Survey
Flow rate/Water quality
(Quarterly)
Soil erosion of river
bank(Quarterly)
Location of pollution sources
(Point and Non-point source
(Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of intake and effluent
licenses (Monthly)
Thoroughness of intake
volume and effluent
water quality
for offenders
Regulation of
development area and
dumping site
sources map
8 Sondu River
9 Kuja River
10 Itare River
11 Kanunda River
12 Mara River
Ditto and,
Monitoring environmental
river flow

Progress Report (4) Rift Valley Catchment Area
Chapter 7
CHAPTER 7 RIFT VALLEY CATCHMENT AREA
Rift Valley (RV) Catchment Area is located in the central-western part of Kenya, which includes rivers
flowing in the so called Rift Valley. The RV Catchment borders with South Sudan and Ethiopia in
the north, with Uganda in the northwest and with Tanzania in the south. The RV Catchment has a
long and narrow shape with about 800 km long in the north-south direction and 100 to 300 km wide in
the east-west direction.
Total catchment area is 128,907 km
2
which is 22.3% of Kenya. According to the Census 2009,
population in the catchment is 4.75 million, or about 12% of the total population of Kenya.
Population density is as low as 37 persons/km
2
.
Major cities/towns in the RV Catchment are: Nakuru, Narok, Kbarnet and Lodwar. The catchment area
includes whole area or most area of Turkana, West Pokot, Baringo, Laikipia, Nakuru and Nandarua
counties, a part of Marsabit, Samburu, Narok and Kajiado counties.
There are seven lakes along the Rift Valley from the north, namely, Lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria,
Nakuru, Elementeita, Naivasha and Magadi. Only Naivasha is a fresh water lake. Other lakes are
with saline water. Rivers in the RV Catchment originate from the Mount Elgon, Mau Range,
Cherangani Hills and Abadere Range, and most of them drain into the above mentioned seven lakes.
In the dry areas in the northern and central parts, several rivers partially submerge or flow seasonally.
Ewaso Ngiro South River flows southward and flow into the territory of Tanzania.
The Lake Turkana is the largest lake with a surface area of 6,400 km
2
in Kenya which borders with
Ethiopia in the northern end. Major rivers draining into the Lake Turkana are Turkwel River (19,820
km
2
) which originate from Mount Elgon, and Kerio River (13,928 km
2
) which originate from Mau
Range. Omo River also drains into the Lake Turkana, however the whole catchment area of Omo
River lies in the territory of Ethiopia. The total drainage area of the rivers that drains into the Lake
Turkana is about 70,000 km
2
, which is more than half of the RV Catchment. Most of the rivers are
seasonal rivers except Turkwel and Kerio rivers. Even Turkwel and Kerio rivers seasonally
submerge before flowing into the Lake Turkana in their downstream areas.
The Lake Magadi, which is the second largest lake in the RV Catchment after the Lake Turkana, has a
drainage area of 8,349 km
2
. Many rivers flowing into the Lake Magadi submerge, and it is supposed
that direct flow into the Lake Magadi is limited. The Lake Baringo has the third largest drainage area
of 6,530 km
2
which is about 5% of the RV catchment, and Perkerra and Mala rivers etc. flow into the
lake. Further, the Lake Naivasha has the drainage area of 3,128 km
2
, and Nakuru (1,624 km
2
),
Bogoria (1,137 km
2
), Elementeita (543 km
2
) lakes follow. Of these lakes, the Lake Naivasha is the
only fresh water lake, and faces significant water level decrease in the dry season due to increase of
water use caused by rapid growth of the population.
Crops are mainly grown in areas between the equator and lat. 1S. Major crops are potato, maize,
wheat, coffee, pyrethrum and sisal.
Rift Valley Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 7
Nakuru is the largest city in the RV Catchment with many kinds of industries such as agricultural
equipment, brewing and beverages, food processing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, glass, leather,
timber and timber products, textiles, and light engineering etc. In Lodwar, the largest town in the
northern part located in the west of the Lake Turukana, food processing industry is famous.
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the RV Catchment for 2030
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 3,045
Groundwater (Safe Yield) 1,392
Total 4,437
The water demands in 2030 of the RV Catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
259 17 348 137 3 2 766
The water balance study was carried out for the Rift Valley (RV) Catchment Area in accordance with
the methodologies and conditions stated in Sub-Section 4.7.3.
7.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the RV Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the RV Catchment is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 259 93 166
Industrial 17 4 13
Livestock 137 74 63
Total 872 574 298
Chapter 7
The table below shows the current population in 2010 and population projected for 2030 in Rift Valley
Catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be increased by 4.22 million and the rural
population will be decreased by 0.51 million.
Population Projected for Rift Valley Catchment
2010 1.37 3.54 4.90
2030 5.59 3.03 8.62
Large parts of the urban population are concentrated in the central area, including Nakuru and
Nainasha area. Based on 2009 Census data, t the current situation of water connection in the
catchment was estimated as below:
Current Situation of Water Connection in Rift Valley Catchment
borehole
pond, others
Urban 52.1% 21.7% 18.7% 7.5%
Rural 14.2% 37.3% 3.6% 44.9%
Total 27.8% 31.7% 9.0% 31.5%
source.
According to Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011, the water supply system
managed by registered WSPs covers around 791,000 service population. The table below shows nine
urban WSPs and ten rural WSPs. The total water supply capacity of the WSPs is 74,000 m
3
/day, of
which 70% is supplied for Nakuru.
Chapter 7
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Rift Valley Catchment
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Nakuru WSC Nakuru 372,366 41,750
Nakuru Rural WSC Molo, Elburgon, Njoro, Rongai 213,476 26,333
Item Tambach Water Project Iten, Tambach 6,492 1,110
Ol Kalou WSC Olkalou 10,240 2,087
Lodwar WSC Lodwar 28,920 3,068
Narok WSC Narok 12,540 1,880
Eldama Ravine WSC Eldama Ravine 26,013 6,700
Naivasha WSC Naivasha, Gilgil, Suswa 54,420 7,008
Kabarnet WSC Kabarnet 2,496
[Rural]
Engineer Town Engineer 5,700 300
mawingo Mawingu 10,000 800
Tia Wira Kamba 350
Kikana Mku Njeru 28,536 1,426
Nyakanja Nyakanja 430
Gitei Gitei 250
Kinja Kinja 4,500 380
Tachasis Tachasis & Environs 4,106 1,548
Total 777,309 97,916
Rift Valley Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
system, which have total capacity of 869,000 m
3
3
/day, so that additional 792,000 m
3
/day
of the capacity shall be developed.
treatment) also.
There is no enough amount of surface water source in the Rift Valley Catchment. Particularly in
northern and southern area of the catchment, there is almost no water resource, and only groundwater
us available. As the central area, to meet large water demand in the area (including Nakuru and
Naivasha area), Trasha System was constructed to get water from eastern area in the catchment area,
and the Chemusu dam in under construction to get water from north-east area of the catchment area.
In addition, it is required to construct Itale Dam to get surface water from Lake Victoria South
Chapter 7
surface water source and groundwater source as shown in below table:
Target Ratio of Surface Water and Groundwater Uses in Rift Valley Catchment

System
borehole
(Groundwater
source)
pond, others
(Surface water
source)
Surface water
source
Groundwater
source
Both sources
UWSS 95% 5% --- --- ---
LSRWSS 50% 50% --- --- ---
UWSS and LSRWSS in
Northern/ Southern Area
--- 100%
SSRWSS --- --- 100% --- ---
There are 14 major urban centres, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Rift Valley
catchment. It is proposed that the urban population of these 14 urban centres are covered by urban
water supply system, and remaining urban population and rural population in the surrounding area will
be covered by large scale rural water supply system. The proposed development capacity of each
water supply system in 2030 is shown below:
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Rift Valley Catchment
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
5.59

0.30

2.73

8.62

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m3/day)
526,000

54,000

131,000

711,000

WSP
Registered
WSP
Individual,
Community,
Institution

Urban Centres
15
Counties
15
Counties

system) is 580,000 m
3
3
under construction is around 38,000 m
3
3
/day is required
by 2030.
The below table shows population forecast and required water supply capacities in Year 2030, and
current water supply capacities for major urban centres in the Rift Valley Catchment. The location map
is shown in Figure 7.4.1.
Chapter 7
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities for Major Urban Centres in Rift
Valley Catchment
Urban Centre
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
Greater Nakuru
1 NAKURU 1,092,133 0 1,092,133 124,831
81,791 35,000
2 NAIVASHA 599,778 10,965 610,742 69,564
3 GILGIL 173,536 0 173,536 19,835
4 MOLO 144,148 57,418 201,566 21,763
5 NJORO 115,800 0 115,800 13,236
6 ELDAMA RAVINE 87,877 23,878 111,754 12,243
Sub-total 2,213,271 92,260 2,305,531 261,472 81,791 35,000
Other Centers
1 OL KALOU 324,596 0 324,596 37,101 2,000 2,600
2 LODWAR 237,570 8,466 246,036 27,934 3,068
3 ITEM/TAMBACH 208,048 1,826 209,874 23,948 1,110
4 NAROK 190,057 24,668 214,725 23,995 1,880
5 KAKUMA 181,314 24,743 206,057 23,002 2,043
6 KABARNET 124,626 1,652 126,278 14,397 2,496
7 MAI MAHIU 57,327 0 57,327 6,553
Sub-total 1,323,538 61,356 1,384,894 156,930 12,597 2,600
Others 161,599 3528 0
Total 5,750,081 580,000 97,916 37,600
Current Situation of Sanitation in Rift valley Catchment
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 9.5% 87.1% 3.3%
Rural 0.2% 59.1% 40.7%
Total 3.5% 69.0% 27.4%
According to the data provided by Rift Valley WSB, existing sewerage system covers 123,000
population with the treatment capacity of 18,393 m
3
/day. Four (4) WWTPs are operated in the
catchment. Around 70% of the population in the catchment, use on-site wastewater treatment
facilities, such as Septic Tank, Pit Latrine or Cesspool. Around 41 % of the rural population dont
have wastewater treatment facilities
Rift Valley Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
Chapter 7
such as pit latribne without slab/open pit
c) Provide suitable wastewater treatment system/ facilities for increasing populationof 3.6 million.
(For new development area, bacically new sewerage system shall be developed.)
d) Develop sewerage system for 3.56 million of urban population in 12 urban centres. (As for
sewerage system development for rural population, it shall be reconsidered.)
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Rift Valley Catchment
Service Population
(million)
3.56

5.06

8.62

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
271,000

Institution

Urban Centres
15
Counties

treatment capacities in the Rift Valley Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure 7.4.1. (The
current capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Required Capacities and Existing Capacities of Sewerage System in Rift Valley Catchment
Required Capacity
(m
3
/day)
(m
3
/day)
Greater Nakuru
1 NAKURU 1,092,133 83,220 16200
2 NAIVASHA 599,778 45,703 933
3 GILGIL 173,536 13,223
4 MOLO 144,148 10,984 1260
5 NJORO 115,800 8,824
Other Area
6 OL KALOU 324,596 24,734
7 LODWAR 237,570 18,103
8 ITEM/TAMBACH 208,048 15,853
9 NAROK 190,057 14,482
10 KAKUMA 181,314 13,816
11 KAPENGURIA 167,404 12,756
12 KABARNET 124,626 9,497
Total 3,559,010 271,197 18,393
Chapter 7
This catchment is located on the Rift Valley stretches 870 km from north (border to Sudan and
Ethiopia) to south (border to Tanzania). Climate is widely variable by location (related with elevation)
from wet zone on the elevated area to semi arid and arid zone in the low lying area. Center of the
catchment is high land having Lake Nakuru (1760 m high) located 130 km northwest of Nairobi.
Agriculture is active on the highland cultivating horticulture, especially tea production. Some parts of
semi arid zone are well known as a maize production center having high unit yields.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 11,405 ha in 2010, consisting of 774 ha of large scale
scheme, 7,609 ha of small scale schemes, and 3,022 ha of private schemes.
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in Rift Valley Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Arror Multipurpose Elgeyo-Marakwet 2,400 New Dam KVDA
Turkwel Multipurpose Elgeyo-Marakwet 1,300 New Dam KVDA
Turkwel-Kerio Valley Elgeyo-Marakwet 30,000 Ext-Reh Dam NIB
Perkera Extension Baringo 3,000 Ext Dam NIB
Arror-Kerio Valley West Pokott 1,350 NIB
Total 38,050
Remarks: NIB = National Irrigation Board, KVDA = Kerio Valley Development Authority
sector.
Chapter 7
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (RV)
Type of
Scheme
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
2030
Large 774 36,700 37,474
Small 7,606 2,449 10,055
Private 3,022 2,449 5,471
Sub-total 11,402 41,598 53,000
estimated at 34,465 ha for the Rift Valley Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to large scale
schemes, small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 74,624 ha of irrigation area is assumed to
be developed with water resources development facilities such as storage dams. ponds, pans and
rainwater harvesting and groundwater.
implementation may be given to the Turkwel-Kerio Valley project and the Perkera Extension project.
Distribution of irrigation area in 2030 is as shown in Figure 7.4.2 and Figure 5.4.2 (1/2).
There is only one existing hydropower station located in Turkwel river, called Turkwel Hydropower
Station with 106 MW installed capacity. There is no future development plan in the Least Cost
Power Development Plan (LCPDP) in Rift Valley Catchment Region.
Apart from LCPDP, there is Arror Multipurpose Dam Development Project located in the middle reach
of Kerio river. It is reported that hydropower component of Arror Dam is in the size of 70 to 80 MW.
Arror Dam is planned for water supply, irrigation, and hydropower. It is reported that Feasibility
Study by the Ministry of Regional Development Authorities (MORDA) is expected to be completed
by June 2012.
In Rift Valley Catchment Area, the following is the existing plan that includes hydropower
development:
1) Arror Multipurpose Dam (Water Supply, Irrigation, Hydropower)
Judging from the existing information above, the listed hydropower development plan as above is to
be included into Hydropower Development Plan at this moment.
Chapter 7
The following table shows Hydropower Development Plan in Rift Valley Catchment Region.
Locations of the project are shown in Figure 7.4.3.
Tentative Hydropower Development Plan in RV
No. Name of Plan
Installed Capacity
(MW)
1
Arror Multipurpose
Dam
70~80 MW
F/S by MORDA to completed in
June 2012.
Hydropower
Source: MORDA
The Rift Valley (RV) Catchment Area has a total basin area of 130,452 km
2
, and an annual average
rainfall of 510 mm which is similar to that of the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area and the
smallest among the WRMA catchment areas. The annual rainfall differs spatially within the Catchment,
ranging from around 200 mm near Turkana Lake to 1,000 mm near the Kenya water towers.
The present water demand (2010) in the RV Catchment was estimated based on the population of 4.90
million and irrigation area of 9,587 ha as presented in Section 7.2 and summarized below.
Present Water Demand (2010) in the RV Catchment
(MCM/year)
Domestic 59
Industrial 4
Irrigation 119
Livestock 68
Total 250
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the RV Catchment
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam Turkwel Dam Hydropower (106MW), irrigation Storage volume of 1,650MCM
Dam Chemeron Dam Domestic and irrigation water supply Reservoir is almost filled with sand.
Dam Kirandich Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 3MCM
Dam Turasha Dam Domestic water supply to Nakuru
Dam Aram dam Domestic water supply
Dam Ratat Dam Domestic water supply
Inter-Basin Water Transfer From Kirandich Dam Domestic water supply
Borehole Total No. of 753 Domestic water supply mainly Total abstraction volume of
115MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water Pan Total No. of 660 Domestic and livestock water supply
mainly, partly for irrigation
Total storage volume of 11.8MCM,
average volume per facility of
18,000CM
Chapter 7
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the RV Catchment is
approximately 1,665 MCM. There are 6 existing dams, among which the Turkwel Dam is the 155 m
high dam with its purposes of hydropower generation (106 MW) and irrigation water supply, the
Chemeron Dam for the domestic and irrigation water supply purposes has the reservoir being almost
filled with sand, and other 4 existing dams are all of domestic water supply purpose.
The Chemususu Dam is under construction for domestic water supply purpose (storage volume of 10
MCM). The structures under planning and/or designing in the Catchment are Arror Dam (domestic,
hydropower and irrigation water supply), and Oloibortoto River Water Transfer Work.
There are 753 boreholes in the Catchment, which is approximately 5% of the national total 13,758
boreholes (MWI). There are 660 small dams/ water pans and their total storage volume is 12 MCM.
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the RV Catchment
are as follows:
Present and Future Water Demands in the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 59 259
Industrial 4 17
Irrigation 119 459
Livestock 68 137
Total 250 872
The projected 2030 water demands show the increase by about 3 times compared with the present
demands due to increase in population to 8.62 million and irrigation areas to 53,000 ha expected by
2030.
It is certain that the existing water resources structures/ facilities will not be able to satisfy the
increased 2030 water demands, therefore new structures/ facilities are required to be developed.
Although the projected available 2030 surface water of 3,045 MCM/year is larger in amount than the
groundwater of 1,392 MCM/year in the Catchment, the majority of the surface water is distributed
along the borders with the Lake Victoria North and South Catchments and at the areas adjacent to the
most upstream of the Athi and Tana Rivers, therefore the development will focus on the efficient
combination of surface water and groundwater.
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the RV Catchment are set as
1) Unlike the Lake Victoria North and South Catchments having abundant surface water
resources over the Catchments, the surface water is unevenly distributed in the RV
Catchment. Therefore the development plan focuses on the combination of the
maximum exploitation of the surface water resources at locations where the surface water
is available, and also intensive exploitation of the groundwater where the surface water is
not available especially in the northern and southern parts of the Catchment. The
Chapter 7
groundwater was assessed to be rather evenly distributed in the RV Catchment compared
with the surface water.
2) Candidates of the dams development for the maximum surface water exploitation include
in principle (i) dams under designing and/or planning by the government including the
3) For the Greater Nakuru area where heavily concentrated domestic water demands are
expected in 2030 but both of the surface and groundwater resources are insufficient, the
inter-basin water transfer schemes from the adjacent Lake Victoria South Catchment are
to be planned in addition to the intra-basin water transfer schemes.
4) In addition to the above stated dam candidates, small dams and water pans are to be
planned from the viewpoints of effective and flexible use of the surface water.
concepts of the planning for the RV Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Kimwarer Dam 18 48 66 (130)*
1

Waseges Dam 10 10 20 (14)
Arror Dam 0 54 54 (60) With hydropower, D/D
Malewa Dam 23 0 23 (56)
Upper Narok Dam 7 65 72 (7) Flagship Project
Kipsang Dam 0 25 25 (15)
Total 58 202 260
*
1
Chapter 7
2) Water Transfers
Tentative Proposed Plan Water Transfers to the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic
Remarks
Inter-Basin Water Transfer from LVS to RV 41
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
4) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the RV Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 64 56 63 183

Rift Valley Catchment Area ranges about 800 km in north and south direction, and has different water
resources characteristics by different regions in the catchment.
In the northern part of the catchment area, which includes the lower reaches of Turkwel and Kerio
rivers, and other arid and semi-arid areas in the northern part, has little rainfall. People rely more on
groundwater than surface water.
In the central part, which includes high lands with Nakuru town in the center with relatively much
rainfall areas, is expected to have pressed water demand and supply balance in the future. The
southern part includes Ewaso Ngiro South river, an international river that flows south toward
Tanzania, and Lake Magadi.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Rift Valley Regional Office in Nakuru.
Under the regional office, there are five sub-regional offices of:
(i) Lodwar that covers the northern part (Tarach river, east and west part along the Lake
Turkana, downstream reach of Turkwel river, and the middle reach of Kerio river);
Chapter 7
(ii) Kapenguria that covers central-western part (upstream reach of Turkwel river and the middle
reach of Kerio river);
(iii) Kabarnet that covers central part (Suguta river, upstream reach of Keio river and the Lakes
Baringo and Bogoria);
(iv) Naivasha that covers central-southern part (the Lakes Nakuru, Elementeita and Naivasha);
and
(v) Narok that covers southern part (the Lake Magadi and Ewaso Ngiro South river) of the
catchment.
There are three major rivers and seven major lakes in the catchment, namely Turkwel, Kerio and
Ewaso Ngiro South rivers and Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elementaita, Naivasha and
Magadi. The following table shows the current monitoring situations of surface and groundwater,
water quality and rainfall. Surface water level and groundwater level monitoring stations are not well
maintained.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resource in RV
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 40 37 20 8 60
Achievement (%) 50 65 90 100 75
permits against issued permits is relatively low, especially for surface water permits:
Current Situations of Water Permits in RV
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 252 663 503 162 32
Groundwater 389 1,390 183 124 68
Total 641 2,053 686 286 42
As for catchment conservation of Rift Valley Catchment Area, it is important to conserve Mau Forest,
Cherangani Hills and Aberdare Range which are major water sources of the catchment. Decrease of
forest areas is significant in all the three water towers of Mau, Cherangani and Aberdare. As of 2010,
the ratio of forest area in the catchment area is 1.9%.
There are issues on rehabilitation of vegetation around small water sources in Rift Valley Catchment
Area. Identification of the target areas for rehabilitation and their countermeasures are required.
As for issues of soil erosion and soil outflow, there is no specific location for problematic erosion.
Therefore no particular countermeasures are required.
Chapter 7
Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be installed in the middle and upper
reaches of Kerio river (two locations), in the middle reach of Turkwel river (one location),
at Lake Baringo, and in the entering point of Ewaso Ngiro South river into Tanzania.
For groundwater monitoring boreholes, in addition to the existing 24 monitoring
boreholes, 13 monitoring boreholes, which are currently not in operation, will be
rehabilitated. About eight locations (Lokichokio, Lokitaiung, Loichar etc.) which are
not currently monitored will be newly added for monitoring. In total about 45 locations
will be the target monitoring boreholes which are of exclusive use for monitoring
purpose.
catchment.
follows:
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in three locations of Lodwar, Kapenguria,
and Nakuru, considering the wide area of the catchment area. One water quality expert
will be assigned to each water quality laboratory.
Chapter 7
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Turkwel river
b) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Keiro river
c) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Ewaso Ngiro South river
d) One location each at Lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elementaita,
Naivasha and Magadi.
Concrete target areas are: the northern part of Cherangani Hills which is the source of
Turkwel river, the southern part of Mau Forest which is the source of Ewaso Ngiro South
river, and the western part of Aberdare Range which is the source of Lake Naivasha.
(Ref. Figure 5.4.5 (4/4))
For rehabilitation of vegetation for small water source, identification of the target
locations and countermeasures will be studied.
Particularly in recent years, a lot of deaths caused by flash floods have been reported in mountainous
areas that are located in the central part of the catchment. Meanwhile, in the middle reach of Turkwel
River flowing into the Turkana Lake from the central part of catchment, villages located along the
Turkwel River have suffered from inundation caused by flooding from the river. In the urban areas
of Nakuru and Narok that are located in the southern part of catchment, urban floods occasionally
outbreak due to poor drainage.
At this time, systematic flood management has not been implemented in the catchment because neither
setting of warning water levels even at major river gauge stations nor construction of flood control
structures have been confirmed.
Most of RV catchment except for its central part in and around Nakuru is categorized into arid land for
the northern side and semi-arid land for the southern side.
In the time of drought in January 2011, civil insecurity and conflicts over water resources and grazing
resources occurred particularly in Turkana area. Insecurity resulted into displacement and destitution
of households. Also dysentery outbreaks occurred in several areas including Turkana due to
deterioration of water quality.
Chapter 7
As for drought disaster management at local government and community levels, Arid Land Resources
Management Project II was completed in December 2010 with a financial support of World Bank.
The project formulated institutional arrangement for drought disaster management at local levels for
all the arid and semi-arid land districts in Kenya.
On the other hand, as for drought management at catchment level, in times of drought, WRMA RV
conducts water use restriction. However reference water levels for restriction have not clearly
determined in the RV catchment. This means there is an operational issue from the view point of
clear timing for actions against drought.
Out of the target areas in RV, in Turkwel and Kerio, it is intended to mitigate human damages by
preparation of evacuation plans for major villages because there is scarcely large-scale villages in the
flood prone areas.
Regarding urban drainage issues in Nakuru and Narok, structural drainage measures shall be
implemented, while hazard map necessary for densely-populated areas shall be developed.
Out of the target areas, Mogotio will be excluded from NWMP 2030 since recent flood damages have
not been confirmed as a result of damage survey, which was carried out in the study.
to formulate drought disaster management plan in RV;
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for RV.
Simplified flood hazard maps covering major villages in Middle Turkwel and Lower Kerio
shall be prepared and notified to the public. The contents of hazard map should include
simply-estimated probable flood area, evacuation place, dissemination flow of warning
information, list of actions to be taken, etc.
Chapter 7
It is proposed to implement urban drainage measures in Nakuru and Narok towns, while flood
hazard maps covering all the affected areas in the towns shall be prepared and notified to the
public. The contents of hazard map should include probable flood area and depth,
evacuation place, dissemination flow of warning information, list of actions to be taken, etc.
a) roof catchment,
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for RV.
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA RV office shall be developed to share
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA RV in the KMDs drought forecasting system.
WRMA RV shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
Regarding river water use restriction, five river gauge stations including newly proposed
stations are tentatively selected from the major stations in RV catchment as a control point.
Three steps of reference water level, namely Normal, Alert and Alarm should be estimated
based on the past records. The selected stations and their reference discharge are
summarized in the table below:
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in RV
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
new station 1.82 1.02 0.70
2EE09 Narosura 1.52 0.84 0.57
2GB1 Malewa 0.17 0.10 0.08
new station 0.00 0.00 0.00
2B21 Turkwell 0.87 0.41 0.30
Note: 1) The above values are tentatively estimated by using daily discharge data for 2019-2040 in
2) New stations are shown in Figure 7.4.6 (lower).
3) The above discharge value 0.00 means almost drying up during dry season. When the
control points are selected from the major stations, it should be taken into consideration.
future.
Chapter 7
In the RV catchment area, there are many well-known lakes and marshes of Kenya such as Lake
Naivasha as fresh water lake and Lake Nakuru famous as habitat of pink flamingo. The RV
catchment is important from the aspect of natural environmental resources as many wetlands, national
parks and reserves are located in surrounding the lakes.
In northern area, three national parks are located mainly in the Lake Turkana. The Lake Turkana is
the most saline lake in East Africa and the largest desert lake in the world. The area including the
lake is now listed as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in view of rich biodiversity conservation
and natural geographic characteristic. The lake is also has important ecosystem for migratory birds
and world's biggest habitat of crocodile.
In southern area, the area including Lake Nakuru, Lake Bogolia and Lake Elementaita is listed as a
UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 2011. The area is habitat of 13 endangered bird species and
important breeding site for Pink Flamingo/ Great white Pelican. Naivasha Lake is important water
source for the surrounding area. However, the excessive use of lake water for irrigation is reducing
water level of the lake. In addition, water pollution is going on because large amount of irrigation
water contaminated by fertilizer and agrichemical and human sewage are flowing into the lake. Mau
Forest Complex, Cherangani, and Abardere Range as Five Water Towers are located in the catchment.
Forest degradation is a serious problem in the area same as other catchment area.
The alkaline lakes which are characteristic natural resources of Kenya are concentrated in the
catchment. These lakes are not suitable for water source, but they have important role as habitats of
wild birds and large mammal such as Hippopotamus amphibious. These lake ecosystems are also
threatened by inflow of human sewage. The lakes and surrounding wetlands should be protected as
natural environment resources officially.
The RV catchment area is the priority area in Kenya for environmental resource management related
to water resources. On the other hand, the area is being affected by population growth impact in
recent years because human life and wildlife habitats are very near. It is desirable to properly
manage the point sources such as human sewage from principal town of the area and non-point
sources such as irrigation water.
environmental management in the RV catchment are as follows:
1) Monitoring of water sources rivers in five national parks/reserves and management and
2) Monitoring of conditions of Mau Forest Complex, Cherangani and Aberdare Rang (Five
Water Towers) and rivers, and management and regulations, and
3) Monitoring of conditions of six lakes (Both of alkali lake and freshwater lake) and three
rivers in the catchment, and management and regulation.
Chapter 7
Based on above concept and framework, the content of the environmental management plan of the RV
catchment is presented below. Figure 7.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the proposed
monitoring locations.
Environmental Management Plan of the RV Catchment
Type Object
(Frequency)
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1
Mt. Longonot National
Park
(Quarterly)
Restrictions for
development of the
surrounding and an
upper area
protected areas
WRMA/
KWS/
Country council/
DRSRS
2
Saiwa Swamp National
Park
3
Central Island National
Park
4 Hells Gate National Park
5
Lake Nakuru National
Park
W
a
t
e
r

C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

F
o
r
e
s
t

6 Mau Forest Complex
Forest cover by Satellite Image
(Dry season/Yearly)
observation)
(Monthly)
(Monthly)
Strengthened
monitoring patrol to
Illegal logging and
encroachment
Management and
zones
WRMA/
KFS
7 Cherangani
8 Aberdare Rang
W
a
t
e
r

B
o
d
i
e
s

9 Perkerra River
Field Survey
(Quarterly)
bank(Quarterly)
(Point and Non-point source)
(Quarterly)
Data collection
licenses (Monthly)
volume and effluent
water quality
for offenders
Regulation of
dumping site
sources map
NEMA/
MOEMR/
WRMA

10 Turkwel River
11 Kerio River
12 Lake Turkana
Field Survey
(Monthly)
(Point and Non-point source)
(Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of Intakes and effluent
licenses (Monthly)
13 Lake Bogolia
14 Lake Baringo
15 Lake Nakuru
16 Lake Elementaita
17 Lake Naivasha
18 Lake Magadi
Progress Report (4) Athi Catchment Area
Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8 ATHI CATCHMENT AREA
Athi Catchment Area is located in the southern part of Kenya. Major river is Athi River originating
from mountain ranges in the northwest to southwest of Nairobi City. The Athi Catchment borders
with Tana Catchment Area in the north, with Rift Valley Catchment Area in the west, with Indian
Ocean in the east, and with Tanzania in the south. Total catchment area is 65,935 km
2
which is
11.4% of Kenya. According to the Census 2009, population in the catchment is 9.27 million, or
about 24% of the total population of Kenya.
Major cities/towns in the Athi Catchment are Nairobi (the capital city), Mombasa (the second largest),
Kiambu, Machakos, Kajiado, Malindi and Kilifi. The catchment area includes whole area of Nairobi,
Makuweni, Taita Taveta, Kwale and Mombsa counties, a part of Kiambu, Machakos, Kajiado and
Kilifi counties.
Athi River is the largest river in the Athi Catchment that flows from the southeast of Nairobi
north-eastward in the most upstream area. Athi River turns its flow direction to the southeast in the
north of Ol Doinyo Sapuk National Park and flows along the catchment boundary with Tana
Catchment Area and drains into the Indian Ocean in the northern part of Malindi. The catchment
area of Athi River is 37,750 km
2
, which account for about 57% of the Athi Catchment. There are two
international rivers, namely, Namanga River and the Lake Amboseli (3,155 km
2
) and Lumi River that
originates from the outskirt of Mt. Kilimanjaro in the territory of Tanzania and the Lake Jipe (2,804
km
2
). Other rivers flow into the Indian Ocean as well as Athi River, namely, Rare River (7,625 km
2
)
at Kilifi, Mwachi (3,874 km
2
) and Pemba (4,760 km
2
) rivers at Mombasa, and Ramisi River (3,234
km2) in the south most of Kenya.
There are several springs near Chyulu Hills in the central part of the Athi Catchment such as Mzima
Spring used for irrigation purpose and water supply for Mombasa city.
As for crops in the Athi Catchment, beans are major crops in the western part, especially in the areas
surrounding Kajiado County. Other crops are cotton in Machakos County in the east of Nairobi,
cashunut and coconut in the coastal region of Kilifi and Mobimasa. Banana is grown in the south
most part of Athi Catchment in Kwale and Taita Taveta counties.
In the capital city Nairobi, there are various industries such as agricultural equipment, brewing and
beverages, cement, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, coffee processing, construction material,
electricity appliances, food processing, shoes, glass, leather, light industries, meat processing, painting
material, paper industry, plastic product, printing, soap, steel, textile, timber and timber products,
tobacco, tyre and car. In the suburbs of Nairobi, there are shoes and meat processing at Limur,
cement, brewing and beverages, meat processing and textile at Athi River and food processing and
light industry at Machakos. In the downstream areas, textile industry at Voi and food processing at
Malindi and Kilifi are famous. In the second largest city Mombasa, various kinds of industries are
promoted such as brewing and beverages, cement, construction material, food processing, glass, light
industry, meat processing, oil refinery, paper, plastic product, ship repair, soap, steel, textile, car, shoes.
Athi Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 8
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the Athi catchment for 2030
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 1,334
Total 1,664
The water demands in 2030 of the Athi catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
899 179 1,288 91 2 4 2,463
The water balance study was carried out for the Athi Catchment Area in accordance with the
methodologies and conditions stated in Sub-Section 4.7.3.
8.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the Athi Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the Athi Catchment is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 179 110 69
Livestock 91 68 23
Total 1,923 1,642 281
The table below shows the current population in 2010 and population projected for 2030 for Lake Athi
Catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be incased by 10.4 million and the rural
Chapter 8
Population Projected for Athi Catchment
2010 6.11 3.36 9.47
2030 16.55 2.88 19.43
The two biggest cities in Kenya, Nairobi and Mombasa are located in the catchment. The population
of Nairobi and surrounding accounts for 64% of the total population in the catchment, and the
population of Mombasa and surrounding area accounts for 30%.
established below:
Current Situation of Water Connection in Athi Catchment
borehole
pond, others
Urban 63.2% 17.5% 16.8% 2.6%
Rural 28.2% 33.5% 2.9% 35.5%
Total 53.8% 21.8% 13.0% 11.4%
The water from un-registered Water Vendor (13%) and water from stream, lake, pond without proper
treatment (11%) are categorized as unimproved drinking water source. It is estimated that around
24% (13%+11%) of the population in the catchment connect such unimproved drinking water source.
It is estimated that 22% of the population get water from springs, wells or boreholes. Un-protected
well and spring are also categorized as unimproved drinking water source. The ratio of unprotected
ones has not been cleared.
Around 54% of population in the catchment area are supplied water through pipes by registered WSPs.
As for Nairobi and surrounding area, the water supply system managed by registered WSPs covers
2.82 million of service population. The below table shows eight (8) urban WSPs and four (4) rural
WSPs, of which total water supply capacity is 454,000 m
3
/day.
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Greater Nairobi
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Kiambu WSC Kiambu, Riambai, Ndumberi, 21,630 602
Ruiru-Juja WSC Ruiru, Juja, Membley 69,740 3,000
Karuri WSC Karuri 13,896 975
Thika WSC Thika 215,142 6,350
Nairobi WSC Nairobi, Thika, Kikuyu, Ngong', Machakos, Athi
River
2,250,607 505,000
Limuru WSC Limuru, Kimende, Thigio 59,590 5,300
Kikuyu WSC Kikuyu, Thogoto, Muguga, Karai 32,868 10,558
Runda WSC Runda 13,180 -
Mavoko EPZA WSC Mlolongo, Katani, Syokimau, Athi River, Lukenya, 47,571 2,921
Chapter 8
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Chumvi, JKIA
Oloolaiser WSC Ongata Rongai, Kiserian, Matasia, Ngong 116,025 6,082
Machakos WSC Machakos 13,412 3,464
[Rural]
Gatundu South WSC Gatundu, Ndarugo 68,784 9,000
Karimenu Community WSC Karimenu 21,000 7,500
Githunguri WSC Githunguri, Komothai, Mihugo 20,844 10,020
Kathiani WSC Kathiani 362
Mbooni WSC Mumbuni, Mulima, Tawa, Kikima 122
Mwala WSC Mwala, Mbiuni, Wamunyu, Kibauni 717
Matunglu Kangundo WSC Kangundo, Tala, Matungulu 240
Total 2,964,289 572,213
As for Mombasa and surrounding area, the water supply system managed by registered WSPs covers
1.49 million of service population. The below table shows six (6) urban WSPs of which total water
supply capacity is 82,000 m
3
/day.
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Mombasa Coastal Area
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
MOMBASA WSC. Mombasa, Changamwe, Kisauni, Mtwapa, Nyali,
Shanzu
708,054 63,700
MALINDI WSC Malindi, Gede 186,300 11,500
KILIFI MARIAKANI WSC Kilifi, Mariakani, Kaloleni, Mtwapa 418,307 6,400
KWALE WSC Kwale, Ukunda, Lunga Lunga, Msambweni, Kinango 149,344 5,920
Total 1,462,005 87,520
Data Source: Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011
As for other area in the Athi Catchment, the situation is as shown in below table:
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Remaining Area of Athi Catchment
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Kibwezi Makindu WSC Kibwezi, Mtito Andei, Makindu, Kalama, Kibarani 76,655 2,951
Wote WSC Wote 9,610 225
Namanga Community Water Trust Namanga 516
Nol Turesh Loitokitok WSC Loitokitok Central, Kimana, Ramba, Marhuru, Sultan
Hamud, Malili, Kilome
14,630 5,258
Olkejuado WSC Kajiado, Isinya, Bissil 9,762 625
Tavevo WSC Taveta, Voi, Mwatate, Wundanyi 30,971 1,400
Total 141,628 10,975
Data Source: Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011
Chapter 8
Athi Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
catchment (total service population is around 16.8 million), through registered WSP, it is required
to develop urban water and rural water supply system, which have total capacity of 2,404,000
m
3
/day. The current water supply capacity of registered WSPs in the catchment is estimated
560,000 m
3
/day, so that additional 1,950,000 m
3
Un-improved Drinking Water Source (water from un-registered water vendor and surface water
Large amount of domestic water demand are generated, and will be generated more in Nairobi
surrounding area (hereinafter it called Greater Nairobi Area) and Mombasa surrounding area
(hereinafter it is called Greater Mombasa Area). To meet huge amount of water demand in Greater
Nairobi Area, it is required to get large amount of surface water from Tana Catchment.
Considering potential of water sources in the catchment and characteristics of each water supply
system, it is considered that each water supply system depends on the following ratios on surface
water source and groundwater source as shown in below table:
Target Ratio of Surface Water and Groundwater Uses in Athi Catchment

System
borehole
(Groundwater
source)
pond, others
(Surface water
source)
Surface water
source
Groundwater
source
Both sources
UWSS 95% 5% --- --- ---
UWSS (groundwater low potential area) 100% 0%
LSRWSS 50% 50% --- --- ---
SSRWSS --- --- 100% --- ---
There are 24 major urban centres, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Athi. It is
proposed that the urban population of these 24 urban centres would be covered by urban water supply
system, and remaining urban population and rural population in the surrounding areas will be covered
by large scale rural water supply system.
The proposed development capacity of each water supply system in 2030 is shown in the below table.
Chapter 8
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Athi Catchment
Urban Water Supply Large Scale Rural Water
Supply
Small Scale Rural
Water Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
16.55

0.29

2.59

19.43

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m
3
/day)
2,246,000

51,000

165,000

2,463,000

WSP
Registered WSP Individual, Community,
Institution

Target Towns/ Area 30 major
Urban Centres
12
Counties
12
Counties

The table below shows population forecast and required water supply capacities in Year 2030, and
current water supply capacities for the major urban centres in the Athi Catchment. The location map is
shown in Figure 8.4.1. (The current capacities include capacities of projects under construction in the
catchment)
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities of Urban Centres in Athi Catchment
Urban Centre
Population Forecast, 2030 Required Capacity,
2030
(m
3
/day)
Current and under
Construction Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
Greater Nairobi
1 NAIROBI 6,075,891 0 6,075,891 887,384
456,000
2 RUIRU 846,990 0 846,990 123,703
3 KIKUYU 827,037 703 827,740 120,853
4 KANGUNDD-TALA 775,003 0 775,003 113,189
5 MACHAKOS 532,045 0 532,045 77,705
6 NGONG 527,043 0 527,043 76,975
7 MAVOKO 486,550 1,854 488,405 71,231
8 THlKA 485,508 2,510 488,018 71,140
9 KARURI 381,961 18,996 400,957 57,534
10 KIAMBU 298,414 4,030 302,444 43,954
11 KITENGElA 286,007 0 286,007 41,771
12 LIMURU 282,017 21,162 303,179 43,137
13 JUJA 198,873 0 198,873 29,045
14 ONGATA RONGAI 197,555 0 197,555 28,853
15 KISERIAN 94,224 0 94,224 13,761
Sub-total 12,295,120 49,257 12,344,377 1,800,238 456,000
Mombasa Coastal Area
1 MOMBASA 2,644,591 0 2,644,591 386,243
92,200
2 MALINDI 419,368 76,085 495,452 68,254
3 MTWAPA 239,089 0 239,089 34,919
4 UKUNDA 221,728 0 221,728 32,383
5 KILIFI 173,137 63,332 236,469 31,118
6 KWALE 97,750 7,158 104,908 14,935
7 MARIAKANI 85,299 55,802 141,101 17,596
8 MASAMBWENI 23,233 6,887 30,120 4,027
Sub-total 3,904,195 209,265 4,113,459 589,476 92,200
Other Area
1 WUNDANYI 221,285 0 221,285 32,319 1,400
2 MAKUYU 156,049 23,860 179,908 24,988
3 WANGURU 117,924 811 118,736 17,298
4 VOI 84,336 24,223 108,559 14,548 1,400
Chapter 8
Urban Centre
Population Forecast, 2030 Required Capacity,
2030
(m
3
/day)
Current and under
Construction Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
5 TAVETA 70,441 40,732 111,173 14,038
6 LOITOKTOK 55,218 0 55,218 8,065
7 MITTO ANDEI 22,225 18,296 40,521 4,931
Sub-total 727,478 107,922 835,401 116,185 2,800
Difference 2,136,763 119,708
Total 16,550,000 19,430,000 2,246,000 670,708
For the Greater Nairobi Area and the Mombasa Coastal Area, large scale water resource development
projects are required to meet the huge amount of the water demand. As for the Greater Nairobi Area,
large scale water transfer from the Tana Catchment is indispensable as well as water resource
development in upstream of the Athi catchment (such as Munyu Dam construction). As for
Mombasa coastal area, the M/P study has been conducted to clarify necessary projects to meet the
water demand. The major potential water resources for Mimbasa area are listed as Mizima Spring,
Desalination, Muwache dam.
Current Situation of Sanitation in Athi Catchment in 2010
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 30.1% 68.7% 1.4%
Rural 0.3% 76.7% 23.0%
Total 22.1% 70.7% 7.2%
The 71% of the population in the catchment, use on-site wastewater treatment facilities. Sewerage
system covers 30% of urban population in the catchment. As for Greater Nairobi Area, existing
sewerage system with five (5) WWTPs has 192,000 m
3
/day of wastewater treatment capacity. As for
Greater Mombasa Area, existing sewerage system with five (2) WWTPs has 49,600 m
3
/day of
wastewater treatment capacity.
Athi Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
Chapter 8
c) Provide suitable wastewater treatment system/ facilities for increasing population of 10 million.
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Athi Catchment
Service Population
(million)
16.49

2.94

19.43

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
1,407,000

Institution

Urban Centres
12
Counties

treatment capacities in the Athi Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure 8.4.1. (The current
capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Required Capacities and Existing Capacities of Sewerage System in Athi Catchment
Major Urban Centre
Service
Population
Required Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
Construction (m
3
/day)
1 NAIROBI 6,075,891 567,926 192,000
2 RUIRU 846,990 64,541
3 KIKUYU 827,037 63,020
4 KANGUNDD-TALA 775,003 59,055
5 MACHAKOS 532,045 40,542 2,000
6 NGONG 527,043 40,161
7 MAVOKO 486,550 37,075 12,960
8 THlKA 485,508 36,996 20,000
9 KARURI 381,961 29,105
10 KIAMBU 298,414 22,739 10,000
11 KITENGElA 286,007 21,794
12 LIMURU 282,017 21,490 10,000
13 MTWAPA 239,089 18,219
14 JUJA 198,873 15,154
15 ONGATA RONGAI 197,555 15,054
16 MAKUYU 156,049 11,891
17 WANGURU 117,924 8,986
18 KWALE 97,750 7,449
19 MOMBASA 2,644,591 247,195 17,100
20 MALINDI 419,368 31,956
21 UKUNDA 221,728 16,896
22 KILIFI 173,137 13,193
23 WUNDANYI 221,285 16,862
Total 16,491,816 1,407,297 264,060
Chapter 8
The Athi river is one of major river system in Kenya running from high land (1,700 m elevation) to
Indian Ocean near Mombasa. Upstream or elevated areas are well developed for agriculture, especially
for horticulture by private schemes, and agricultural productivity is high. However the middle reach
and downstream area are semi arid zone and agricultural use is limited due to shortage of river water.
Major crops in the low lying area are food crops such as maize and sorghum. Mount skirt of Mr.
Kilimanjaro at the southern part of the Athi river, is a good irrigated agricultural are receiving river
water originated from Mr. Kilimanjaro.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 51,937 ha in 2010, consisting of 20,563 ha of small
scale schemes, and 31,374 ha of private schemes.
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in Athi Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Lower Ewaso Ngiro Multi. Kajiado 20,000 New Dam NIB-MRDA-ENSDA
Lake Chala Taita Taveta 400 New Dam MRDA
Mwache Dam Multipurpose Kwale 400 New Dam MRDA-TARDA
Sabaki Extension Kilifi 3,000 Ext Weir NIB-MRDA
Kavunyalalo Malindi 10,000 New Weir NIB
Kanzalu Machakos 12,000 New Weir NIB-TARDA
Chola Taita Taveta 500 NIB
Lumi Taita Taveta 800 NIB
Kamleza Taita Taveta 750 NIB
Ngutini Taita Taveta 1,000 NIB
Marodo Taita Taveta 600 NIB
Avuyalolo Kilifi 8,140 New Weir NIB
Taita Taveta (Mbololo) Taita Taveta 2,000 New Dam NWI-MRDA
Yatta Canal Extension Machakos 5,000 Ext Dam MWI
Kibwezi Extension Makueni 13,000 Ext Dam TARDA
Total 77,590
Remarks: MWI = Ministry of Water and Irrigation, NIB = National Irrigation Board,
TARDA = Tana & Athi Rivers Development Authority, MRDA = Ministry of Regional Development Authorities,
ENSDA = Ewaso Ngiro South Development Authority
Chapter 8
sector.
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (Athi)
Type of
Scheme
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
2030
Large 0 40,800 40,800
Small 20,563 5,582 26,145
Private 31,374 5,582 36,956
Sub-total 51,937 51,963 103,900
estimated at 51,937 ha for the Athi Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to large scale schemes,
small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 72,813 ha of irrigation area is assumed to be
developed with water resources development facilities such as storage dams. ponds, pans and
implementation may be given to the extension type projects. Distribution of irrigation area in 2030 is
as shown in Figure 8.4.2 and Figure 5.4.2 (1/2).
There is no hydropower station in Athi River Catchment Region. There is no future development
plan in the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP) in Athi River Catchment Region.
Apart from LCPDP, there is Mwachi Multipurpose Dam Development Project located in the
downstream reach of Mwachi river. It is reported that there is a possibility of hydropower
component in Mwachi Dam, however, the size is not confirmed yet.
As for other development project, there is Munyu Dam planned in the suburbs of Nairobi for water
supply and irrigation purpose. It is reported that there is a possibility of hydropower development
Chapter 8
components in Munyu Dam. Munyu Dam will be reflected to hydropower development plan once
detailed information is provided.
In Athi Catchment Area, the followings are the existing plans that may include hydropower
development:
1) Mwachi Multipurpose Dam (Water Supply, Irrigation, Hydropower)
2) Munyu Multipurpose Dam (Water Supply, Irrigation, Hydropower)
Although the possibility of development of above multipurpose dam schemes should be examined
from the view point of water resources development, the above listed hydropower development plans
are to be included into Hydropower Development Plan at this moment.
The following table shows Hydropower Development Plan in Athi Catchment Region. Locations of
Tentative Hydropower Development Plan in Athi
No. Name of Plan
Installed Capacity
(MW)
1
Mwachi Multipurpose
Dam
To be confirmed
F/S by MORDA under
implementation?
Hydropower (to be confirmed)
2
Munyu Multipurpose
Dam
To be confirmed
F/S by MORDA under
implementation?
Hydropower (to be confirmed)
Source: MORDA, NWMP (1992)
The Athi Catchment Area has a total basin area of 58,639 km
2
, and an annual average rainfall of 810
mm which is between rather rich rainfall of around 1,300-1,400 mm in the Lake Victoria North and
South Catchment Areas and less rainfall of around 500 mm in the Rift Valley and Ewaso Ngiro North
Catchment Areas. The annual rainfall differs spatially within the Catchment, ranging from around 500
mm in the southern part near the border with Tanzania to 1,200 mm in the western mountainous area.
The present water demand (2010) in the Athi Catchment was estimated based on the population of
Chapter 8
Present Water Demand (2010) in the Athi Catchment
(MCM/year)
Domestic 223
Industrial 39
Irrigation 920
Livestock 46
Total 1,228
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the Athi Catchment
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam Ruiru Dam Domestic water supply to Nairobi Storage volume of 3MCM
Dam Bathi Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Dam Mulima Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Dam Manooni Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Dam Muoni Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Dam Kikoneni Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 1MCM
Dam Maruba Dam Domestic water supply Storage volume of 2MCM
Inter-Basin Water
Transfer
- - -
230MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water
Pan
Total No. of 1,391 Domestic and livestock water
facility of 8,000CM
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the Athi Catchment is
approximately 22 MCM. The existing 7 dams are all for the domestic water supply purpose and not
the large-scale dams.
The Kiserian Dam is under construction for the domestic water supply purpose (storage volume of 1
MCM). The Thwake Dam (domestic and irrigation water supply) and Yatta Dam (irrigation water
supply) completed their designs. The dams under planning and/or designing in the Catchment are
Rare Dam and Mwachi Dam (both are for domestic water supply), and Lake Chala Dam (domestic and
irrigation water supply). The water transfer schemes under planning are the Second Mzima and
Sabaki Extension schemes.
boreholes (MWI). There are 1,391 small dams/ water pans and their total storage volume is 11.6
MCM, which is 53% of the total storage volume in the Catchment. Both the boreholes and small
dams/ water pans have been exploited to satisfy the large water demands in the Catchment.
Chapter 8
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the Athi Catchment
are as follows:
Present and Future Water Demands in the Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 223 899
Industrial 39 179
Irrigation 920 754
Livestock 46 91
Total 1,228 1,923
The projected 2030 water demands show the increase by about 60% compared with the present
demands due to increase in population to 19.43 million including Nairobi and Mombasa and increase
in irrigation areas to 103,900 ha expected by 2030.
increased 2030 water demands, therefore new structures/ facilities are required to be developed. As a
total of the projected available 2030 surface water of 1,334 MCM/year and the groundwater of 330
MCM/year in the Catchment is below in amount the 2030 water demands, the water resources
development will focus on not only maximum exploitation of the surface and the ground water in the
Catchment but also the water transfer from the adjacent catchment such as Tana Catchment.
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the Athi Catchment are set as
1) The development plan focuses on not only the maximum exploitation of the surface and
groundwater resources in the Catchment but also on the inter-basin water transfer from the
adjacent Tana Catchment.
3) The large scale intra-basin water transfer scheme is to be considered for the water demand
for Mombasa.
from the viewpoint of effective and flexible use of the surface water.
concepts of the planning for the Athi Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
Chapter 8
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Kikuyu Dam 11 17 28 (11)*
1

Ndarugu Dam 8 0 8 (215) Flagship Project
Munyu Dam 0 5 5 (575) Flagship Project, with
hydropower
Thwake Dam 0 384 384 (594) Flagship Project, D/D
Mbuuni Dam 8 10 18 (19)
Kiteta Dam 0 8 8 (15)
Yatta Dam 0 0 0 (35) Flagship Project, D/D
Lake Chala Dam 2 0 2 (-) D/D
Pemba Dam 11 0 11 (-)
Rare Dam 6 8 14 (31) D/D
Mwachi Dam 12 0 12 (105) With hydropower, D/D
Ruiru-A Dam 0 0 0 (18) Flagship Project
Upper Athi Dam 8 8 16 (7)
Kiambaa Dam 3 3 6 (2)
Total 69 443 512
*
1
2) Water Transfer
Tentative Proposed Plan Water Transfers in or to the Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic
Remarks
Inter-basin Water Transfer from Tana to Nairobi
in Athi
370
Intra-basin Water Transfer from Mzima Springs
to Mombasa
58 Desalination of 150 MCM/year may be
required in Mombasa additionally.
Source: WB Master Plan, August 2011, and JICA Study Team
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the Athi Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Chapter 8
4) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the Athi Catchment
(MCM/year)
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 8 43 0 51

Athi River Catchment Area has densely populated cities including the largest city Nairobi, Kiambu,
Machakos and surrounding areas, the second largest city Mombasa. The area is expected to have
pressed water demand and supply balance in the future. In Nairobi City and surrounding areas,
decrease of groundwater resources is one of the issues due to over abstraction of groundwater.
In the middle part of the catchment, there are many springs near Chyulu Hills like Mzima spring,
which are major sources of water. It is important to establish a system that enables sustainable use of
the spring water.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Athi River Catchment Area Regional Office
in Machakos. Under the regional office, there are five sub-regional offices of:
(i) Kiambu that covers northern suburbs of Nairobi;
(ii) Nairobi sub-region that covers Nairobi metropolitan area and its southern suburbs;
(iii) Kibwezi that covers the middle part of Athi Catchment Area
(iv) Oloitokitok that covers catchments of Norteursh and Lumi Rivers, both tributaries of Athi
River.
(v) Mombasa that covers the coastal part of Athi catchment Area.
and rainfall. Surface water level and groundwater level monitoring stations are not well maintained.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resource in Athi
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 31 71 31 18 50
Achievement (%) 58 35 84 100 66
permits against issued permits is low:
Chapter 8
Current Situations of Water Permits in Athi
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 2,999 2,751 470 199 42
Groundwater 7,449 5,895 571 217 38
Total 10,448 8,646 1,041 416 40
Major water sources of Athi River Catchment Area is Aberdare Forest, however, the ratio of
contribution from Aberdare Forest is not significant. On the other hand, restoration and conservation
of water forest in small hilly areas is more important. As of 2010, the ratio of forest area in the
catchment area is 1.8%.
According to interviews to WRMA, there are issue of vegetation losses on small water sources in 20
springs and 17 wetlands in Athi River Catchment Area, and they need rehabilitation. Major reasons
for these vegetation losses are caused by human activities such as settlement, illegal logging, charcoal
burning, overgrazing, encroachment, and farming etc.
There is no issue of soil erosion and soil outflow that needs countermeasures in the catchment.
Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be installed in the upper most reach
of Athi river (one location) and in the lower reach of Mwachi river near Mombasa (one
location), Namanga river (one location), and Lake Amboseli (one location).
For groundwater monitoring boreholes, 46 monitoring boreholes, which are currently not
in operation, will be rehabilitated. About five locations (Kibwezi, Voi etc.) which are
not currently monitored will be newly added for monitoring. In total about 76 locations
will be the target monitoring boreholes which are of exclusive use for monitoring
purpose.
Chapter 8
catchment.
follows:
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in Machakos and Mombasa considering
wide catchment area, and assignment of two water quality experts (1 person each in the
laboratory)
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Athi river
b) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Gashi river
Concrete target areas are: the southwestern part of Aberdare Range which is the source of
Athi river, Arabuko Sokoke Conservation Forest near Malindi, and Shimba Hills in the
southwest of Mombasa. (Ref. Figure 5.4.5 (4/4))
Proposal of rehabilitation of vegetation for 20 springs and 17 wetlands in the catchment
(target locations are being identified).
Coastal areas in Athi catchment suffered from flood damages nearly every year due to heavy rains.
In the Lumi River that flows near the border with Tanzania, flood damages has continuously occurred
since before NWMP (1992) was formulated, with occurrence of floods involving mudslides in Taita
Taveta district in 2008.
Chapter 8
On the other hand, large cities such as Nairobi and Mombasa that are respectively located in upstream
and downstream parts of Athi River have suffered from urban floods. Once heavy rains occur in the
cities, undrained rainwater frequently results in traffic jam.
At this time, systematic flood management has not been implemented in the catchment because setting
of warning water levels even at major river gauge stations have not been confirmed.
Most of Athi catchment except for its most upstream parts in and around Nairobi and Machakos is
categorized into semi-arid land.
Drought damages in Athi catchment is relatively not severe compared to RV or ENN. However, in
the time of drought in January 2011, it was reported that agricultural production remarkably decreased
and also outbreak of livestock epidemic occurred due to deterioration of water quality because rains
were exceptionally poor in localized parts of Malindi and Taita Taveta where only 10-20% of normal
rains were received.
As for drought disaster management at local government and community levels, and also at catchment
level, the situation is similar to RV catchment.
Out of the target areas, Downmost Athi is divided into Kilifi and the area located to the north of
Malindi town. It was confirmed through the damage survey that Kilifi has suffered from severe
floods with large inundation depth and there is relatively highly-populated areas in the flood prone
area of Kilifi. However, in the area located to the north of Malindi, there are only some small towns
such as Garashi, Kakoneni and Jilore, but severe flood damages were not confirmed from the existing
flood records. Therefore those towns located to the north of Malindi will be excluded from NWMP
2030. And human damages in Kilifi should be mitigated by non-structural measures.
Kwale is the middle-scale town and its population is not really concentrated. It is therefore intended
to mitigate human damages by community-based disaster management in the similar manner to the
Kuja rivermouth of LVS.
Taita Taveta district in the Lumi River basin should be protected by structural measures, while some
non-structural measures will be also introduced to mitigate flood damages caused by unavoidable
floods. It is because floods occur repetitively at the almost same places and there are populated
areas.
Regarding urban drainage issues in Nairobi and Mombasa, structural drainage measures shall be
implemented, while hazard map necessary for densely-populated areas shall be developed.
Chapter 8
to formulate drought disaster management plan in Athi;
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for Athi.
It is proposed to establish community-based disaster management system in Kwale. This
shall basically adopt a simplified flood forecasting system by using river water level
observation in the upper reaches. The communities themselves will recognize occurrence of
flood and carry out necessary activities in accordance with hazard map and evacuation plan,
which should be prepared in advance by themselves.
In Kilifi and Lumi River basin, it is proposed to establish flood forecasting and warning
systems, and to prepare flood hazard maps and evacuation plans.
In addition, it is proposed to implement structural measures to protect flood prone areas of
Taita Taveta district in the Lumi River basin
It is proposed to implement urban drainage measures in Nairobi and Mombasa cities, while
flood hazard maps covering all the affected areas in the cities shall be prepared and notified to
the public. The contents of hazard map should include probable flood area and depth,
evacuation place, dissemination flow of warning information, list of actions to be taken, etc.
a) roof catchment,
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for Athi.
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA Athi office shall be developed to share
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA Athi in the KMDs drought forecasting
Chapter 8
system. WRMA Athi shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
stations are tentatively selected from the major stations in Athi catchment as a control point.
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in Athi
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
3HA13 Sabaki (Baricho) 4.40 4.03 3.87
3G02 Tsavo 1.26 1.23 1.22
3F09 Athi Kibwezi Bridge 0.00 0.00 0.00
3DB01 Athi (Wamunyu) 0.00 0.00 0.00
new station 0.00 0.00 0.00
future.
Upstream of Athi River has been affected by inadequate treatment of sewage of Nairobi City located
in the most upstream of the river. The terrible water pollution will cause negative impact on the
downstream river ecosystem. The excessive use of groundwater in Nairobi city is also a serious
challenge.
There are 13 national parks/reserves in the Athi catchment area. Tsavo East National Park and Tsavo
National Reserve are located in the middle part of the catchment. It is expected that the water
pollution in the upstream will affect them.
Mombasa city, the second largest city of Kenya, and many National parks/reserves are located in the
downstream area. It is concerned that water pollution by discharge effluent and poor waste
management in urban area and mangrove forest degradation in reserved areas in the catchment.
environmental management in the Athi catchment are as follows:
Chapter 8
1) Monitoring of water sources rivers in 13 national parks/reserves and management and
2) Monitoring of the condition of Aberdare Range (Five Water Towers) and rivers, and
management and regulation,
3) Monitoring of the condition of main eight rivers including rivers which flow through large
cities such as Nairobi River and Athi River, and management and regulation, and
4) Monitoring ecosystem of mangrove forest in coastal area and management and regulation of
surrounding area.
Athi catchment is presented below. Figure 8.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the
Environmental Management Plan of the Athi Catchment
Type Object
(Frequency)
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1 Chyulu Hills National Park Water quality/flow rate of river
(Quarterly)
quantity from Hotels and loggers
(as required)
Restrictions for
development of the
area
protected areas
WRMA/
KWS/
Country
council/
DRSRS
2 Nairobi National Park
3 Amboseli National Park
4 Tsavo West National Park
5 Tsavo East National Park
6
Ol Donyo Sabuk National
Park
7
Shimba Hills National
Reserve
8
Arabuko Sokoke National
Reserve
9
Malindi Marine National
Park
Salt water intrusion (Rainy
season and dry season)
Area of mangrove
forest/vegetation (Yearly)
River mouth closure by
sedimentation (Yearly)
quantity from hotels and loggers
(as required)
WRMA/
KWS/
Country
council/
KEFRI/
KMFRI/
DRSRS
10
Mombasa Marine National
Park
11
Kisite Mpunguti Marine
Park
12
Watamu Marine National
Reserve
13 Mombasa Marine Reserve
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r
e
s
t

14 Aberdare Range
(Dry season/Yearly)
observation)
(Monthly)
and encroachment
Management and
zones
WRMA/
KFS/
DRSRS
Chapter 8
Type Object
(Frequency)
Implementation
Authorities
W
a
t
e
r

b
o
d
i
e
s

16 Athi River
Field Survey
(Quarterly)
bank(Quarterly)
(Point and Non-point sources)
(Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of intake and
effluent licenses (Monthly)
volume and effluent water
quality
for offenders
Regulation of
dumping site
sources map
NEMA/
MOEMR/
WRMA
17 Nairobi River
18 Kaiti River
19 Kiboko River
20 Gash River
21 Tsavo River
22 Lake Jipe
Field Survey
(Monthly)
(Point and Non-point sources)
(Quarterly)
Data collection
Number of Intakes and effluent
licenses (Monthly)
23 Lake Amboseri
O
t
h
e
r
s

24
Mangrove forest in coastal
area
Area of mangrove
Regulation of
development in upper
stream and surrounding
area
NEMA/
MOEMR/
WRMA/
KEFRI/
KMFRI

Progress Report (4) Tana Catchment Area
Chapter 9
CHAPTER 9 TANA CATCHMENT AREA
Tana Catchment Area is located in the south-eastern part of Kenya. The Tana Catchment borders
with Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area in the north, with Rift Valley Catchment Area in the west,
with Athi Catchment Area in the southwest and south, and with Somalia and Indian Ocean in the east.
Total catchment area of the Tana Catchment is 126,418 km
2
, which is 21.9% of Kenya. According to
the Census 2009, population in the catchment is 5.82 million, or about 15% of the total population of
Kenya.
Major cities/towns in the Tana Catchment are Garissa, Thika, Karuri, Nyeri, Embu, Meru, Muranga
and Kitui. The catchment area includes whole area of Muranga, Kirinyaga, Embu, Tharaka, Kitui,
Tana River, and Lamu, a part of Nyeri, Garissa, Kiambu, Machakos, Nyandarua counties.
Tana River is the major river in Tana Catchment that originates from Mt. Kenya (5,199 m) and flows
in the south-eastern part of the country. It is the longest river in the country. The drainage area of
Tana River is 95,884 km
2
, which account for about 76% of the Tana Catchment. In the upper most
reach at the altitude between 1,100 m and 600 m above sea level, there are five reservoirs for
hydropower generation, namely, Masinga, Kamburu, Gitaru, Kindaruma, Kiambere, with total
installed capacity of 567 MW. They play an important role to supply about 40% of the total annual
power production in the country. After flowing through these reservoirs, Tana River flows
northeastward and then gradually change its direction to east where the elevation becomes below 500
m asl. After crossing Garissa bridge, the river flows southward down to the Indian Ocean.
In the upstream area of Tana River, there are two tributaries of Chania and Thika rivers at southwest
edge of the Tana Catchment, which divert the rivers water to Athi Catchment Area through Sasuma
and Thika Dams for water supply to Nairobi metropolitan area.
In the middle to lower reach, there are several tributaries which flow in between Athi River and Tana
River mainstream such as Laga Kokani and Tiva, but most of them are seasonal rivers.
In the eastern part of the Tana Catchment, there are rivers flowing to Somali (13,281 km
2
) and rivers
flowing directly into the Indian Ocean (17,253 km
2
). The total drainage area of these rivers is about
30,000 km
2
, or about 24% of the Tana Catchment.
Crops in the Tana Catchment are grown mainly in the western part and in the upstream areas. Major
crops are: banana, potato, cotton, beans and maize. In the outskirt of Mt. Kenya, tea and coffee are
widely grown.
In the largest city Thika, there are various industries such as brewing and beverages, food processing,
leather, steel, tea processing, textile, printing, tobacco, car and light engineering. In Embu, coffee
processing is famous.
Tana Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 9
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the Tana catchment for 2030
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 7,261
Total 8,134
The water demands in 2030 of the Tana catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
297 14 2,547 105 0 5 2,968
The water balance study was carried out for the Tana Catchment Area in accordance with the
methodologies and conditions stated in Sub-Section 4.7.3.
9.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the Tana Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the Tana Catchment is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Industrial 14 6 8
Irrigation 3,987 3,749 238
Livestock 105 64 41
Total 4,403 3,969 434
The table below shows the current population in 2010 and population projected for 2030 in Tana
Catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be increased by 3.27 million and the rural
Chapter 9
Population Projected for Tana Catchment
2010 1.01 4.82 5.82
2030 4.28 4.12 8.40
estimated as below:
Current Situation of Water Connection in Tana Catchment
borehole
pond, others
Urban 57.9% 16.3% 5.7% 20.1%
Rural 28.7% 26.7% 3.0% 41.6%
Total 34.5% 24.7% 3.5% 37.3%
source.
It is estimated that 24.7% of the population get water from springs, wells or boreholes. It is low ratio,
comparing with other catchment areas. Un-protected well and spring are also categorized as
Unimproved Drinking Water Source. The ratio of unprotected ones has not been cleared.
The water supply system managed by registered WSPs covers 405,000 service population, which is
equivalent to 11% of the population in the catchment. The table below shows seven urban WSPs and
seventeen rural WSPs, of which total water supply capacity is 175,000 m
3
/day.
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Tana Catchment
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Nyeri WSC Nyeri 89,582 27,000
Embu WSC Embu 83,865 12,000
Kirinyaga WSC Kerugoya, Kutus, Wang'uru, Sagana, Kagumo, 186,478 19,452
Mathira WSC Mathira 29,760 17,000
Meru WSC Meru 56,914 4,509
Murang'a WSC Murang'a 32,034 4,848
Kitui WSC
Kitui 174,231 7,756
Kiambere Mwingi WSC
Mwingi 57,240 1,417
Yatta WC
Matuu 6,828 704
Lamu WSC
Lamu, Mukowe 12,802 3,600
Tana WSC
Garsen, Hola 3,100
[Rural]
Gatanga Community Water Project Gatanga 36,354 5418
Othaya Mukurweini Othaya, Mukurweini 85,782 16,616
Kahuti Kangema 52,578 9,000
Murang'a South Kigumo, Kandara, Maragwa, Saba Saba 119,346 9,220
Gichugu Gichugu 29,928 17,717
Chapter 9
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Nithi Chogoria, Chuka, Kiriani 35,799 3,300
Ngandori - Nginda Manyatta, Mutunduri 49,977 15,000
Gathamati Njumbi, Kiriaini 38,930 8,391
Kyeni Kathageri, Karurumo &Kigumo 8,916 527
Imetha Nkubu, Timau, Kanyakine, Tigania, Maua,
Mitunguu, Mwimbi, Ruiri
52,698 4,100
Muthambi 4K Muthambi 11,259 0
Kathita Kiirua (CEFA) Kiirua 16,788 1,253
Ngagaka Kianjokoma 27,504 24,780
Tetu Aberdaire Tetu, Kinaini, Titie 72,403 7,037
Rukanga Rukanga 800
Murugi Mukumango Mukumango 15,612 0
Ruiri Thau Water Association Ruiri 13,892 1,080
Embe Ishiara, Ena, Siakago 7,871 6,733
Total 1,405,371 232,358
Tana Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
a) In order to supply water to 100% of the population and 10% of the rural population (total 4.7
million) in the catchment, through registered WSP, it is required to develop urban water and rural
water supply system, which have total capacity of 698,000 m
3
/day. The current water supply
capacity of registered WSPs in the catchment is estimated at 169,000 m
3
/day, so that additional
523,000 m
3
treatment) also.
Target Ratio of Surface Water and Groundwater Uses in Tana Catchment

System
borehole
(Groundwater
source)
pond, others
(Surface water
source)
Surface water
source
Groundwater
source
Both sources
UWSS 95% 5% --- --- ---
LSRWSS 50% 50% --- --- ---
UWSS and LSRWSS in
no surface water area
100%
SSRWSS --- --- 100% --- ---
Chapter 9
There are 19 major urban centers, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Tana. It is
proposed that the urban population of these 19 urban centers are covered by urban water supply
system, and reaming urban population and rural population of the surrounding area will be covered by
large scale rural water supply system. The proposed development capacity of each water supply
system in 2030 is shown in the below table.
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Tana Catchment
Urban Water Supply Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
4.28

0.41

3.71

8.40

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m
3
/day)
536,000

73,000

205,000

814,000

WSP
Registered
WSP
Institution

Urban Centres
16
Counties
16
Counties

proposed to connect to piped water supply systems, which will be managed by registered urban and
rural WSPs. Required capacity of piped water supply system (urban water supply system and rural
water supply system) is 536,000 m
3
3
/day (a half
of the capacities are for rural water supply system), and the capacity under construction is around
10,000 m
3
3
/day is required by 2030.
The table below shows population forecast and required water supply capacities in Year 2030, and
current water supply capacities for major urban centers in the Tana Catchment. The location map is
shown in Figure 9.4.1.
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities for Major Urban Centres in Tana
Catchment
Urban Center
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
1 NYERI 586,859 5,133 591,992 67,551 27,000
2 GARISSA 571,931 2,889 574,820 65,638 12,640
3 KITUI 388,528 39,610 428,139 48,056 7,750
4 EMBU 298,329 0 298,329 34,099 12,000
5 MERU 263,684 0 263,684 30,139 4,500
6 MATUU 249,538 2,047 251,585 28,711
7 CHUKA 213,742 0 213,742 24,431
8 MURANGA 141,487 0 141,487 16,172 4,848 10,000
9 CHOGORIA 139,717 2,743 142,459 16,222
10 MARAGUA 129,681 5,080 134,761 15,290
11 LAMU 102,701 0 102,701 11,739
12 RUNYENJES 96,118 35,958 132,075 14,297
13 KERUGOYA/KUTUS 95,498 12,476 107,974 12,064 15,895
Chapter 9
Urban Center
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
14 MAUA 84,700 27,177 111,877 12,184
15 MWINGI 78,524 57,997 136,522 14,315
16 MSALANI 73,298 0 73,298 8,378
17 HOLA 70,033 3,294 73,327 8,308
18 SAGANA 51,879 14,190 66,069 7,236 2,358
19 KARATINA 41,790 0 41,790 4,777 2,000
Others 803,370 96,394 141,641 320
Total 3,678,036 4,690,000 536,000 230,632 10,320
Current Situation of Sanitation in Tana Catchment in 2010
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 7.4% 89.7% 2.9%
Rural 0.2% 87.0% 12.7%
Total 1.6% 87.6% 10.8%
Most of the population in the catchment, use on-site wastewater treatment facilities, such as Septic
Tank, Pit Latrine or Cesspool. According to the data provided by Tana WSB, existing sewerage
system covers 89,000 population with the treatment capacity of 10,663 m
3
/day. Five (5) WWTPs are
operated in the catchment.
Tana Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
Chapter 9
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Tana Catchment
Service Population
(million)
3.09

5.31

8.40

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
235,000

Institution

Urban Centres
16
Counties

treatment capacities in the Tana Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure 9.4.1. (The current
capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Required Capacities and Existing Capacities of Sewerage System in Tana Catchment
Major Urban Center
Service
Population
Required Capacity
(m3/day)
Capacity under
Construction (m
3
/day)
1 NYERI 586,859 44,719 8,100
2 GARISSA 571,931 43,581
3 KITUI 388,528 29,606
4 EMBU 298,329 22,733 682
5 MERU 263,684 20,093
6 MATUU 249,538 19,015
7 CHUKA 213,742 16,287
8 MURANGA 141,487 10,781 1,564
9 CHOGORIA 139,717 10,646
10 MARAGUA 129,681 9,882
11 LAMU 102,701 7,826
Total 3,086,196 235,168 10,346
The Tana river is the largest river in Kenya. River water originates from Mt. Kenya and flows down to
Indian Ocean. Upstream of the river basin is highland and having ample rainfall. Agriculture is active
and population is dense. Horticulture is the major using drip and sprinkler irrigation system. There is
the Mwea irrigation project which is the largest irrigation scheme and the largest rice bowl in Kenya.
Middle reach to downstream of Tana is arid climate zone and agriculture is possible if irrigation
facilities are available. Huge areas have been left unused. There is the Tana Delta project in the
downstream of Tana, which has been the only large irrigation project implemented in recent 20 years.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 70,092 ha in 2010, consisting of 11,200 ha of large
scale schemes, 20,470 ha of small scale schemes, and 38,402 ha of private schemes.
Chapter 9
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in Tana Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Rahole Diversion (Lorian Swamp) Garissa 10,000 New Dam MWI-MRDA
Kagaari-Gaturi-Kieni Embu 6,600 New Dam NIB
Mwea Extension Kiriyyaga 10,000 Ext Dam NIB
Mitunguu Meru 10,000 Reh+Ext Dam NIB
Bura West Extension Tana river 5,500 Reh+Ext Weir NIB
Bura East Garissa 12,000 New Weir NIB
Hola Extension Tana River 3,500 Reh+Ext Weir NIB
Kibwezi Extension Kitui 30,000 NIB
Kunati Meru 2,500 New Weir NIB-TARDA
Thanantu Meru 5,000 New Weir NIB-TARDA
Thiba-Yatta-Mwutastabi Kitui 5,000 NIB
High Grand Fall Multipurpose Garissa/ Tana Riv 180,000 New Dam TARDA
Tana Delta Tana River 12,000 Ext+Reh Weir TARDA
Total 292,100
Remarks: MWI = Ministry of Water and Irrigation, NIB = National Irrigation Board, TARDA = Tana & Athi Rivers
Development Authority, MRDA = Ministry of Regional Development Authorities
sector.
Chapter 9
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (Tana)
Type of
Scheme
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
Total Irrigation Area
in 2030
Large 11,220 206,600 217,820
Small 20,470 117,304 137,774
Private 38,402 117,304 155,706
Sub-total 70,092 441,208 511,300
estimated at 379,745 ha for the Tana Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to large scale
schemes, small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 223,651 ha of irrigation area is assumed
to be developed with water resources development facilities such as storage dams. ponds, pans and
implementation will be given to the extension type projects such as Mwea, Bura and Hola which have
been managed by NIB. Distribution of irrigation area in 2030 is as shown in Figure 9.4.2 and Figure
5.4.2 (1/2).
Tana river basin has reservoir type hydropower stations of Masinga (40 MW), Kamuburu (94.2 MW),
Gitaru (225 MW), Kindaruma (40 MW), and Kiambere (168 MW) with total installed capacity of
567.2 MW. Average annual power generation of these power stations amounts to 2,300 GWh
(Average between 2004 and 2009) which covers about 40% of total power supply in the country.
According to the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP) upgrading of Kindaruma Hydropower
Station is planned in 2014, Mutonga (60 MW) and Low Grandfalls (140 MW) is planned to be
injected in 2018. There is no further hydropower development plan after 2018.
Apart from LCPDP, there is High Grandfalls Dam Development Project, of which feasibility study
was conducted by the Ministry of Regional Development Authorities (MORDA). High Grandfalls
Dam Development Project is to construct a larger dam in the same location as Low Grandfalls Dam
and the reservoir will be large enough to include both Mutonga and Low Grandfalls Dams.
According to the feasibility study conducted by JICA in 1998, High Grandfalls Dam Development
alternative was not recommended due to its significant environmental impacts. Therefore KenGen
decided to include Mutonga+Low Grandfalls alternative in the LCPDP. On the other hand MORDA
is promoting High Grandfalls Dam Development alternative. These development plans will be
reflected to hydropower development plan once the intention of Kenyan Government becomes clear
on which alternative to proceed.
In Tana Catchment Area, the followings are the existing plans that include hydropower development:
1) Upgrading of Kindaruma Hydropower Station
Chapter 9
2) Mutonga and Low Grandfalls Hydropoewr Project
3) High Grandfalls Multipurpose Dam Project (Irrigation, Water Supply, Flood Control,
Hydropower)
For Grandfalls Dam Scheme, KenGens Mutonga+Low Grandfalls alternative will be tentatively
applied for preparation of Hydropower Development Plan.
The following table shows Hydropower Development Plan in Tana River Catchment Region.
Locations of the project are shown in Figure 9.4.3.
Tentative Hydropower Development Plan in Tana
No. Name of Plan
Installed Capacity
(MW)
1
Upgrading of Kindaruma
Hydropower Station
+32 MW To be completed in 2014. Hydropower
2
Mutonga+Low
Grandfalls Dam
60 MW +140 MW F/S by JICA completed in 1998 Hydropower
Alternative
of 2
High Grandfalls
Multipurpose Dam
Phase 1: 500 MW
Phase 2: 700 MW
F/S by MORDA completed.
Irrigation,
Hydropower
Source: LCPDP, MORDA
The Tana Catchment Area has a total basin area of 126,026 km
2
, and an annual average rainfall of 840
mm which is between rather rich rainfall of around 1,300-1,400 mm in the Lake Victoria North and
South Catchments and less rainfall of around 500 mm in the Rift Valley and Ewaso Ngiro North
Catchments. The annual rainfall differs spatially within the Catchment, ranging from around 500
mm in the middle reach area of the Tana River to 1,400 mm in the western mountainous area.
The present water demand (2010) in the Tana Catchment was estimated based on the population of
Present Water Demand (2010) in the Tana Catchment
(MCM/year)
Domestic 231
Industrial 3
Irrigation 563
Livestock 48
Total 845
Chapter 9
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the Tana Catchment
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam SasumuaDam Domestic water supply to Nairobi Storage volume of 16MCM
Dam Thika Dam Domestic water supply to Nairobi Storage volume of 69MCM
Dam Masinga Dam Hydropower (40MW), domestic water supply Storage volume of 1,402MCM
Dam Kamburu Dam Hydropower (94MW) Storage volume of 110MCM
Dam Gitaru Dam Hydropower (225MW) Storage volume of 20MCM
Dam Kindaruma Dam Hydropower (44MW) Storage volume of 16MCM
Dam Kiambere Dam Hydropower (168MW) Storage volume of 585MCM
Inter-Basin Water
Transfer
From Sasumua Dam Domestic water supply to Nairobi -
Inter-Basin Water
Transfer
From Thika Dam Domestic water supply to Nairobi -
Inter-Basin Water
Transfer
From Masinga Dam Domestic water supply to Kitui -
68MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water
Pan
Total No. of 640 Domestic and livestock water supply mainly,
partly for irrigation
59MCM, average volume per
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the Tana Catchment is
approximately 2,277 MCM. There are 7 existing large scale dams, among which the Sasumua and
Thika dams are of domestic water supply to Nairobi, and the Masinga, Kamburu, Gitaru, Kindaruma
and Kiambere dams are of hydropower generation purpose (the Masinga Dam also has the function to
supply domestic water to Kitui).
The Umaa Dam is under construction for the domestic water supply (storage volume of 1 MCM).
The Thiba Dam of irrigation water supply has completed its detailed design (storage volume of 9.6
MCM). The water resources structures under planning and/or designing in the Catchment are High
Grand Falls Dam (hydropower, domestic and irrigation water supply), and the Komu Transfer Scheme
to supply the domestic water to Nairobi.
boreholes (MWI). There are 640 small dams/ water pans and their total storage volume is 59 MCM,
which is 3% of the total storage volume in the Catchment.
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the Tana Catchment
are as follows:
Present and Future Water Demands in the Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 231 297
Industrial 3 14
Irrigation 563 3,987
Livestock 48 105
Total 845 4,403
Chapter 9
However, almost the surface water is available on the western hilly area of the Catchment and on the
eastern area the surface water is scarce. Therefore, the water resources development on the eastern
side of the Catchment needs to rely on the groundwater.
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the Tana Catchment are set as
1) Similarly to the Rift Valley Catchment, the surface water is unevenly distributed in the
Tana Catchment. Therefore the development plan focuses on the combination of the
maximum exploitation of the surface water resources at locations where the surface water
is available, and also intensive exploitation of the groundwater where the surface water is
not available especially in the northern and southern parts of the Catchment. The
available groundwater was assessed to be fairly distributed in the middle reach part of the
Tana River as well as the foot of the Mount Kenya.
2) The Tana Catchment has almost the sole water resources transferrable to the Athi
Catchment, where the large water shortage is expected especially near the Greater
Nairobi.
concepts of the planning for the Tana Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
Chapter 9
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Chania-B Dam 4 0 4 (49)*
1

Thiba Dam 0 10 10 (10) Flagship Project, D/D
Mutuni Dam 0 17 17 (-)
Kitimui Dam 1 8 9 (-)
High Grand Falls Dam 0 0 0*
2
(3,616) With hydropower
Kora Dam 0 0 0 (629) Flagship Project
Ndiara Dam 1 0 1 (12)
Total 6 35 41
*
1
*
2
=The estimated volume of the High Grand Falls Dam reservoir is zero due to mainly heavily saved
demands for irrigation and low cropping intensity applied for the water balance study.
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
3) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the Tana Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 87 238 41 366

Tana River Catchment Area is an area with Tana river (about 96,000 km
2
) as its main river. There are
two water supply dams (transfer to Athi River Catchment Area) and five hydropower dams in the
catchment. The middle reach of Tana river is a semi-arid area with relatively little rainfall. In the
downstream area, it rains more as we go closer to Indian Ocean.
There is largest number of water permit applications among six catchment areas of WRMA. In the
future, as catchment population increases, it is anticipated that water demand and supply balance will
be more critical.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Tana River Catchment Area Regional Office
in Embu. Under the regional office, there are five sub-regional offices of:
Chapter 9
(i) Muranga that covers upper Tana in the western side which includes Thika, Chania, Mathioya
and Gura river systems that discharges into Masinga reservoir;
(ii) Kerugoya that covers the middle of upper Tana in particular Thiba rier system;
(iii) Meru that covers Upper Tana in the eastern side which includes Mutonga, Kazita, Ura and
Rojiwero river systems;
(iv) Kitui that covers part of middle and lower Tana in the western side including Tiva river
systems which is seasonal, plus lower reservoir areas including Kindaruma, Kamburu and
Kiambere reservoirs; and
(v) Garissa that covers the middle and lower part of Tana Catchment in the eastern side
including the coastal zone.
and rainfall. The achievement ratio of groundwater level, surface water quality and groundwater
quality monitoring stations are very low.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resource in Tana
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 43 41 45 41 35
Achievement (%) 70 34 40 38 71
permits against issued permits is the lowest among WRMA six catchment areas, especially for surface
water permits:
Current Situations of Water Permits in Tana
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 6,434 3,436 1,622 239 15
Groundwater 1,710 1,057 145 68 47
Total 8,144 4,493 1,767 307 17
Major water sources of Tana river are Mount Kenya and Aberdare Forest. Mount Kenya is the most
strictly conserved area among the five water towers. On the other hand, degradation of the
surrounding mountainous areas and Aberdare Forest is significant. As of 2010, the ratio of forest
area in the catchment area is 3.6%.
There is no significant issue on degradation of small water sources in the catchment.
There are issues of soil erosion and soil outflow caused by flooding in Tana river that needs
countermeasures.
Chapter 9
Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be installed in the middle reach of
Tana near Adamsons Bridge (one location), major tributaries of Tana river before the
confluence point with the main river (five locations).
For groundwater monitoring boreholes, 27 monitoring boreholes which are currently not
in operation will be rehabilitated. About five locations (Garissa etc.) which are not
currently monitored will be newly added for monitoring. In total about 45 locations will
be the target monitoring boreholes which are of exclusive use for monitoring purpose.
follows:
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in Embu and Garissa considering wide
catchment area, and assignment of two water quality experts (1 person each in the
laboratory).
Chapter 9
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Tana river
Concrete target areas are: the northern part of Aberdare Range which is the source of Tana
river. (Ref. Figure 5.4.5 (4/4))
Propose check dams as countermeasures for soil erosion and soil outflow in the
mountainous areas caused by flooding of Tana river (Identification of the target area and
aggregate number of required check dams are being examined.).
Flood damages in Tana catchment is the largest in Kenya outside Lake Victoria areas, with occurrence
of wide range of inundation along the Tana River from the middle to lower reaches particularly during
rainy season. However, human damages are relatively small compared to agricultural damages
because enough lead time for evacuation is secured. This is because the Tana River is gentle slope
river, and propagation times of flood are estimated at 3 days from the Masinga Dam to Garissa town
and 2 weeks from the dam to Tana Delta near river mouth.
There are 43 river gauge stations under the management of WRMA Tana. Out of them, Garissa and
Garsen stations have 3 steps of warning water level, namely Alert, Alarm and Flood levels. Once
river water level reaches to the warning level, WRMA Tana office disseminate information to the
public in downstream area through the relevant local governments. The information, however, has
not been disseminated to some people, according to the damage survey in the study.
On the other hand, there are 7 units of hydropower dams along the Tana River. Warning information
is to be provided from KenGEN, the hydropower operator, to the public through TARDA, the owner of
dams, and division and location offices before large volume of water is released from the reservoirs.
However, this warning has also not reached to some public people.
As for flood structural measures, in recent years, revetment works with a length of 3.0 km along the
Tana River has been implemented by NWCPC.
Most of Tana catchment except for its most upstream parts in and around Embu and Muranga is
categorized into arid land for the downstream parts and semi-arid land for the middle stream parts.
Tana catchment is therefore vulnerable to both flood and drought disasters.
Chapter 9
In the time of drought in January 2011, less than 20% of normal irrigation water was obtained in
irrigated areas from Garissa to Tana Delta, and conflicts over water resources and grazing resources
occurred among pastoralist and agricultural farmers particularly in lower Tana areas.
As for water resources management during drought, Garissa and Thika river gauge stations have 2
steps of warning water level, namely Alert and Alarm levels. Once river water level reaches to the
warning level, WRMA Tana office carry out water use restriction by regulating water intake.
Out of the target areas, in the lower Tana areas including Ijara district, it is intended to mitigate human
damages by development of community-based disaster management system from the view point of the
characteristics of gradual flood in the Tana River. In addition, improvement of warning system for
dam release is to be proposed for these areas.
Meanwhile, community-based management is not suitable for urban areas of Garissa town. More
accurate hazard maps will be required by using flood analysis result, which shall be estimated by
WRMA Tana office. Based on this accurate hazard maps, evacuation plans should also be prepared
for the purpose of mitigation of human damages. In addition, urban areas of Garissa town shall be
protected by flood structural measures.
to formulate drought disaster management plan in Tana;
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for Tana.
In the lower Tana areas including Ijara district, community-based disaster management system
is proposed by reference to the system that has been already developed in the Nyando River
basin. These areas shall basically adopt a simplified flood forecasting system by using river
water level observation in the upper reaches. The communities themselves will recognize
occurrence of flood and carry out necessary activities in accordance with hazard map and
evacuation plan, which should be prepared in advance by themselves.
Chapter 9
It is proposed to improve warning system for discharge released from upstream hydropower
dams in the Tana River. The main improvement is to prepare flow of warning information
from the warning issuance authority to the public, and to determine criteria for issuance.
Flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas in Garissa town shall be prepared and
notified to the public. This map is assumed to be more accurate compared to simplified
hazard map prepared by communities. WRMA Tana office should make a flood analysis by
using hydrological and topographical data. Based on this hazard map, evacuation plan for
Garissa town also should be formulated.
It is essential to implement structural measures such as dyke and widening of river channel to
protect urban area of Garissa town.
a) roof catchment,
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for Tana.
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA Tana office shall be developed to share
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA Tana in the KMDs drought forecasting
system. WRMA Tana shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
stations are tentatively selected from the major stations in Tana catchment as a control point.
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in Tana
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
4G01 Tana at Garrisa 72.01 69.05 68.16
4DD02 Thiba 76.88 73.35 72.21
4CB04 Thika 84.00 82.08 81.11
new station 5.07 4.98 4.94
new station 0.22 0.21 0.21
future.
Chapter 9
Mt.Kenya and Aberdare Range out of Five Water Towers are located in the upstream of Tana
catchment area. Tana River is main water source in the area. In Aberdare Range, environmental
degradation by illegal logging and encroachment are serious. Thus, the strict management is required.
There are 13 National park/reserves such as Meru national park and Kora national reserve in northern
area, Tsavo East National Park, South Kitui reserve and Arawale National Park in southern area in the
catchment. Large range of the catchment is designated as national park/reserve.
The catchment also has other rich natural environmental resources such as wetlands along Tana River
and the east of the catchment, and mangrove forest in Lamu city.
environmental management in the Tana catchment are as follows:
1) Monitoring of water source rivers in 13 national parks/reserves and management and
2) Monitoring of the condition of Mt Kenya and Aberdare Rang (Five Water Towers) and rivers,
and management and regulation,
3) Monitoring of the condition of ten rivers such as Tana River, and management and
regulation, and
4) Monitoring ecosystem of mangrove forest in coastal area and management and regulation of
surrounding area in Marine National Park/Reserve such as Kiunga Marine National Park and
others.
Tana catchment is presented below. Figure 9.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the
Chapter 9
Environmental Management Plan of the Tana Catchment
Type Object
(Frequency)
Management
/Regulation
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1 Tsavo East National Park
(Quarterly)
Restrictions for
development of the
surrounding and an
upper area
protected areas
WRMA
/KWS
/KFS
2 Mt. Kenya National Park
3 Meru National Park
4
Arawale National Park &
Reserve
5 Kora National Reserve
6
South Kitui National
Reserve
7 Tana River Primate Reserve
8 Boni National Reserve
9 Dodori National Reserve
10 Abardare National Park
11 Mwingi National Reserve
12 Bisanadi National Reserve
13
Kiunga National Marine
Reserve
Salt water intrusionRainy
season and dry season
Area of mangrove
quantity from Hotels and
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r
e
s
t

14 Mt.Kenya
(Dry season/Yearly)
observation)
(Monthly)
(Monthly)
Strengthened
monitoring patrol to
Illegal logging and
encroachment
Management and
zones
WRMA
/KWS
/KFS
15 Aberdare Range
W
a
t
e
r

b
o
d
i
e
s

16 Tana River
Field Survey
(Quarterly)
bank(Quarterly)
(Point and Non-point sources
(Quarterly)
Data collection
licenses (Monthly)
volume and effluent
water quality
for offenders
Regulation of
dumping site
sources map
WRMA
/MOEMR
/NEMA
17 Sagana River
18 Rahola River
19 Wakabi River
20 Tiva River
21 Tana River
22 Sagana River
23 Rahola River
24 Thua River
25 Siakago River
O
t
h
e
r
s

26
Mangrove forest in coastal
area
Area of mangrove
Regulation of land-use
WRMA
/MOEMR
/NEMA
Progress Report (4) Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area
Chapter 10
CHAPTER 10 EWASO NGIRO NORTH CATCHMENT AREA
Ewaso Ngiro North (ENN) Catchment Area is located in arid and semi arid areas in the north eastern
part of Kenya. The ENN Catchment borders with Ethiopia in the north, with Somalia in the east,
with Rift Valley Catchment Area in the west and with Tana Catchment Area in the south. The
catchment area of the ENN Catchment is the largest among the six catchment areas of WRMA.
Total catchment area is 210,573 km
2
which is 36.4% of Kenya. According to the Census 2009,
population in the catchment is 3.87 million, or about 10% of the total population of Kenya.
Population density is 18 persons/km
2
, which is the lowest among the six catchment areas of WRMA.
Major cities/towns in the ENN Catchment are Nanyhuki, Nyahululu, Isiolo, Marsabit, Moyale,
Mandera and Wajir. The catchment area includes the whole area of Mandera and Wajir counties,
most part of Marsabit, Samburu, Isiolo and Laikipia counties, and a part of Nyandarua, Nyeri, Meru
and Garissa counties.
Ewaso Ngiro North River is the major river in the ENN Catchment that originates from Mt. Kenya
(5,199 m) and flows in the central part of the country eastward and into underground near the Lorian
Swamp. The underground flow pours into Somalia. The drainage area of Ewaso Ngiro North
River is 81,749 km
2
, which account for about 39% of the ENN Catchment.
As the most part of the ENN Catchment is arid or semi arid areas, crops are grown in the limited areas
in the northern outskirt of Mt. Kenya. Major crops are cotton, wheat, and flowers.
As availability of water is limited, there is no major industry other than textile industry in Nanyuki
located in the upper reach of the Ewaso Ngiro North River.
The renewable surface water resources and safe yield of groundwater of the ENN Catchment for 2030
Renewable Water Resources for 2030 in ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Source 2030
Surface Water 2,536
Groundwater (Safe Yield) 1,391
Total 3,927
The water demands in 2030 of the ENN Catchment are also presented in Chapter 2 as below.
Water Demands in 2030 in ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
201 1 718 24 1 5 950
Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area Progress Report (4)
Chapter 10
The water balance study was carried out for the Ewaso Ngiro North (ENN) Catchment Area in
10.4.5 as the water resources development plan for the ENN Catchment.
The water allocation plan for the water sub-sectors in the ENN Catchment is as follows:
Water Resources Allocation Plan in the ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 201 32 169
Industrial 1 0 1
Livestock 24 13 11
Total 338 150 188
The below table shows the current population (Year 2010) and population forecast (Year 2030) in
Ewaso Ngiro North catchment. It is expected that the urban population will be increased by 2.66
million and the rural population will be decreased by 0.45 million.
Population Projected for Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
2010 0.72 3.15 3.87
2030 3.46 2.70 6.16
estimated as below:
Current Situation of Water Connection in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
borehole
pond, others
Urban 47.5% 26.3% 12.9% 13.3%
Rural 19.7% 44.0% 6.7% 29.6%
Total 25.6% 40.3% 8.0% 26.1%
Chapter 10
source.
According to Performance Report of Kenyas Water Services, No. 4, 2011, the water supply system
managed by registered WSPs covers 405,000 service population, which is equivalent to 11% of the
population in the catchment. The table below shows seven urban WSPs and four rural WSPs, of
which total water supply capacity of 42,000 m
3
/day.
List of Water Service Provider (WSP) in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
Service
Population
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
[Urban]
Nyahururu WSC Nyahururu, Mairo Inya 46,014 4,552
Nanyuki WSC Nanyuki 57,252 10,610
Garissa WSC Garissa, Madogo 124,715 12,640
Isiolo WSC Isiolo 34,168 3,220
Mandera WSC Mandera 13,890 1,672
Maralal WSC Maralal 17,328 798
Rumuruti WSC Rumuruti 990 185
Marmanet WSC Marmanet 2,400
Moyale WSC Moyale 9,110 67
[Rural]
Tuuru Laare 158,950 3,692
Ndaragwa Ndaragua 0
Upper Chania Njabini 7,600 0
Nyandarua North Nyandarua, 19,239 671
Total 489,256 40,507
Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
system, which have total capacity of 553,000 m
3
3
/day, so that additional 429,000 m
3
/day
of the capacity shall be developed.
Un-improved Drinking Water Source (water from unregistered water vendor and surface water
Chapter 10
In the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment area, surface water resource is quite limited. Particularly in
the northern part of the catchment, it is difficult for the residents to depend on surface water resource.
Target Dependent Ratio of Water Source in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment

System
borehole
(Groundwater
source)
pond, others
(Surface water
source)
Surface water
source
Groundwater
source
Both sources
UWSS and LSRWSS in
northern area
100% --- --- ---
UWSS and LSRWSS in
other Area
50% 50% --- --- ---
SSRWSS --- --- 100% --- ---
There are 13 major urban centres, of which current population is more than 10,000, in Ewaso Ngiro
North. It is proposed that the urban population in the 13 urban centres are covered by urban water
supply system, and remaining urban population and rural population of the surrounding area will be
covered by large scale rural water supply system. The proposed development capacity of each water
supply system in 2030 is shown in the below table.
Proposed Water Supply Plan in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
Urban Water
Supply
Large Scale Rural
Water Supply
Supply
Total
Service Population
(million)
3.46

0.27

2.43

6.16

Required Water
Supply Capacity (m
3
/day)
412,000

48,000

92,000

552,000

WSP
Registered
WSP
Institution

urban Centres
12
Counties
12
Counties

proposed to connect to piped water supply systems, which will be managed by registered urban and
rural WSPs. Required capacity of piped water supply system (urban water supply system and rural
water supply system) is 412,000 m
3
3
/day, and the
capacity under construction is around 12,000 m
3
3
/day is
required by 2030.
Chapter 10
for major urban centres in the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure
10.4.1.
Required Water Supply Capacities and Current Capacities of Urban Centres (Ewaso Ngiro
North Catchment)
Urban Centre
Capacity, 2030
(m
3
/day)
Current
Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
construction
(m
3
/day)
Urban
Population
Rural
Population
Total
1 MANDERA 310,956 0 310,956 35,542 1,672
2 WAJIR 293,609 0 293,609 33,559
3 ISIOLO 226,128 119 226,247 25,857 3,220 10,528
4 NANYUKI 187,820 9,435 197,254 22,336 10,610
5 NYAHURURU 179,225 12,811 192,036 21,665 4,552
6 MOYALE 132,574 0 132,574 15,153 67 1,000
7 RHAMU 129,647 4,005 133,651 15,187
8 ELWAK 119,817 0 119,817 13,695
9 TAKABA 108,941 0 108,941 12,452
10 MARALAL 77,984 16,768 94,752 10,457 798
11 HADOGO 77,035 229 77,264 8,826
12 MARSABIT 65,101 2,209 67,310 7,644
13 RUMURUTI 49,485 19,604 69,089 7,461 185
1,706,499 230,162 6,763 20
Total 1,958,320 3,730,000 460,000 27,867 11,548
Based on the 2009 Census data, the Study Team estimated the current situation of sanitation use in the
Current Situation of Sanitation in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
Latrine, Cesspool
No treatment
(Bush, other)
Urban 9.2% 80.5% 10.3%
Rural 0.1% 56.7% 43.1%
Total 2.0% 61.7% 36.2%
The 36% of the population in the catchment dont use wastewater treatment facilities/ system, and
62% use on-site wastewater treatment facilities. Existing sewerage system covers 31,000 population
with the treatment capacity of 4,817 m
3
/day. Only three (3) WWTPs are operated in the catchment.
(2) Concept and Framework of the Project
Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment will be formulated with the following overall concept and framework:
Chapter 10
Proposed Sanitation Development Plan in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
Service Population
(million)
1.69

4.47

6.16

Required Treatment
Capacity (m
3
/day)
129,000

Institution

urban Centres
12
Counties

treatment capacities in the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment. The location map is shown in Figure
10.4.1. (The current capacities include capacities of sewerage system under construction.)
Required Capacities and Existing Capacities of Sewerage System in Ewaso Ngiro North
Catchment
Major Urban Centre
Service
Population
Required Capacity
(m
3
/day)
Capacity under
Construction (m
3
/day)
1 MANDERA 310,956 23,695
2 WAJIR 293,609 22,373
3 ISIOLO 226,128 17,231 2,000
4 NANYUKI 187,820 14,312
5 NYAHURURU 179,225 13,657 2,617
6 MOYALE 132,574 10,102
7 RHAMU 129,647 9,879
8 ELWAK 119,817 9,130
9 TAKABA 108,941 8,301
Total 1,688,716 128,680 4,617
Chapter 10
This catchment is the driest in Kenya covered mostly by arid climate having annual rainfall less than
400 mm. The largest river is the Ewaso Ngiro North river originating from highland but becomes dry
river at the middle reach. Agricultural activity in this catchment is limited to highland on the southwest
corner of the catchment and northeast corner along the Kenya-Ethiopia international river (Galana
Daua river). There are irrigation development potential in these locations.
Existing irrigation area in the Catchment area is 8,834 ha in 2010, consisting of 7,171 ha of small scale
schemes, and 1,663 ha of private schemes.
Proposed Large Irrigation Project in ENN Catchment Area (as of June 2012)
Area (ha)
Develop
Type
Water
Source
Executing
Agency
Rapsu Extension Isiolo 1,000 Reh+Ext Weir NIB
Wajir Integrated Develop. Wajir 2,000 New Dam ENNDA
Total 3,000
Remarks: NIB = National Irrigation Board, ENNDA = Ewaso Ngiro North Development Authority
sector.
Chapter 10
Proposed Irrigation Area in 2030 by Type of Irrigation (ENN)
Type of
Scheme
in 2011
New/ Extension
Irrigation Area
Total Irrigation Area
in 2030
Large 0 3,000 3,000
Small 7,171 383 7,554
Private 1,663 383 2,046
Sub-total 8,834 3,766 12,600
estimated at 17,790 ha for the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area. This area will be allocated to
large scale schemes, small scale schemes and private schemes. Another 2,863 ha of irrigation area is
implementation will be given to the Rapsu Extension project. Distribution of irrigation area in 2030
is as shown in Figure 10.4.2 and Figure 5.4.2 (1/2).
There is no hydropower station in Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area. There is no future
development plan in the Least Cost Power Development Plan (LCPDP) in Ewaso Ngiro North
Catchment Area.
Apart from LCPDP, there is Archers Post Multipurpose Dam Development Project located in the
upstream reach of Ewaso Ngiro North river. It is reported that there is a possibility of hydropower
component in Archers Post Dam. It is also reported that MORDA conducted feasibility study,
however, the detailed information is not confirmed yet.
For Archers Post Dam, once the need of the dam become clear, the plan will be incorporated into
Hydropower Development Plan. The location of Archers Post Dam is shown in Figure 10.4.3.
There is no hydropower development scheme at this moment.
The Ewaso Ngiro North (ENN) Catchment Area has a total basin area of 210,226 km
2
, and an annual
average rainfall of 510 mm which is similar to that of the Rift Valley Catchment and the smallest
among the WRMA catchment areas. The annual rainfall differs spatially within the Catchment,
Chapter 10
ranging from around 200 mm in the northeastern and northwestern part to 1,400 mm in the
southwestern part near the Kenya water towers.
The present water demand (2010) in the ENN Catchment was estimated based on the population of
Present Water Demand (2010) in the ENN Catchment
(MCM/year)
Domestic 25
Industrial 0
Irrigation 243
Livestock 16
Total 284
Existing Water Resources Structures/ Facilities in the ENN Catchment
Facilities
Name of Structures/
Facilities
Purposes Notes
Dam - - -
35MCM/year
Small Dam/ Water
Pan
Total No. of 619 Domestic and livestock water
The total storage volume of the existing water resources structures/ facilities in the ENN Catchment is
approximately 10 MCM. There is no existing dam. The Badasa Dam is under construction for the
domestic water supply purpose (storage volume of 4 MCM). Planning of the Archers Post Dam is
going to be started in the Catchment (domestic and irrigation water supply and hydropower).
boreholes (MWI). There are 619 small dams/ water pans and their total storage volume is 10.3
MCM.
The water demands projected for the year 2030 as well as the present demands in the ENN Catchment
are as follows:
Chapter 10
Present and Future Water Demands in the ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic 25 201
Industrial 0 1
Irrigation 243 112
Livestock 16 24
Total 284 338
The projected 2030 water demands show the great increase by about 20% compared with the present
demands due to considerable increase in population to 6.16 million and irrigation areas to 12,600 ha
expected by 2030.
increased 2030 water demands, therefore new structures/ facilities are required to be developed.
Although the projected 2030 surface water of 2,536 MCM/year and the groundwater of 1,391 MCM/
year are available in the Catchment, the majority of the surface water is distributed at the foot of
Mount Kenya on the southwest of the Catchment. Rest of the area needs to rely on the groundwater.
Concepts of the planning for the water resources development in the ENN Catchment are set as
1) Similarly to the Rift Valley and Tana Catchment Areas, the surface water is unevenly
distributed in the ENN Catchment. Therefore the development plan focuses on the
combination of the maximum exploitation of the surface water resources at locations
where the surface water is available, and also intensive exploitation of the groundwater
where the surface water is not available especially in the northern part of the Catchment.
The available groundwater was assessed to be fairly distributed over the Catchment
except for parts of eastern and western sides of the Catchment.
concepts of the planning for the ENN Catchment, the water balance study was carried out by applying
Chapter 10
1) Dams
Tentative Proposed Plan Dams in the ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
for Domestic
Storage Volume
for Irrigation
Total Storage
Volume
Remarks
Nyahururu Dam 0 1 1 (10)*
1
Flagship Project
Rumuruti Dam 8 1 9 (1) Flagship Project
Kihoto Dam 3 202 205 (672)
Crocodile Jaw Dam 26 0 26 (22)
Archers Post Dam 0 0 0 (214) Flagship Project
Total 37 204 241
*1= Figures in parentheses are those proposed by the existing studies.
Tentative Proposed Plan Small Dams/ Water Pans in the ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM)
Domestic
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
3) Boreholes
Tentative Proposed Plan Boreholes in the ENN Catchment
(Unit: MCM/year)
Domestic/ Industry
Volume for
Irrigation
Volume for
Livestock
Total
Borehole 135 7 11 153

Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area (ENNCA) is located in arid and semi arid areas in the north
eastern part of Kenya, with total catchment area of 210,573 km
2
which is 36.4% of area of Kenya, the
largest catchment area among the six catchment area of WRMA. Basin mean annual rainfall is 510
mm, which is almost the same as the one for Rift Valley Catchment Area, the smallest among six
catchment areas.
Major rivers in the catchment are: Ewaso Ngiro North river that originates from Mount Kenya (5,199
m) and flows in the central part of the country eastward, and Dawa river that flows along the border
with Ethiopia. Usage of surface water is mainly limited in the upper most area of Ewaso Ngiro
Chapter 10
North river. There are many locations in the northern part of the catchment that rely their water
sources only on groundwater.
Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) has its Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment Area
Regional Office in Nanyuki. Under the regional office, there are five sub-regional offices of:
(i) Mandera that covers areas between Ewaso Ngiro North and Daua rivers;
(ii) Isiolo that covers the middle reach of Ewaso Ngiro North river;
(iii) Rumuruti that covers the upper reach of Ewaso Ngiro North river at its south western edge
of the ENNCA;
(iv) Marsabit that covers north western part of ENNCA that includes Moyale, Marsabit and
Laisamis; and
(v) Nanyuki that covers the upper reach of Ewaso Ngiro North river in the northern outskirt of
Mount Kenya.
and rainfall. The achievement ratio of groundwater level, surface water quality and groundwater
quality monitoring stations are very low.
Current Monitoring Situations of Water Resource in ENN
Item
Surface Water
(SW) Level
Groundwater
(GW) Level
SW Water
Quality
GW Water
Quality
Rainfall
Target 40 10 40 10 26
Achievement (%) 63 50 60 30 31
permits against issued permits is the lowest among WRMA six catchment areas, especially for surface
water permits:
Current Situations of Water Permits in ENN
Ratio of Validity
(%)
Surface Water 1,566 1,031 201 38 19
Groundwater 1,421 871 31 28 90
Total 2,987 1,902 232 66 28
Major water sources of Ewaso Ngiro North river is Mount Kenya which is the most strictly conserved
area among the five water towers. Therefore no particular issues are observed. On the other hand,
degradation of small water sources in the catchment is one of the issues.
Further, there are issues of soil erosion and soil outflow caused by flood in the rainy season.
As of 2010, the ratio of forest area in the catchment area is 0.9%.
Chapter 10
Additional monitoring stations for surface water will be installed in the downstream reach
of Dawa river near Mandera (one location), in the middle reach of Ewaso Ngiro North
(one location) and in the middle reach of the tributary of Ewaso Ngiro North river (one
location).
For groundwater monitoring boreholes, five monitoring boreholes which are currently not
in operation will be rehabilitated. About five locations (Mandera, Moyale, Marsabit
etc.) which are not currently monitored will be newly added for monitoring. In total
about 20 locations will be the target monitoring boreholes which are of exclusive use for
monitoring purpose.
catchment.
Countermeasures for soil erosion and soil outflow caused by floods in the rainy season.
follows:
Establishment of water quality test laboratory in the three locations of Nanyuki, Marsabit
and Wajir considering wide catchment area, and assignment of three water quality experts
(1 person each in the laboratory).
Chapter 10
a) One location each at upper, middle and lower reach of Ewaso Ngiro North river
For rehabilitation of vegetation for small water source, identification of the target
locations and countermeasures will be studied.
As countermeasures for soil erosion and soil outflow in the rainy season, identification of
the target area and aggregate size of the planned structures to be examined.
Although most of ENN catchment is defined as arid district, severe flood damages have been reported
in the various areas of catchment.
In 2005, the Dawa River, which flows along the Kenya-Ethiopia border, burst its banks and destroyed
many farms in Ramu area of Mandera district. During the short rain season of 2006, the Dawa River
overflowed rapidly and caused wide range of inundation in several divisions of Mandera district.
During October to November 2008, the Ewaso Ngiro River burst its banks washing away a relief
truck in Isiolo district located in its upstream reach.
On the other hand, Flood Mitigation Strategy (MWI, 2009) describes Wajir district located in the
middle to lower reach of Ewaso Ngiro River is one of the areas that experience floods almost
annually, while it was confirmed through the damage survey that inundation depth of this area is
relatively larger than others. In addition, according to WRMA ENN office, in recent years,
occurrences of flash floods are increasing in the particular type of arid lands.
Flood control structural measures are underway even though only gradually, while in recent years
construction of dykes with a length of 0.5 km and revetment works with a length of 5.3 km along the
Dawa River have been implemented in Mandera district by NWCPC.
Most of ENN catchment except for very limited parts in and around Water Tower is categorized into
arid land, and drought damages in the catchment is the most severe in Kenya.
In the time of drought in January 2011, civil insecurity and conflicts over water resources and grazing
resources occurred particularly in Marsabit area. In Wajir and Mandera districts, earlier than usual
drying of water pans and dams increased trekking distances for livestock to an average of 15-20 km
Chapter 10
and up to 40 km compared to the normal 5-10 km. As a result, livestock productivity declined
precipitously. For instance, milk production dropped to less than 40% of normal, and consequently
milk price increased threefold.
As for water resources management during drought, WRMA ENN office has determined 3 steps of
warning water level and its discharge, namely Normal, Alert and Alarm levels at 5 river gauge stations
as a reference level. Once river water level reaches to the warning level, WRMA ENN office carry
out water use restriction by regulating water intake.
Out of the target areas, Mandera is necessary to be protected by flood control structures because
highly-populated areas frequently suffer from floods. In addition, it is intended to mitigate human
damages by installation of flood forecasting and warning system and preparation of hazard map and
evacuation plans.
In the middle to lower reaches of Ewaso Ngiro River including Wajir, community-based disaster
management system is to be developed by using simplified flood forecasting and warning system
because there are scarcely highly-populated areas.
Isioro town should be protected by flood control structural measures because it is located in relatively
upstream area and lead time for evacuation is short. In order to respond to extraordinary floods even
though structural measures have been implemented, it is necessary to prepare hazard map and
evacuation plan for the purpose of mitigation of human damages.
to formulate drought disaster management plan in ENN;
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for ENN.
It is proposed to implement flood control structural measures in Mandera district and Isioro
town to avoid flooding from the Dawa River and the Ewaso Ngiro River, respectively.
Chapter 10
It is necessary to install flood forecasting and warning system and to prepare hazard map and
evacuation plans for the flood prone areas in Mandera district.
In the middle to lower reaches of Ewaso Ngiro River including Wajir, community-based
disaster management system is proposed by reference to the system that has been already
developed in the Nyando River basin. These areas shall basically adopt a simplified flood
forecasting system by using river water level observation in the upper reaches. The
communities themselves will recognize occurrence of flood and carry out necessary activities
in accordance with hazard map and evacuation plan, which should be prepared in advance by
themselves.
Flood hazard maps covering all the flood plain areas in Isioro town shall be prepared and
notified to the public. This map is assumed to be more accurate compared to simplified
hazard map prepared by communities. WRMA ENN office should make a flood analysis by
using hydrological and topographical data. Based on this hazard map, evacuation plan for
Isioro town also should be formulated.
a) roof catchment,
In line with the above concept and framework, the followings are tentative plan proposed for ENN.
A coordination system between KMD and WRMA ENN office shall be developed to share
arrangements is to assign one officer of WRMA ENN in the KMDs drought forecasting
system. WRMA ENN shall also forecast future trends of water resources based on KMDs
stations have been already selected from the major stations in ENN catchment as a control
point. Although warning water levels have been already determined in ENN catchment, it is
necessary to review those stations and water levels in consideration of recent trends. Three
steps of reference water level, namely Normal, Alert and Alarm should be estimated based on
the past records. The newly selected stations and their reference discharge are summarized
in the table below:
Chapter 10
Reference Discharge for Drought Management in ENN
3
/s)
Normal Alert Alarm
5BE06 Timau 3.83 2.24 1.75
new station 2.89 2.16 1.93
5ED01 Ewaso Ngiro at Ar 0.01 0.01 0.01
5DC01 Ewaso Ngiro 0.11 0.08 0.07
new station 0.00 0.00 0.00
future.
Marsabit National Park/Reserve and Malka Mari National Park are located in northern area of the
ENN catchment area. Losai, Shaba National Park and Mt.Kenya are located in southern area.
Large area of Mt.Kenya is designated as National Park. The designated area is strictly protected by
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) from logging and encroachment. KWS activities are quite effective
to protect the area. However, the activities are facing strong opposition from local people who have
lived for a long time in the surrounding area.
Ewaso Ngiro River is main water source of the area. The river flows from east to west in the area
originating from Mt.Kenya. The river becomes underground flow on the way, however, wetlands and
vegetation zones exist along the river due to underground flow. This natural environment is
important in the catchment. Some gazetted forests which have large areas are located in western area.
There are also important natural environmental resource in the catchment.
environmental management in the ENN catchment are as follows:
1) Monitoring of water source rivers in five national parks/reserves and management and
2) Monitoring of the condition of Mt Kenya (Five Water Towers) and Gazetted forests in
western area, management and regulation, and
3) Monitoring of the contidion of Ewaso Ngiro North River, Danoro River and wetlands along
to these rivers, and management and regulation of surrounding area.
Chapter 10
ENN catchment is presented below. Figure 10.4.7 shows the protected and reserved areas and the
Environmental Management Plan of the ENN Catchment
Type Object
(Frequency)
Implementation
Authorities
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

P
a
r
k
/
R
e
s
e
r
v
e

1
Marsabit National Park
& Reserve
(Quarterly)
quantity from hotels and loggers
(as required)
Restrictions for
development of the
area
protected areas
WRMA/
KWS/
Counry
council/
DRSRS
2 Sibiloi National Park
3
Malka Mari National
Park
4
Mt. Kenya National
Park
5 Losai National Park
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

f
o
r
e
s
t

6 Mt. Kenya
(Dry season/Yearly)
observation)
(Monthly)
and encroachment
Management and
zones
WRMA/
KWS
/KFS
W
a
t
e
r

b
o
d
i
e
s

71
Ewaso Ngiro North
River
Field Survey
(Quarterly)
bank(Quarterly)
(Point and Non-point sources
(Quarterly)
Data collection
licenses (Monthly)
volume and effluent water
quality
for offenders
Regulation of
dumping site
sources map
WRMA/
MOEMR/
NEMA
2 Danoro River
O
t
h
e
r
s

1
Gazetted Forest in
western area
Ditto water resource forest Ditto water resource forest WRMA/
KFS
2
Wetlands along to
Ewaso Ngiro North
River
Encroachment (Monthly)
Water resource development in
surrounding area
Regulation of land-use WRMA/
MOEMR
/NEMA

Progress Report (4) Strategy of Institutional Strengthening
Chapter 11
CHAPTER 11 STRATEGY OF INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING
11.1 Framework of Water Resources Management
11.1.1 Objective of Institutional Strengthening for Water Resources Management
The objective of institutional development is to strengthen the organizational and institutional capacity
of Water Resources Management (WRM) at the national and regional level based on the national water
resources development and management policy. This will ensure the implementation of the action
plan up to the year 2022 of the NWMP to achieve the goals of the Kenya Vision 2030 as illustrated in
the figure below.
The nations present WRM was reviewed by addressing: i) legal aspects, ii) organisational aspects and
iii) financial aspects (refer to Section 14.1 and 14.2 of Chapter 14 of the Interim Report). The Study
identified the present and future problems issues to address so as to achieve the objectives of
NWMP2030.
Guide
Implementing
Arrangements
KenyaVision2030 KenyaVision2030
NationalWaterMasterPlan
2030
SixIndividualCatchments
SixActionPlans2022
NationalWaterMasterPlan
2030
SixIndividualCatchments
SixActionPlans2022
InstitutionalDevelopment InstitutionalDevelopment
Goal/Objectives Goal/Objectives SectorObjective SectorObjective
Sector
Policies&Strategies
Sector
Policies&Strategies
Catchment WaterResources
ManagementStrategy
Catchment WaterResources
ManagementStrategy
Constitution&
WaterAct2002
Constitution&
WaterAct2002
NationalWaterResources
ManagementStrategy
NationalWaterResources
ManagementStrategy

Objective of Institutional Development
11.1.2 Mission of IWRM
The mission of IWRM adopted in Agenda 21 (Chapter 18) aimed mainly to manage the whole water
environment by a river basin unit, and to develop relevant water codes and concerned administrative
organizations. The mission that covers the three attributes; water use, flood control and water
environment illustrated in the following figure has been widely acknowledged both in the developed
countries and the developing countries.
Its key management elements are i) securing safe water supply to various uses, ii) securing water
quality for sanitation and ecology (effluent control and waste water treatment), and iii) securing safety
against flood (flood control). The mission aims to integrate the three key inter-active elements; water,
land and environments form a broad aspect of sustainable development in long-term. Its key
Strategy of Institutional Strengthening Progress Report (4)
Chapter 11
management elements also cover soil erosion, compound pollution, preservation of watersheds and
habitats, and irrigation and drainage issues. In Kenya, of which lands are mostly in arid and
semi-arid, the water resources management is still at the stage of covering the key inter-active water
elements; surface water and groundwater for water use, and water quantity and water quality. The
flood control is still at starting point.
Securing safe and
reliable water supply
Securing
water quality
Securing safety
against flood
Securing safe and
reliable water supply
Securing
water quality
Securing safety
against flood
Water
Environment
Water Use
Flood
Control

Mission of Integrated Water Resources Management
The IWRM concept at any level is made functional provided with an essential support system of
monitoring system and database system for scientific and equitable coordination and management.
11.1.3 Principles of WRM
The Study Team takes into consideration the following three principles of Water Resources
Management (WRM) defined by Water Forum Japan:
a) To take the nature into consideration together: integration of water resources, lands, water
quantity and quality, surface water and groundwater from all aspects of hydrological cycle,
b) To take various water-related sectors into consideration together: integration of various
management institutions of water uses (domestic water supply, sewerage, agricultural water,
industrial water, fishery, hydropower, navigation, tourism, environmental/ecological water,
etc), and
c) To accommodate participation of various stakeholders: participatory approach by all level of
stakeholders (national and local governments, private sector, residents, NGOs, etc.) with
consideration of gender and socially weak groups
11.1.4 Sector Framework of WRM and Policy Measures
Though water use management is the main trunk, a comprehensive approach of water resources
management (WRM) has been envisaged in the Republic of Kenya. Among the three key
management components of the WRM, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) and the Water
Resources Management Authority (WRMA) exercise jurisdiction over water uses and flood control.
The National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) exercises jurisdiction over management
of water environment (water quality and aquatic ecology) including watershed management under the
Chapter 11
Ministry of Environment (MoE). The jurisdiction of flood control (MWI or WRMA) is not clear
under the Water Act 2002. Catchment protection is under WRMA according to the Water Act 2002
but it is not clear if catchment protection includes flood control. Watershed management is part of
catchment protection.
Water quality management is also partly conducted by WRMA at present. The functions of water
quality management inside the fresh water body must be concretely clarified between WRMA and
NEMA. Water quality of sewerage will be further deteriorated due to increase of municipal and
industrial water use. Monitoring of fertilizer and pesticide discharges due to increase of irrigation
water use will become significant.
The present sector framework of the WRM as of July 2012 is illustrated in Figure 11.1.1 for review
and discussion. The WRM framework will take into consideration of the present and future needs of
various water-related sectors, the policy and non-policy measures and requirement, alternative
measures, and appropriate balance of policies and measures.
11.1.5 Supply Side and Demand Side Water Resources Management
Development of huge amount of new surface and ground water sources will be required to achieve the
goal of Kenya Vision 2030. In particular the expansion policy of irrigation areas will require
construction of large scale dams, inter-catchment surface water transfer and development of ground
water, and it might induce conflicts at water rights allocation. The water shortage issues will not be
resolve by the supply side management (development of new water sources) only but also will require
appropriate demand side management (water saving, recycle, reduction of loss, etc).
Alternative policy and planning measures in the WRM are illustrated in the following table (upper) for
agricultural water use in the following table (lower) for domestic and industrial water use as an
example. Appropriate combination of supply side management and demand side management is
envisaged in water use management in particular for irrigation, and domestic and industrial water
supply. Alternative measures of supply side and demand side are also listed for review and
discussion in the upper table for agriculture and the lower table for domestic and industrial water.
Chapter 11
Alternative Policy and Planning Measures for Agricultural Use
Agricultural Water Use
Needs of Water
Uses
Policy Measures and
Requirement
Supply Side Measures Demand Side Measures
Effective use of
agricultural lands
and higher
agricultural
production with
water requirement
Water resources
allocation for
agricultural use with
harmony among all the
water-related sectors
Structural Measures
S1: Dam Option (large/small)
S2: Non-Dam Option
-Natural river water by weirs,
intakes & pumping stations
-Groundwater pumping
-Desalination of seawater
Structural Measures
D1: Improvement of water conveyance
facilities (lined canal, earth canal, pipeline)
D2: Improvement of water diversion
facilities (turnout with/without measuring
device, check gate)
D3: Improvement of water use efficiency
(drip irrigation, water saving farming, green
house, etc.)
Target agricultural
water demand (m
3
)
Improvement of water
management skill so as
to operate within the
allocated future amount
Non-Structural Measures
S3: Proper operation of above
water source facilities for efficient
supply
Non-Structural measures
D4: Institution for water use rights,
irrigation water pricing and provision of
incentive for water saving farming
D5: Improvement of water management
practices (water saving, training of
operators and farming)
Alternative Policy and Planning Measures for D & I Water Supply
Domestic and Industrial Water Use
Needs of Water
Uses
Policy Measures and
Requirement
Supply Side Measures Demand Side Measures
Water use and
supply plan at the
target years
Achievement of the
target service
coverage (%), and
supply security Q90
for domestic water
and (Q80) for
irrigation water.
Water use priority of
the domestic water is
higher than irrigation.
Structural Measures
S1:Dam Option (large/small)
S2: Non-Dam Option
-Natural river water by weirs,
intakes & pumping stations
-Groundwater pumping
-Rain water use
-Desalination of seawater
Structural Measures
D1: Improvement of water conveyance
facilities (ducts, pipeline) for leakage
reduction
D2: Reduction of leakage of distribution
pipeline network
D3: Improvement and rehabilitation of
treatment facilities
S3: Proper operation of above
water source facilities for
efficient supply
D4: Efficient UFW reduction
D5: Improvement of water pricing
D6: Water saving (recycle, water saving
consciousness)
D7: Institution for re-allocation of water
rights between agricultural and other
uses
Safe and reliable
bulk water for D/I
water use
(quantity and
quality)
Assure the sufficient
safe water for people
as human right
Structural Measures
S4: Rehabilitation of existing
facilities and construction of
new facilities
S5: Provision of domestic
sanitation and sewerage
facilities
D8: Regulation and enforcement of
effluent discharges
D9: Enhancement of zero effluent
production factory
D10: Provision of watershed
preservation measures
Chapter 11
11.1.6 Lesson Learned from Experiences in Past Water Sector Reform
NWMP 1992 had been considered to be a policy guide and milestones for implementation of
comprehensive water resources development in the country. However, it is reported that majority of
the water sector projects proposed in NWMP 1992 have not been materialized yet due mainly to
financial constraints and partly institutional weakness of the Government of Kenya (GOK).
NWMP 1992 identified that the low level of implementation and enforcement of the law had been the
primal issues, rather than any serious deficiencies in the legal provisions with reference to the Study
and National Programming of Community and Rural Water Supply, Sewerage and Water Pollution
Control; Report No.6-Watre Legislation, 1973.
The initial interview surveys done in the period January 26 - February 28, 2011 at the six WRMA
Regional Offices - Tana, Athi, Lake Victoria North, Lake Victoria South, Rift Valley, Ewaso Ngiro
North identified similar issues as follows:
1) Low level of implementation,
2) Low enforcement of law,
3) Serious deficiency in legal provisions,
4) Insufficient functions of organizations concerned,
5) Insufficient amount of financial and human resources, and
6) In adequate allocation of financial and human resources at national and regional level.
In the Republic of Kenya mandates and responsibilities of the national government and sector agencies
are governed by laws and regulations. However, the authority and responsibility for sector
policymaking, planning, regulating, implementing and monitoring of projects are severely fragmented,
spreading across different government tiers and various national government agencies. This issue
might be related with the issue items 2, 3 and 4. The fragmentation might be partly induced by
frequent rationalization/reform of the water sector, the policy of decentralization and severe shortage
of government funds and other resources.
11.2 Strategy of Institutional Strengthening
11.2.1 Progress of Aligning Water Act 2002 with Constitution of Kenya
Aligning the Water Act 2002 with the Constitution of Kenya 2010 (CoK 2010) has not been completed
yet as of end July 2012.
Schedule of the Water Act Bill is delayed though the revision shall be completed within 18 months
according to Fifth Schedule, legislation on land (Article 68 of CoK). Water resources are part of land
(river, lakes and other water bodies) in CoK
1
.
The key three documents required for the revision are:

1
The Constitution of Kenya May 2010, Public land, Article 62 (1) Public land is- (i) all rivers, lakes and other water bodies
as defined by an Act of Parliament, (l) all land between the high and low water marks; Interpretation, Article 260, land
includes- (b) any body of water on or under the surface; (d) natural resources completely contained on or under the surface;
National Land Commission, Article 67 (2) The functions of the National Land commission are- (d) to conduct research
related to land and use of natural resources, and make recommendations to appropriate authorities;
Chapter 11
i) New National Water Policy 2012
ii) Draft Water Bill 2012 (new Water Act)
iii) Concept Paper for Aligning Water Act 2002 by Task Force (Chairman Professor Mumma)
Consultation on the draft proposal for the concept paper was extended for the donors until October
2011. Drafting of these three were scheduled to be completed by December 2011.
The content of the final draft proposal of the concept paper by the Task Force was simplified and
focused on the articles of revision which are required by CoK. The contents of the Draft Water Bill
2012 (version of March 2012) covers also extensive reform not directly related to the required
alignment by CoK. The concrete power and functions of the organizations for water resources
management have not been consolidated yet.
The main revision of the Draft Water Bill 2012 is briefly as follows:
Focused on reform of water supply and sanitation service,
The power and functions of present organizations are transferred to new organizations: for
example, the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to the Water Resources
Regulatory Authority (WRRA), the WRMA Regional Offices to the Basin Water Resources
Boards (BWRBs), the National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation to the National
Water Storage Authority, the Water Services Regulatory Board to the Water Services
Regulatory Commission, the Water Service Trust Fund to Water Sector Trust Fund Authority,
the Water Services Boards to the Water Works Development Boards, the Water Service
Providers to the County or the Cross-County Water Service Providers, and Water Appeals
Board to Water Tribunal,
The power and functions of the national government to regulate water resources as the
national assets are clarified: the relation of the power and functions of national apex body of
water resources (WRRA) and the power and functions of the regional river basin
organizations (BWRBs) are well defined, and
Comprehensive water resources management is not well defined: for example, irrigation
water use is not well delineated under (WRRA).
Facilitation and operation of Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) as fora for
conflict resolution and co-operative management of water resources in catchment areas
(Article 15 (5) of the Water Act 2012) is not well reproduced in the Draft Water Bill 2012,
Article 16.
Further detailed collation of the Draft Water Bill 2012 will be continued to clarify those power and
functions. The draft of the National Water Policy 2012 (version of March 1, 2012) is still a draft
subject to further elaboration.
11.2.2 Strategy
(1) Assumption
Strategy of the institutional strengthening on water resources management is drafted based on the
following assumption:
Chapter 11
Sessional Paper No.1 on National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development
1999 (NWRDP 1999) is effective as of end July 2012, and
The water resources management framework stipulated in the Draft Water Bill 2012 (version
of March 2012) will be basically unchanged in the new Water Act 2012.
(2) Strategy
Strategy components are formulated for the national level and the regional level as set out below.
National Level
1) Clarify the integrated framework of water resources management at both the national and
regional (catchment) level in terms of regulation, service provision and water users;
2) Establish monopolistic and unified regulatory functions of water resources at the national
level (Cabinet Secretary & Water Resources Regulatory Authority (WRRA)) and regional
level (Basin Water Resources Boards (BWRBs)) to regulation of inter-basin/sub-basin water
transfer, and equitable and sustainable allocation of water rights in terms of national and
regional interest
2
;
3) Establish unitary management of water rights and basin water resources development plans
in line with grant of water use permit;
4) Establish scientific and quantitative management of water resources to achieve credible,
transparent and accountable regulation and enforcement of water rights;
5) Enhance both supply management and demand management to achieve the target of water
supply security, and efficient, beneficial and sustainable water uses;
Regional Level
6) Strengthen the capacity of BWRBs for scientific and quantitative water rights regulation at
site being consistency with the national level regulation and enforcement after transfer of
WRMA Regional Offices to the Basin Water Resources Boards (BWRBs) which
corresponds to River Basin Organizations (RBOs);
7) Enhance establishment of Water Resources Users Associations (WRUAs) and strengthen the
capacity of WRUAs as fora for conflict resolution and co-operative management of water
resources in catchment areas; and
8) Transfer the existing function of providing Water Supply Trust Fund (WSTF) from WRMA
to the Water Sector Trust Fund Authority
3
or County governments.
11.2.3 Strategic Actions
Strategic actions (or measures) are preliminarily prepared for each of eight components of the strategy
formulated in the foregoing section.

2
Draft Water Bill 2012(version of March 2012), Ownership of water resources, Article 3; Regulation of management and
use of water resources, Article 4; Right to use water resources, Article 5; Power and function of the Cabinet Secretary;
Establishment of the Water Resources Regulatory Authority, Article 8; Power and functions of the Water Resources
Regulatory Authority, Article 9; Establishment of the Basin Water Resources Boards, Article 13; Power and functions of the
Basin Water Resources Boards, Article 14; Establishment and duties of Water Resources Users Association, Article 16.
3
Article 91 and 92 of Draft Water Bill 2012 (version of March 2012)
Chapter 11
(1) Strategic Action-1: Define Concrete Framework of Water Resources Management
The Water Act 2002 is distinctive reflecting the historic and political background of water supply
services in Kenya where large water users such as irrigation and hydro-power is still at a starting stage.
Functions stipulated in Water Act, Land Act, Irrigation Acts, Environmental Management and
Co-ordination Act, etc are still duplicated or inconsistent. The concept of IWRM is not well
developed yet.
Therefore the water resources management framework is not comprehensive.
For example the regulation of irrigation water services is not included in the present sector framework
of water resources management in Kenya because it is regulated by Irrigation Act. Regulation of
irrigation and drainage services are one of the main pillars of regulation. In reality irrigation water
services will be conducted as illustrated in Figure11.2.1.
Thus, Strategic Action-1 proposes to regulate that irrigation water services and water supply services
together as IWRM being consistency with the Irrigation Act. The comprehensive framework of
water resources management at national and regional level shall be clearly defined to avoid confusion
between regulator, implementer (service provider), and water users.
Issues of the existing framework
The existing representation of the institutional framework of the water sector under the Ministry of
Water and Irrigation (MWI) is illustrated in Figure 11.2.2
4
. Under the Water Act 2002 the water
resources management comprises two pillars; the regulation of water resources and the regulation of
water supply and sewerage services. The regulation of water resources is mainly allocation and
enforcement of water rights while the regulation of water supply and sanitation is mainly regulation
and monitoring of water service providers.
The power and functions of MWI covers development of legislation, policy formulation, sector
coordination and guidance, monitoring and evaluation. The Water Resources Management Authority
(WRMA), which comprises the head office and the regional offices, is a regulatory body for the
planning, regulation and management of water resources and contribution to policy formulation at the
national and regional level.
Legal status
In Kenya the natural resources including water resources are assets of the State under the Constitution
of Kenya 2010 and the Water Act 2002. The two laws indemnify the national government to execute
unitary management of water resources both at national and regional by unified rule, which is a very
valuable institution. There is no inconsistency with the Constitution to execute unitary regulation of
water resources both at the national level and the county level from policy making to coordination.
Some countries such as Malaysia and Australia have not achieved the unitary management of water
resources by the national government yet in spite of their historic efforts.

4
Refer to the roles and responsibilities of the regulatory bodies in Section 2 of National Water Resources Strategy 2007
2009, MWI.
Chapter 11
(2) Strategic Action-2: Establish Monopolistic and Unified Regulation of Water Resources at the
National Level and Regional Level
Strategic Action-2 proposes to establish monopolistic and unified regulatory power and functions of
water resources at both the national and regional level. The present power and functions of the
national apex body shall be strengthen to facilitate regulation of inter-basin/sub-basin water transfer,
and equitable and sustainable allocation of water rights in terms of both national and regional interest.
Under the Cabinet Secretary, the Water Resources Regulatory Authority (WRRA) shall be equipped
with strong competence to regulate and enforce all the water sector regulatory bodies and various
water users for water rights allocation and regulation.
Legal status and issues
The CoK 2010 allocates the function of the use of international waters and water resources to the
National Government (The Fifth Schedule of item 2 of Part 1- National Government).
Water sector regulatory bodies are the Basin Water Resources Boards (BWRBs), Regional Irrigation
Offices, the National Water Storage Authority, the Water Services Regulatory Commission, the Water
Works Development Boards, the Water Service Providers, and other water use regulators. Water
users are water resources users association, irrigation water users associations, county water supply
providers, private enterprise water users, individual domestic water users (surface water and
groundwater).
The competence of the water resources administrator (the Cabinet Secretary or WRRA) assumes to
cover the functions set out below.
1) Administration and regulation of the international/shared rivers,
2) Regulation of inter-catchment and inter-sub-catchment water transfer (inter-catchment water
rights regulation),
3) Inter-sector/ministerial coordination (multi-sector water uses, flood control, water
environment, multi-purpose dams),
4) Regulation and enhancement of both supply side management and demand side
management
5
,
5) Flood management (inter-counties).
(3) Strategic Action-3: Unitary Management of Water Rights and Basin Water Resources
Development Plans
Strategic Action-3 proposes to establish the unitary regulation and enforcement of water rights which
links grant of all water permits (water rights) with river basin water resources development plans
(institution widely adopted in advanced industrialized countries). The water permit registers all
water abstraction from and/or for the existing and new storage dams (all small and large), irrigation
and water supply facilities, and hydro-power generation facilities.

5
Demand side management covers institutional arrangements to enhance incentive of efficient water use and water saving at
farming and water supply including water pricing. Refer to details in Table 5.1.1 and Table 5.1.2.
Chapter 11
Issues of the existing water rights management and legal status
Under Water Act 2002 WRMA takes sole authority to grant water use permit to all water users,
governments or private, both surface water and groundwater. At present, however, national
government, development authorities and power companies construct water sources facilities such as
large storage dams, irrigation intake facilities, water supply intake facilities, and groundwater
abstraction without application of water use permit to WRMA. If the present situation is kept
unchanged serious overlapping of water use permits, significant shortage of usable water, reduction of
reliability of water supply security, exhaustion of groundwater and water rights conflicts will break out
in the near future.
Upper and Lower Structures for Water Rights Regulation
Water Rights regulation is a conflict management and resolution between human rights and equity
(personal and regional). Equal opportunity to access safe water as a basic human need is the
domestic water supply commitment to the poor and socially weak people and concerned with the equal
access and poverty orientation of the Millennium Development Goal. Regional equity requires
nations to re-allocate safe water not equally distributed geographically to address conflict between
national interest and regional interest relating to regional income disparity.
Water rights institution is composed of the upper and lower structures as illustrated in the following
figure. The upper structure is composed of regulatory organizations and river basin water resources
development plans. The lower structure is composed of water users and water rights. The apex
regulatory organization manages the whole upper and lower structures and water uses. The river
basin water resources development plans indemnify water rights and also support regulation of water
users together with the water rights. The upper structure is deliberately and generally under the
jurisdiction of the national or regional governments
6
.
In Kenya river basin water resources development plans linked with water use rights are not available,
and the upper structure is still in process. It is desirable to keep the functions of the upper structure
under the national government in order to practice effectively and scientifically planned regulation of
water rights allocation.

6
Mizutani Y., Institutional Capital Stock Required for Water Resources Management in Developing Economies, XIVth
IWRA World Water Congress September 2011
Chapter 11
Upper Structure
Basin Water
Resources
Development Plans
(Indemnify)
Regulatory
Organization
(Regulate)
Lower Structure
Water Rights Water Users
to be consistent

Source: Sambongi (2005)
Upper and Lower Structure for Water Rights Regulation
(4) Strategic Action-4: Establish Scientific and Quantitative Management of Water Resources
Strategic Action-4 proposes to establish scientific and quantitative management of water resources to
achieve credible, transparent and accountable regulation and enforcement of water rights. The
scientific and quantitative management of water resources integrates the following components of
regulation, monitoring and corresponding data system:
1) Grant of water use permits and their monitoring records of data base,
2) Monitoring of discharge and abstraction records and their data base, and
3) Regulation of water rights and drought regulation linked with the relevant Basin Water
Resources Development Plan and their data base.
Strategic Action-3 and Strategic Action-4 provide basis of Strategic Action-2 to establish monopolistic
and unified regulation of water resources at the national and regional level.
Strategic Action-4 would be implemented in two stages:
Stage-1;
Each BWRB executes with consultation of WRRA the scientific and quantitative management
of water resources integrating the foregoing components of regulation, monitoring and
corresponding data system as a trial by the use of each of the six Catchment Water Resources
Development Plans of NWMP 2030 which is scheduled to be completed by JICA Study Team
in the first quarter of 2013. The six Catchment Water Resources Development Plans of
NWMP 2030 are all prepared based on the scientific and quantitative water demand and
supply balance models where hot spots of water demand and supply sites are modelled in each
quantitative river basin and/or sub-river basin system diagrams. Those NWMP 2030
nationwide policy models and plans are rather macroscopic, but those can be applied as a trial
operation models for the basin and/or sub-basin water rights allocation with moderate
accuracy.
Chapter 11
During the trial period an extensive capacity development will be necessary to the respective
staff of BWRB and sub-catchment staff.
Before this trial, national strategic catchment areas or river basins shall be identified, and the
trial program shall be executed to the selected high priority strategic catchment areas or river
basins.
Stage-2;
After the capacity of the WRRA and the selected BWRBs are assessed to be sufficient enough
to execute the specified scientific and quantitative water resources management, the stage will
be shifted to prototype water resources management by the formulating prototype River Basin
Water Resources Development Plans.
The water demand and supply balance models and the river basin system diagrams prepared
for NWMP 2030 will be upgraded by the use of updated and more detailed data as required
covering demand, hydrological, environmental, etc.
Issues of the Catchment and Sub-Catchment Strategic Plans and legal status
The Draft Water bill 2012 (version of March 2012) stipulates the following two strategies and one
water allocation plan for the water resources of a basin area in line with the existing strategies and
strategic plans:
1) National water resources and water services strategy formulated by the Cabinet Secretary
(Article 6 (2), (a));
2) Basin area water resources management strategy formulated by the Basin Water Resources
Board based on the requirements and a time frame prescribed by the Water Resources
Regulatory Authority (Article 12 (1), (2)); and
3) A water allocation plan for the water resources of a basin area is contained in a basin area
water resources management strategy (Article 12 (3), (d)).
The draft bill however does neither require to formulate basin area strategic plans nor to formulate
scientific and quantitative Basin Water Resources Development Plans. Scientific and quantitative
Basin Water Resources Development Plans will be required soon to achieve credible, transparent and
accountable regulation and enforcement of water rights. The existing six Catchment Area Water
Resources Management Strategies does not include any scientific and quantitative Basin Water
Resources Development Plan. WRMA has no experience to formulate scientific and quantitative
basin water resources development plans.
(5) Strategic Action-5: Enhance Supply Side Management and Demand Side Management
Strategic Action-5 proposes to enhance supply side management and demand side management in
order to achieve the target of water supply security, and efficient, beneficial and sustainable water
uses.
As supply side management Strategic Action-5 proposes to enhance development of water resources
both surface water and groundwater legally by specific laws, such as water resources promotion law
Chapter 11
and specific multipurpose dam law. The concept of water resources promotion law and specific
multipurpose dam law are also able be included in the Draft Water Bill 2012.
As demand side management Strategic Action-5 proposes to enhance legally efficient and beneficial
use of water resources both for agricultural water uses and domestic and industrial water use such as
water saving, recycle, reduction of loss, water rights transfer and trading, etc. (refer to the tables
shown in Sub-Section 11.1.5).
An example in Japan
Those laws triggered development of large scale water resources in Japan just after 1945 resolving
shortage of water resources and public funds. Those laws provided appropriate incentives to
irrigation service providers, water supply service providers, hydropower development companies, etc.
(6) Strategic Action-6: Capacity Development of BWRBs
Strategic Action-6 proposes to execute capacity development of the Basin Water Resources Boards
(BWRBs) as a lower structure of WRRA. Technical capacity development of BWRBs shall be
executed as an integrated program with Strategic Actions-2, 3, 4 and 7. In particular increase of staff
number of Sub-Catchment offices and their technical capacity development is basic requirement.
Issues of WARRA and independent BWRBs
It will be technically viable to transfer WRMA head office into WRRA, but WRMA Regional Offices
are to be kept directly under WRRA. The regulatory and coordination function of water resources
would be significantly weakened at both national and regional level if the upper structure and lower
structure of WRMA is independently separated.
It will be also technically viable to transfer WRMA Regional Offices into BWRBs which correspond
to River Basin Organizations (RBOs) since the regional offices function as RBOs in reality.
However, it would be too early to establish BWRBs (RBOs) totally independent institutionally,
financially and technically from the national government and international donor communities.
Present resource capacity of the local governments and private sector might not be sufficient enough to
sustain locally independent RBOs in terms of personnel, finance and technology.
Regulation, coordination and enforcement power would also be significantly weakened if WRRA and
BWRBs are separated. It is expected that WRRA might become bureaucratic apart from the field
work in catchments, hence conflict between WRRA and BWRBs might prevail.
Issues of water resources management by sub-catchment offices
Capacity development of BWRBs (WRMA Regional Offices) is the first priority rather than reform of
MWI. Shortage of staff and technical capacity of Sub-Catchment offices is crucial. The present
stuff numbers and technical capacity of the Sub-Catchment offices are to be reinforced in order to
activate water resources management at site together with WRUAs.
Chapter 11
(7) Strategic Action-7: Enhance Establishment of and Strengthen Water Resources Users
Associations (WRUAs)
Strategic Action-7 proposes to enhance establishment of Water Resources Users Associations
(WRUAs) and to strengthen the capacity of WRUAs as fora for conflict resolution and co-operative
management of water resources in catchment areas (Article 15 (5) of Water Act 2002). The WRUAs
are representation of respective water users such as irrigation water users associations, county water
supply providers, government water users, private enterprise water users, individual domestic water
users. The WRUAs shall keep their position as water users or service providers, but not regulators
(refer to upper and lower structure for water rights regulation in Section 11.2.3 (3)). The objectives
of capacity development of WRUAs shall be well planned based on the role of WRUAs as stipulated
in the Water Act 2002.
Issues of building WRUAs as part of regulatory body
The role of WRUAs is changed in Article 16 of the Draft Water Bill 2012 (version of March 2012)
where, (1) WRUAs as community based association at sub-basin level; (2) establish and operation of
WRUAs facilitated by the basin area water resources management strategy; (3) to contract WRUAs as
agents to perform some duties.
Article 16 is inconsistent with the original concept of the Article 15 (5) of Water Act 2002 and CoK
2010. The WRUAs are water users (or implementers) not community based association at sub-basin
level. The WRUAs are not limited inside sub-basins. The WRUAs shall not be operated by the
basin area water resources management strategy which is a strategy of a regulatory body not of an
implementing body. If WRUAs are sub-contracted for duty tasks of regulatory bodies WRUAs will
lose their position of water users in case of conflict resolution.
Present WRMA Regional Offices have guided WRUAs to prepare Sub-Catchment Management Plans
(SCMPs) due to shortage of staff capacity of WRMA Sub-Catchment Offices and realization of
participatory approach (refer to details in Catchment Area Management Strategy 2009 prepared for six
Catchments).
WRUAs can be participated in preparing SCMPs, but WRUAs as water users or implementers are not
entitled to prepare SCMPs under the Water Act 2002. If preparation of SCMPs is entrusted to
WRUAs, WRMA Sub-Catchment Offices will lose their legal functions as regulators.
In order to keep their neutral position of the WRRA and the BWRBs as regulators for conflict
resolution and co-operative management the WRUAs shall be kept at the position of water users.
(8) Strategic Action-8: Improvement of Financial Capacity for the Water Resources Management
Institution at National and Regional Level
Strategic Action-8 proposes the improvement of financial capacity for the water resources
management institution at national and regional level through effective government financing while
the Water Sector Trust Fund finances WRUA activities.
Chapter 11
Issues in present financial status
Water resources management costs can not be financed by the use of the collected water permit fees
and other water related charges. The present amount of budget allocated to the water resources
management institution at national and regional level is not sufficient and efficient in terms of amount,
sources, and timing of delivery. Costs required for water resources management are mainly financed
by the government in most of the countries because the purpose of water permit fees and charges is
different (regulatory) and the amount is not enough to meet the required costs. The water use permit
fees generally constitute only a fraction of the required costs.

Progress Report (4) Basic Concept of Economic Analysis
Chapter 12
CHAPTER 12 BASIC CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
12.1 Evaluation Methodology
The objectives of Master Plan is to present a framework for water resources development and
management consistent with the countrys social and economic development activities, but not
formulating water development plan at the basin level, which will be undertaken in the next stage.
Therefore, the Master Plan evaluates a sub-sector development plan in 6 catchments for the purpose of
policy formulation in the water sector. Only the water and sanitation sub-sector, the irrigation
sub-sector, and the hydropower sub-sector will be evaluated. For instance, in the Tana River
Catchment, water and sanitation sub-sector, irrigation sub-sector, hydropower sub-sector, and so on
will be evaluated. Flood mitigation sub-sector will not be evaluated because of the lack of necessary
data to calculate flood damage in the past.
The overall evaluation of the projects will be made from the following aspects and the sub-sector
projects that have no serious constraints for implementation will be taken up.
a) Economic aspect: Economic viability
b) Financial aspect: Cost and required budget, etc.
c) Technical aspect: Adoption of appropriate technology, sustainable operation and
maintenance, etc.
d) Social aspect: Impacts on the people affected by the projects implementation
e) Environmental aspect: Impacts on the natural environment by the projects implementation
In this chapter, only the evaluation items and indicators of economic and financial aspects are
presented. The evaluation method will be subject to change depending on the availability of required
data and information.
In principle, economic and financial impacts will be valued in monetary value, and incorporated into
single-valued indicators. Only economic viability, not financial viability, will be evaluated. The
following table shows the evaluation items and indicators for economic and financial aspects.
Evaluation Items and Indicators for Economic and Financial Aspects
Item Description Measurement Indicator
Economic aspects
1. Economic benefit Project economic benefit (NPV) Accumulated economic benefit (Ksh. Million)
2. Economic viability Project economic internal rate of return Average EIRR (%)
3. Macro economy Positive effect on macro economy Contribution to GDP (data collection on
progress)
Financial aspects
1. Financial cost Amount of investment (financial cost) Percentage of investment cost in the total capital
budget in the sub-sector (Ksh. Million)
2. Financial sustainability Whether investment costs can be
generated in a sustainable manner
Percentage of investment costs generated
internally (generated revenue, state budget, etc.)
3. O&M and management cost Financial sustainability of O&M and
management cost
Annual additional amount of O&M and
management cost (Ksh.)
Basic Concept of Economic Analysis Progress Report (4)
Chapter 12
12.2 Basic Assumptions of Economic Analysis
The purpose of economic analysis is to ensure a better allocation of resources to enhance national
economy. Projects should be chosen where the resources would be used most efficiently. The
criteria of economic decision-making is made by:
a) Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR),
b) Net Present Value (NPV)
c) Benefit and Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio)
The following assumptions were made for economic analysis:
(1) Cost estimate:
Investment costs, operation and maintenance and costs (O&M costs), and replacement cost will be
estimated.
Transfer payment such as tax, subsidies and interest are deducted from all prices.
(2) Price level
Investment costs and O&M costs are estimated at the price level of October 2012
1
. All prices are
expressed by USD currency.
(3) Economic value
The prices of internationally tradable goods and services will be valued on the basis of the World
Banks Commodity Prices and Price Forecast. The prices of non-traded goods and services will be
converted from their financial value to economic value by applying a standard conversion factor of
0.90.
(4) Discount rate
The discount rate reflects the opportunity cost of capital to the national economy. In the water sector,
10% of opportunity cost of capital prevails
2
, and therefore, this Study assumes 10% of discount rate.
(5) Economic life of projects
The economic life of the projects is set as follows
a) 30 years for water and sewerage projects
b) 50 years for hydropower and irrigation projects
(6) Multi-purpose dams
The construction costs of multi-purpose dams will be allocated on the basis of the allocated storage
volume.

1
The date of price level is subject to change
2
In the hydropower projects, 12 % of discount rate is commonly regarded as discount rate
Progress Report (4) Basic Concept of Economic Analysis
Chapter 12
12.3 Benefits of Water and Sanitation Projects
12.3.1 Benefits for Urban Water Supply Projects
Economic benefits of the selected urban water supply projects are identified as follows:
(1) Quantifiable benefits
a) Incremental waster benefit; which means the increased quantity of available water for
consumption through projects
b) Cost saving benefit; which replaces the existing water supply and serves for the people who
are currently dependent on relatively expensive water vendor compared to the water tariffs
of the public water supply systems. The average tariff of one jerry can in the suburb of
Nairobi (Ksh. 20/20 liters) is referred as a base value in economic analysis.
c) Reduction of water loss through improved water system; currently around 40 % of water
loss is estimated, and this rate can be reduced by the improved water supply system.
(2) Qualitative benefits
a) Improved public health; which derives from the prevention from catching water borne
diseases. The data from Kenya Integrated Household Survey (KIHBS) is referred for the
percentage of people suffering from water borne diseases such as vomit/diarrhoea and
malaria and the health expense of households.
12.3.2 Benefits of Rural Water Supply Projects
The following benefits are considered in the rural water supply projects:
a) Cost saving benefit: which replaces the existing water supply and serves for the people who
are currently dependent on relatively expensive water vendor compared to the water tariffs
of the public water supply systems. The percentage of people relying on water vendor in
rural areas is much lower than in urban areas, but this benefit is also applied to the rural
water supply projects in proportion to the existing user of water vendor.
a) Improved public health; which derives from the prevention from catching water borne
diseases.
b) Time cost saving benefit: in the ASAL area, the access to water is very limited and requires
more time to fetch water. This water-fetching task is a heavy burden for local people in
terms of labour and time, which could be used for other production activities.
12.3.3 Benefits of Sewerage Projects
Economic viability of the sanitation sub-sector will be evaluated only for the urban sewerage projects.
Two quantifiable benefits and one qualitative benefit were identified as benefits for the sewerage
projects:
Basic Concept of Economic Analysis Progress Report (4)
Chapter 12
a) Resource cost saving benefit; which is regarded as the cost saving of not having to depend
on alternative sanitation facilities such as pit latrines and septic tanks.
b) Affordability to pay; which is estimated at a maximum affordable value of the urban
communities for the waste water treatment.
a) Improved public health; this benefit accrues from the prevention from catching water borne
diseases.
12.4 Benefits of Irrigation Projects
The annual economic benefit of irrigation projects mainly derives from the increased agricultural
production in the project area under the with-without project conditions. Only large-scale irrigation
schemes will be evaluated for the analysis of economic viability. Upland crops such as maize and
horticulture are assumed to be planted in the selected irrigation schemes. The farm-gate price will be
used as a base price for economic analysis. Net incremental production is valued by a product of unit
yield and unit price under with-without project conditions.
The data on farm-gate price and unit yield have been under collection, and other inputs and fertilizer
data will be referred to the data from the Feasibility Study of Mwea Irrigation Project (2010), with
some adjustments of price and inflation.
12.5 Benefits of Hydropower Projects
There are two types of benefits identified for the selected hydropower projects as follows:
(1) Capacity benefit
If the selected hydropower projects were not constructed, alternative thermal power plant would be
built in order to meet the increased energy demand. The economic benefit of hydropower projects is
considered as an avoided cost of constructing an alternative thermal power plant for the firm power
output. This is called as capacity benefit (kW-value) and includes investment cost, replacement costs
and fixed O&M costs of alternative thermal power plant.
(2) Energy benefit
The avoided costs of alternative thermal power plant also include fuel costs and variable O&M, which
is commonly regarded as energy benefit (kWh-value). Fuel price will be estimated based on the
World Banks Commodity Prices and Prices Forecast, June 2012. The data from LCPCP will be
utilized for the calculation of energy benefits.

Tables
Male Female Total Male Female Total
1 Nairobi 1,605,230 1,533,139 3,138,369 Nairobi 1,153,828 989,426 2,143,254 Nairobi
2 Kilifi 535,526 574,209 1,109,735 Kilifi 258,505 285,798 544,303 Kilifi
Malindi 139,340 142,212 281,552
3 Kwale 315,997 333,934 649,931 Kwale 240,764 255,369 496,133 Kwale
4 Lamu 53,045 48,494 101,539 Lamu 37,553 35,133 72,686 Lamu
5 Mombasa 486,924 452,446 939,370 Mombasa 363,552 301,466 665,018 Mombasa
6 Taita Taveta 145,334 139,323 284,657 Taita Taveta 123,329 123,342 246,671 Taita
7 Tana River 119,853 120,222 240,075 Tana River 90,613 90,288 180,901 Tana River
8 Garissa 334,939 288,121 623,060 Garissa 206,117 186,393 392,510 Garissa
9 Mandera 559,943 465,813 1,025,756 Mandera 131,062 119,310 250,372 Mandera
10 Marsabit 151,112 140,054 291,166 Marsabit 60,940 60,538 121,478 Marsabit
Moyale 26,559 26,920 53,479
11 Wajir 363,766 298,175 661,941 Wajir 171,318 147,943 319,261 Wajir
12 Embu 136,499 141,697 278,196
Mbeere 81,885 89,068 170,953
13 Isiolo 73,694 69,600 143,294 Isiolo 51,214 49,647 100,861 Isiolo
14 Kitui 481,282 531,427 1,012,709 Kitui 243,045 272,377 515,422 Kitui
15 Machakos 543,139 555,445 1,098,584 Machakos 442,891 463,753 906,644 Masaku
16 Makueni 430,710 453,817 884,527 Makueni 372,639 398,906 771,545 Makueni
17 Meru 670,656 685,645 1,356,301 Meru Central 248,027 250,853 498,880 Meru
Meru North 293,385 310,665 604,050
Nithi(Meru S.) 100,226 105,225 205,451
18 Tharaka 178,451 186,879 365,330 Tharaka 48,196 52,796 100,992 Tharaka Nithi
19 Kiambu 802,609 820,673 1,623,282 Kiambu 369,101 374,909 744,010 Kiambu
Thika 323,479 322,234 645,713
20 Kirinyaga 260,630 267,424 528,054 Kirinyaga 226,665 230,440 457,105 Kiranyaga
21 Muranga 457,864 484,717 942,581 Muranga 164,670 183,634 348,304 Murang'a
Maragua 187,128 200,841 387,969
22 Nyandarua 292,155 304,113 596,268 Nyandarua 235,052 244,850 479,902 Nyandarua
23 Nyeri 339,725 353,833 693,558 Nyeri 322,521 338,635 661,156 Nyeri
Mwingi 141,778 162,050 303,828 Mwingi
Nyambene
24 Turkana 445,069 410,330 855,399 Turkana 224,548 226,312 450,860 Turkana
25 Baringo 130,054 134,924 264,978
Koibatek 69,236 68,927 138,163
26 Bomet 359,727 364,459 724,186 Bomet 185,999 196,795 382,794 Bomet
27 Elgeyo Marakwet 183,738 186,260 369,998 Marakwet 69,068 71,561 140,629 Elgeyo Marakwet
Keiyo 71,147 72,718 143,865
28 Kajiado 345,146 342,166 687,312 Kajiado 206,353 199,701 406,054 Kajiado
29 Kericho 237,821 230,672 468,493
Buret 162,703 154,179 316,882
30 Laikipia 198,625 200,602 399,227 Laikipia 161,698 160,489 322,187 Laikipia
31 Nakuru 804,582 798,743 1,603,325 Nakuru 598,703 588,336 1,187,039 Nakuru
32 Nandi 376,488 376,477 752,965 Nandi 290,003 288,748 578,751 Nandi
33 Narok 429,026 421,894 850,920 Narok 184,231 181,519 365,750 Narok
34 Samburu 112,007 111,940 223,947 Samburu 69,378 74,169 143,547 Samburu
35 Trans-Nzoia 407,172 411,585 818,757 Trans Nzoia 286,836 288,826 575,662 Trans Nzoia
36 Uasin Gishu 448,994 445,185 894,179 Uasin Gishu 315,932 306,773 622,705 Uasin Gishu
37 West Pokot 254,827 257,863 512,690 West Pokot 151,506 156,580 308,086 West Pokot
Trans Mara 83,773 86,818 170,591 Transmara
Kipsigis
38 Kakamega 800,989 859,662 1,660,651 Kakamega 290,343 313,079 603,422 Kakamega
Lugari 105,273 110,647 215,920
Butere/Mumias 227,043 249,885 476,928
39 Bungoma 795,595 835,339 1,630,934 Bungoma 425,957 450,534 876,491 Bungoma
Mt. Elgon 66,783 68,250 135,033
40 Busia 232,075 256,000 488,075 Busia 174,368 196,240 370,608 Busia
Teso 87,926 93,565 181,491
41 Vihiga 262,716 291,906 554,622 Vihiga 232,720 266,163 498,883 Vihiga
42 Homa Bay 462,454 501,340 963,794 Homa Bay 136,728 151,812 288,540 Homa Bay
Rachuonyo 145,793 161,333 307,126
Suba 75,167 80,499 155,666
43 Kisii 550,464 601,818 1,152,282 Gucha(S.Kisii) 221,249 239,690 460,939 Gusii
Kisii Central 234,448 257,338 491,786
N.Kisii(Nyamira) 239,851 258,251 498,102
44 Kisumu 474,760 494,149 968,909 Kisumu 248,735 255,624 504,359 Kisumu
Nyando 146,635 153,295 299,930
45 Migori 444,356 472,814 917,170 Migori 247,131 267,766 514,897 Migori
Kuria 73,989 77,898 151,887
46 Nyamira 287,048 311,204 598,252 Nyamira
47 Siaya 398,652 443,652 842,304 Siaya 220,997 259,187 480,184 Siaya
Bondo 113,583 125,197 238,780
Note: 1) District used in Aftercare Study (NWMP 1998)
Table 2.1.1 Population of 47 Counties
Population Census 2009
County No.
Population Census 1999
516,212 Embu
District Ref. 50 Districts
1)
Embu
Baringo 279,081 276,480 555,561 Baringo
254,303 261,909
Kericho 381,980 376,359 758,339
T-1
Figures

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 1.3.1
Catchment Areas of WRMA
4N
3N
2N
1N
0
1S
2S
3S
4S
5N
4N
3N
2N
1N
0
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3S
4S
5N
6N 6N
42E 41E 40E
39E 38E 37E 36E 35E 34E
42E 41E 40E
39E 38E 37E 36E 35E 34E
F-1

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 1.4.1
Overall Work Schedule of
The Project
F-2

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 2.2.1
Administrative and Catchment
Boundary Map
F-3

Flow of Water Use Restriction of the Sameura Dam in the 2005 Drought
Date Reserve Water Use Restriction Organizational Arrangement
May 26 96.40%

15:00 Setting up a head office of special task force for
water restriction in Shikoku Regional Development
Bureau (a)
15:00 Setting up a branch office of special task force for
water restriction in Integrated Management Office of
Dams in Yoshino River (b)
Jun 13 66.60% 0:00 Voluntary water-saving [Tokushima 5.9%]
Jun 15 61.20%
9:00 The first water restriction
[Tokushima 14.1% (new 20%), Kagawa 20%]
9:00 Setting up a branch office of special task force for
water restriction in Tokushima River and National
Highway Office (c)
Jun 22 46.00%
9:00 The second water restriction
Jun 28 32.40%
9:00 The third water restriction
Jul 1 25.10%
22:00 Ease the second water restriction
Jul 2 22.80% 6:00 Temporary-clear water restriction
Jul 8 36.80%
Jul 9 37.50% 15:00 Temporary-clear water restriction
Jul 13 51.20%
18:00 The second water restriction
Aug 1 32.90%
Aug 11 15.10%
9:00 The forth water restriction
9:00 Setting up a head office of emergency task force for
extraordinary drought in Shikoku Region (d)
Aug 19
(20:00)
1.5%
(0.0%)
20:00 Start emergency release from power generation capacity
[Tokushima 1.85 m
3
/s, Kagawa 1.81 m
3
/s]
Aug 20 0.00%
22:00 Temporary ease the forth water restriction
Stop emergency release from power generation capacity

Aug 21 1.10% 11:00 Temporary-clear water restriction
Aug 22 4.90%
22:00 Restart the forth water restriction
Sep 1
(8:00)
0.5%
(0.0%)
8:00 Start emergency release from power generation capacity
[Tokushima 1.85m
3
/s, Kagawa 1.81m
3
/s]
Sep 5 0.00%
5:00 Stop emergency release from power generation capacity
9:00 Temporary-clear water restriction
Sep 6
(20:00)
4.6%
(100%)
18:00 All-clear water restriction
18:00 Breaking up the office (a)
18:00 Breaking up the office (d)
18:00 Breaking up the office (c)
20:00 Breaking up the office (b)

Time Series Graph of Water Use Capacity of the Sameura Dam and Restriction Actions in the 2005 Drought
Target Capacity
Average
Year 1994
Year 1995
Year 2005
C
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y

f
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(
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0
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m
3
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1st Restriction
2nd Restriction
3rd Restriction
4th Restriction

Temporary-clear Restriction
All-clear Restriction
Emergency Release from Power Capacity
Jun-15
Jun-22
Jun-28
Jul-1
Jul-2
Jul-8
Jul-9
Jul-13
Aug-11
Aug-19
Aug-22
Sep-1
Sep-6
May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Aug20 Aug21 Sep-5
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
180,000
Aug-1
0
Source: Shikoku Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 4.9.1
Example for Water Use Restriction of
the Sameura Dam in the 2005 Drought
F-4

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.1
Target of Urban Water Supply and
Sewerage System Development in
Lake Victoria North Catchment
F-5

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.2 (1/2)
Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030
(Tentative)
F-6

Source: J ICA Study Team
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.2 (2/2)
Irrigation Area (with Dam) in 2030 by
Sub Catchment in Lake Victoria North
Catchment Area (Tentative)
F-7

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.3
Proposed Hydropower Development
Sites in LVN
F-8

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.4
Locations of Candidates of Dams and
Water Transfers in LVN
F-9

1
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.5 (1/4)
Current and Proposed Surface Water
Monitoring Network in LVN
F-10

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a
l

O
f
f
i
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e
S
u
b
-
R
e
g
i
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n
a
l
O
f
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e
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
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r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
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g
S
t
a
t
i
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n
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
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a

f
o
r

G
r
o
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d
w
a
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r

M
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i
t
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i
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g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.5 (2/4)
Current and Proposed Groundwater
F-11

K
a
k
a
m
e
g
a
S
i
a
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a
E
l
d
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e
t
K
i
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a
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R
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i
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O
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O
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F
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o
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I
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f
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m
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t
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R
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f
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l

M
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n
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g

S
t
a
t
i
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b
y

W
R
M
A
N
e
w
l
y

p
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p
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M
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g

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R
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f
a
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M
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g

S
t
a
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i
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b
y

O
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r

o
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g
a
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i
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a
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i
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O
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r

R
a
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n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.5 (3/4)
Current and Proposed Rainfall
F-12

Source: JICA Study Team based on KFS and KWS GIS data provided in November 2010
Note: The areas are delineated on the Map and not based on the actual condition of forest cover.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.5 (4/4)
Target Watershed Conservation Areas
Mt. Elgon
Cheragani Hills
Mau Forest
Mt. Kenya
Aberdare Range
Five Water Towers
Arabuko Sokoke
Forest Reserve
ShimbaHills
: Significantly deforested
areas
F-13

Legend for Proposed Plans
Preparation of Hazard Map
Preparation of Flood Fighting Plan
Improvement of Existing FEWS
Source: JICA Study Team based on data from WRMA, FAO, NWMP (1992), UNOSAT 2007, Brakenridge et al.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.6
Proposed Disaster Management Plan
in the Lake Victoria North Catchment
(Upper: Flood, Lower: Drought)
Image of Control Gauge
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
1DA02 (Nzoia)
23.25
20.65
19.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1AH01 (Sio)
1.65
1.25
1.17
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1FG03 (Yala)
10.62
8.71
8.16
0
3
6
9
12
15
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1EF01 (Nzoia at Ruambwa)
49.89
45.08
43.41
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-14

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 5.4.7
Proposed Protected and Reserved Area
and Proposed Monitoring Location in
LVN Catchment
F-15

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.1
Lake Victoria South Catchment
F-16

Source: J ICA Study Team
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.2
Sub Catchment in Lake Victoria South
F-17

S
o
n
d
u
/
M
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H
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d
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p
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w
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(
6
0

M
W
)
:
P
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p
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D
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m

S
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:
E
x
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H
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G
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F
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p
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(
2

M
W
)
M
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w
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w
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D
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(
1
2
0
~
1
4
0

M
W
)
P
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p
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d

M
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t
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p
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D
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P
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H
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d
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p
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r
C
o
m
p
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n
e
n
t
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.3
Sites in LVS
F-18

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.4
Water Transfers in LVS
F-19

K
i
s
u
m
u
K
i
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i
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K
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W
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M
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N
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w
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p
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p
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S
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W
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M
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t
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g

S
t
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t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.5 (1/3)
Monitoring Network in LVS
F-20

K
i
s
u
m
u
K
i
s
i
i
K
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c
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o
L
V
S
-
0
4
L
V
S
-
0
2
L
V
S
-
0
1
L
V
S
-
0
3
L
V
S
-
0
7
R
e
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i
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a
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O
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S
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O
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G
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M
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S
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N
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w
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p
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p
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d
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G
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d
w
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M
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t
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g

S
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a
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i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.5 (2/3)
F-21

K
i
s
u
m
u
K
i
s
i
i
K
e
r
i
c
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o
R
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O
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F
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w

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I
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m
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t
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R
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f
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M
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g

S
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a
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b
y

W
R
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A
N
e
w
l
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p
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p
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d
R
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M
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g

S
t
a
t
i
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n
R
a
i
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f
a
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l

M
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n
i
t
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g

S
t
a
t
i
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n

b
y

O
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o
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g
a
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t
i
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n
O
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r

R
a
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f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.5 (3/3)
F-22

Kuja Basin
Nyando Basin Kisumu City
Establishment of FEWS
Community-based Disaster Management
Urban Drainage & Hazard Map
Additional River Gauge (self-registering)
Additional River Gauge (telemetry)
Telemetrization of Existing River Gauge
Additional Rain Gauge (telemetry)
Sondu Basin
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.6
in the Lake Victoria South Catchment
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
1JG04 (Sondu Miriu)
4.28
3.43
3.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1GD03 (Nyando)
12.35
9.81
8.58
0
3
6
9
12
15
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1LA04 (Mara)
2.47
2.07
1.95
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
1KB05 (Gucha Migori)
0.95
0.59
0.44
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-23

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 6.4.7
LVS Catchment
F-24

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.1
Rift Valley Catchment
F-25

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.2
Sub Catchment in Rift Valley
F-26

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.3
Sites in RV
F-27

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.4
Water Transfers in RV
F-28

Nakuru
Lodwar
Kabarnet
Narok
Naivasha
Kapenguria
Regional Office
Sub-Regional Office
Surface Water Monitoring Station
Newly proposed Surface Water
Monitoring Station
Flow of Information

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.5 (1/3)
Monitoring Network in RV
F-29

Nakuru
Lodwar
Kabarnet
Narok
Naivasha
Kapenguria
Regional Office
Sub-Regional Office
Groundwater Monitoring Station
Newly proposed area for
Groundwater Monitoring Station
Flow of Information

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.5 (2/3)
F-30

Nakuru
Lodwar
Kabarnet
Narok
Naivasha
Kapenguria
Regional Office
Sub-Regional Office
Flow of Information
Rainfall Monitoring Station by WRMA
Newly proposed Rainfall Monitoring
Station
Rainfall Monitoring Station by Other
organization
Other Rainfall Monitoring Station

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.5 (3/3)
Current and Proposed Raifall
F-31

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.6
in the Rift Valley Catchment
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
Preparation of Evacuation Plan
Nakuru
Narok
Middle Turkwel
Lower Kerio
(newstation)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
2GB1 (Malewa)
0.17
0.10
0.08
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
(newstation)
1.82
1.02
0.70
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
2EE09 (Narosura)
1.52
0.84
0.57
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
2B21 (Turkwell)
0.87
0.41
0.30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-32

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 7.4.7
RV Catchment
F-33

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.1
Athi Catchment
F-34

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.2
Sub Catchment in Athi Catchment
Area (Tentative)
F-35

M
u
n
y
u

D
a
m
:
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

D
a
m

S
i
t
e
M
w
a
c
h
i

D
a
m
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

M
u
l
t
i
p
u
r
p
o
s
e

D
a
m

P
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
w
i
t
h

H
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.3
Sites in Athi
F-36

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.4
Water Transfers in Athi
F-37

M
o
m
b
a
s
a
O
l
o
i
t
o
k
i
t
o
k
K
i
b
w
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i
N
a
i
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b
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K
i
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b
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k
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O
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W
a
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M
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S
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a
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n
N
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w
l
y

p
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p
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d
S
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a
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e

W
a
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M
o
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t
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g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.5 (1/3)
Monitoring Network in Athi
F-38

K
i
b
w
e
z
i
N
a
i
r
o
b
i
K
i
a
m
b
u
M
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k
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O
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M
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S
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N
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w
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p
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p
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d
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a

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G
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M
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g

S
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i
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n
F
l
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w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.5 (2/3)
F-39

M
o
m
b
a
s
a
O
l
o
i
t
o
k
i
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k
K
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b
w
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i
N
a
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b
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K
i
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b
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M
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a
k
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R
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n
a
l

O
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S
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i
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a
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O
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F
l
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w

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I
n
f
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a
t
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R
a
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f
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M
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i
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r
i
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g

S
t
a
t
i
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n

b
y

W
R
M
A
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
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p
o
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d
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a
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f
a
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M
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g

S
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a
t
i
o
n
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

O
t
h
e
r

o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
O
t
h
e
r

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.5 (3/3)
F-40

Establishment of FEWS, Preparation of
Hazard Map & Evacuation Plans
Lumi Basin Kilifi
Kwale
Mombasa City
Nairobi City
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.6
in the Athi Catchment
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
3G02 (Tsavo)
1.26 1.23 1.22
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
3HA13 (Sabaki (Baricho))
4.40
4.03
3.87
0
1
2
3
4
5
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
3DB01 (Athi (Wamunyu))
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
3F09 (Athi Kibwezi Bridge)
0.00 0.00 0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
(newstation)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-41

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 8.4.7
Athi Catchment
F-42

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.1
Tana Catchment
F-43

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.2
Sub Catchment in Tana Catchment
Area (Tentative)
F-44

P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

M
u
l
t
i
p
u
r
p
o
s
e

D
a
m

P
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
w
i
t
h

H
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
e
r
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
:
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

D
a
m

S
i
t
e
:
E
x
i
s
t
i
n
g

H
y
d
r
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p
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w
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r
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
s
i
n
g
a

(
4
0

M
W
)
K
a
m
b
u
r
u

(
9
4
.
2

M
W
)
G
i
t
a
r
u

(
2
2
5

M
W
)
K
i
n
d
a
r
u
m
a

(
4
0

M
W
)
K
i
a
m
b
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r
e
(
1
6
8

M
W
)
H
i
g
h

G
r
a
n
d
f
a
l
l
s
D
a
m
(
5
0
0
~
7
0
0

M
W
)
L
o
w

G
r
a
n
d
f
a
l
l
s
D
a
m
(
1
4
0

M
W
)
M
u
t
o
n
g
a

D
a
m
(
6
0

M
W
)
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.3
Sites in Tana
F-45

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.4
Water Transfers in Tana
F-46

E
m
b
u
M
u
r
a
n
g
a
K
e
r
u
g
o
y
a
M
e
r
u
G
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r
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s
s
a
K
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t
u
i
R
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g
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
c
e
S
u
b
-
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

W
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

W
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.5 (1/3)
Monitoring Network in Tana
F-47

E
m
b
u
M
u
r
a
n
g
a
K
e
r
u
g
o
y
a
M
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r
u
G
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r
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s
a
K
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t
u
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R
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g
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
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e
S
u
b
-
R
e
g
i
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n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
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r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
r
e
a

f
o
r

G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.5 (2/3)
F-48

E
m
b
u
M
u
r
a
n
g
a
K
e
r
u
g
o
y
a
M
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r
u
G
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s
s
a
K
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t
u
i
R
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g
i
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n
a
l

O
f
f
i
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e
S
u
b
-
R
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g
i
o
n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

W
R
M
A
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
i
n
f
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l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

O
t
h
e
r

o
r
g
a
n
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z
a
t
i
o
n
O
t
h
e
r

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.5 (3/3)
F-49

Improvement of Dam Release Warning
Hazard Map & Evacuation Plan
Garissa
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.6
in the Tana Catchment
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
4DD02 (Thiba)
76.88
73.35 72.21
0
20
40
60
80
100
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
4G01 (Tana at Garrisa)
72.01
69.05 68.16
0
20
40
60
80
100
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
(newstation)
5.07 4.98 4.94
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
4CB04 (Thika)
84.00 82.08 81.11
0
20
40
60
80
100
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
(newstation)
0.22
0.21 0.21
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-50

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 9.4.7
Tana Catchment
F-51

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.1
Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
F-52

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.2
Sub Catchment in Ewaso Ngiro North
F-53

P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

M
u
l
t
i
p
u
r
p
o
s
e

D
a
m

P
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
w
i
t
h

H
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
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r
C
o
m
p
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n
e
n
t
A
r
c
h
e
r
s

P
o
s
t
D
a
m
:
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d

D
a
m

S
i
t
e
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.3
Candidate Hydropower Development
Sites in ENN
F-54

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.4
Water Transfers in ENN
F-55

N
a
n
y
u
k
i
M
a
r
s
a
b
i
t
M
a
n
d
e
r
a
R
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m
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t
i
I
s
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o
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g
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
c
e
S
u
b
-
R
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g
i
o
n
a
l
O
f
f
i
c
e
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

W
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

W
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.5 (1/3)
Monitoring Network in ENN
F-56

N
a
n
y
u
k
i
M
a
r
s
a
b
i
t
I
s
i
o
l
o
M
a
n
d
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r
a
R
u
m
u
r
u
t
i
R
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g
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
c
e
S
u
b
-
R
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g
i
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n
a
l
O
f
f
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c
e
G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
r
e
a

f
o
r

G
r
o
u
n
d
w
a
t
e
r

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
l
o
w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.5 (2/3)
F-57

N
a
n
y
u
k
i
M
a
r
s
a
b
i
t
M
a
n
d
e
r
a
N
y
a
h
u
r
u
r
u
I
s
i
o
l
o
R
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g
i
o
n
a
l

O
f
f
i
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S
u
b
-
R
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g
i
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n
a
l
O
f
f
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e
F
l
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w

o
f

I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

W
R
M
A
N
e
w
l
y

p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
a
i
n
f
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l
l

M
o
n
i
t
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r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

O
t
h
e
r

o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
O
t
h
e
r

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g

S
t
a
t
i
o
n
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.5 (3/3)
F-58

Establishment of FEWS, Preparation of
Hazard Map & Evacuation Plans
Hazard Map & Evacuation Plan
Middle/Lower
Ewaso Ngiro North
(including Wajir)
Mandera
Isiolo
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.6
in the Ewaso Ngiro North Catchment
Alarm
80%
Discharge
90%
Discharge
95%
Discharge
Alert
Normal
(newstation)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0
0
0
0
0
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
(newstation)
2.89
2.16
1.93
0
1
2
3
4
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
5BE06 (Timau)
3.83
2.24
1.75
0
1
2
3
4
5
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
5DC01 (Ewaso Ngiro)
0.11
0.08
0.07
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
5ED01 (Ewaso Ngiro at Ar)
0.014
0.008 0.008
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
Normal Alert Alarm
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
(
m
3
/
s
)
F-59

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 10.4.7
ENN Catchment
F-60

W
A
T
E
R

R
E
S
O
U
R
C
E
S

M
A
N
A
G
E
M
E
N
T
C
o
m
p
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n
s
i
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e

A
p
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h
W
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R
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a
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R
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B
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A
d
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M
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a
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a
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(
W
a
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2
0
0
2
)
W
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M
A
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T
(
W
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)
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D
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(
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M
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a
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a
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C
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M
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(
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)
P
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M
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f
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e
r

C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
W
A
T
E
R

Q
U
A
L
I
T
Y

M
A
N
A
G
E
M
E
N
T
W
a
t
e
r

Q
u
a
l
i
t
y

S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
A
Q
U
A
T
I
C

E
C
O
L
O
G
Y
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
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n
g
P
r
e
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
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n
F
l
o
o
d

W
a
r
n
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g

a
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d

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v
a
c
u
a
t
i
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n
D
I
S
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S
T
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R

M
A
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G
E
M
E
N
T

D
i
s
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r

O
p
e
r
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t
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C
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r

M
i
n
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t
r
y

o
f

S
p
e
c
i
a
l

P
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
E
x
c
e
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s

W
a
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r

C
o
n
t
r
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l

i
n

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r
b
a
n

A
r
e
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s
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r
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n

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a
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s
e
W
a
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r

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n
v
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r
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n
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r

o
f

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n
v
i
r
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n
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t

M
W
I
M
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E
:

D
i
r
e
c
t

C
o
m
p
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t
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n
c
e
:

I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t

C
o
m
p
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t
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n
c
e
N
o
t
e
:

T
h
i
s

f
r
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m
e
w
o
r
k

i
s

p
r
o
v
i
s
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n
a
l

t
o

s
t
a
r
t

d
i
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c
u
s
s
i
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n

o
f

f
r
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m
e
w
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k

o
f

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R
M

s
u
b
j
e
c
t

t
o

J
I
C
A

S
t
u
d
y
.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 11.1.1
Existing Sector Framework of Water
Resources Management in Kenya (Draft)
Source: NWMP (1992)
Note: This framework is provisional to start discussion of framework of WRM subject to JICA Study.
F-61

N a t i o n a l L e b e l
R e g i o n a l
L e b e l
L o c a l L e b e l
P o l i c y
F o r m a t i o n
R e g u l a t i o n
C o n s u m p -
t i o n , u s e r s
S e r v i c e s P r o v i s i o n
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,

U
s
e
r
s
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

I
r
r
i
g
a
t
i
o
n

&

D
r
a
i
n
a
g
e
I

&
D
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
s
W
S
B
s
W
S
P
s
I
W
U
A
s
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

W
a
t
e
r

S
u
p
p
l
y

&

S
e
w
e
r
a
g
e
W
a
t
e
r

A
p
p
e
a
l
B
p
a
r
d
W
a
t
e
r

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
T
r
u
s
t

F
u
n
d
W
S
T
F
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

W
a
t
e
r

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
M
W
I
N
I
D
D
A
N
I
D
D
S
(
N
I
B
)
I
D
R
E
T
S
W
S
R
B

(
W
A
S
R
E
B
)
W
R
M
A
W
R
M
A

R
e
g
i
o
n
C
A
A
C
s
W
R
U
A
s
K
E
W
I

K
e
n
y
a

W
a
t
e
r

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
N
W
C
P
C

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a
t
i
o
n
a
l

W
a
t
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r

C
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

&

P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e

C
o
r
p
o
r
a
i
o
n

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 11.2.1
Actual Institutional Set-up of Ministry
of Water and Irrigation
Source: National Policy on Trans-boundary Waters
Note 1: NIDDA: National Irrigation and Drainage Authority
NIDDS: National Irrigation and Drainage Development Services
NIB: National Irrigation Board
IDRETS: Irrigation and Drainage Research, Extension and Training Service
I&D: Irrigation and Drainage
Note 2: The Draft Water Bill 2012 (version of March 2012) transfers the existing functions; from WRMA to Water Resources
Regulatory Authority (WRRA), from WRMA Regional Offices to Basin Water Resources Boards (BWRBs), from
NWCPC to National Water Storage Authority, from WSRB to Water Services Regulatory Commission, WSBs to
Water Works Development Boards, from WSPs to County or Cross-County Water Service Providers, from Water
Appeal Board to Water Tribunal, from WSTF to Water Sector Trust fund Authority.
F-62

M
W
I
N a t i o n a l L e v e l
R e g i o n a l
L e v e l
L o c a l L e v e l
P o l i c y
F o r m a t i o n
R e g u l a t i o n
C o n s u m p -
t i o n , u s e
S e r v i c e s P r o v i s i o n
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
,

U
s
e
r
s
W
R
M
A
W
a
t
e
r

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t

A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

W
a
t
e
r

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
W
A
S
R
E
B
W
a
t
e
r
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

R
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y

B
o
a
r
d
W
R
M
A

R
e
g
i
o
n
s
,

C
A
A
C
s
C
a
t
c
h
m
e
n
t

A
r
e
a
s

A
d
v
i
s
o
r
y

C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
s
W
S
B
s
W
a
t
e
r

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
B
o
a
r
d
s
W
S
P
s
W
a
t
e
r

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

P
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
W
R
U
A
s
W
a
t
e
r

R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s

U
s
e
r
s

A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

W
a
t
e
r

S
u
p
p
l
y

a
n
d

S
e
w
e
r
a
g
e
W
A
B
W
a
t
e
r

A
p
p
e
a
l

B
o
a
r
d
W
S
T
F
W
a
t
e
r

S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s

T
r
u
s
t

F
u
n
d

THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Figure 11.2.2
Sector Framework of Water Resources
Management in Kenya (Draft)
Source: WRMA modified by JICA Study Team
F-63

Kenya's National Water Master Plan 2030 Progress Report

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