Prerequisite Course(s): Course on Electrical and Electronics engineering and software

like Matlab/Scilab.



LAB COURSE CONTENT


(Note: Minimum EIGHT practicals to be performed out of which FOUR practicals
must be performed using software like Matlab/Scilab)

1. Sketch and write defining mathematical expression for the following signals in CT.

a) Unit Step


MATLAB program to generate and plot a unit step signal/sequence.

% Program to generate Unit Step sequence

n=input ('Enter the length of the step sequence N='); % Get the
length of the require sequence from the user
t=0:n-1; % defines the time axis
y=ones(1,n); % defines an 1 x n matrix which is filled with ones
stem(t,y); %displays the data as lines
ylabel ('Amplitude'); % name the Y axis
xlabel ('Time Index'); %Name the x axis
TITLE ('Unit Step Signal'); % Giving the title for the plot





% Program to generate Unit Step signal



n=input ('Enter the lenght of the step sequence N='); % Get the
length of the require sequence from the user
t=0:n-1; % defines the
time axis
y=ones(1,n); % defines an
1 x n matrix which is filled with one
plot(t,y); % Plot the
graph
ylabel ('Amplitude'); % name the Y
axis
xlabel ('Time Index'); %Name the x
axis
TITLE ('Unit Step Signal'); % Giving the
title for the plot





By this time you might have understood the difference between stem() and plot().





Since MATLAB is a programming language, an endless variety of different signals is
possible. Here are some statements that generate several commonly used sequences,
including the unit impulse, unit step, and unit ramp functions:
t = (0:0.001:1)';
y = [1; zeros(99,1)]; % impulse
y = ones(100,1); % step (filter assumes 0 initial cond.)
y = t; % ramp
y = t.^2;
y = square(4*t);
b) Rectangular


c) Exponential
d) Signum
e) Sine
f) Sinc
g) Triangular

h) Unit impulse

2. clc;
3. clear all;
4. close all;
5. disp('Unit Impulse Signal Generation');
6. N=input('Enter no of samples: ');
7. n=-N:1:N;
8. x=[zeros(1,N),1,zeros(1,N)];
9. stem(n,x);
10. xlabel('Sample');
11. ylabel('Amplitude');
12. title('Unit Impulse Signal');
13.
14. In this, the impulse is generated by using ZEROS(x,y) function, which produces
an array of size X,Y with all elements as ZERO.
15.
OUTPUT:
16.





i) Unit ramp.

2 Matlab code for unit ramp signal generation:

3 clc;
4
5 clear all;
6 close all;
7 disp('Unit Ramp Signal Generation');
8 N=input('Enter no of samples: ');
9 a=input(' Max Amplitude: ');
10 n=-N:1:N;
11 x=a*n/N;
12 stem(n,x);
13 xlabel('Sample');
14 ylabel('Amplitude');
15 title('Unit Ramp Signal');
16

OUTPUT:




Matlab code for unit step (delayed step) signal generation:
clc;

clear all;

close all;
disp('Delayed Unit Step Signal Generation');
N=input('Enter no of samples: ');
d=input('Enter delay value: ');
n=-N:1:N;
x=[zeros(1,N+d),ones(1,N-d+1)];
stem(n,x);
xlabel('Sample');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Delayed Unit Step Signal');
OUTPUT:





Matlab code for discrete sinusoidal signal generation:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('Sinusoidal Signal generation');
N=input('Enter no of samples: ');
n=0:0.1:N;
x=sin(n);
figure, stem(n,x);
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sinusoidal Signal');

The SIN(n) function returns an array which corresponds to sine value of the array n
OUTPUT:




Matlab code for discrete cosine signal generation:

clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('Cosine wave generation');
N=input('Enter no of samples');
n=0:0.1:N;
x=cos(n);
figure, stem(n,x);
xlabel('Samples');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Cosine');


The COS(n) function returns an array which corresponds to cosine value of the array n
OUTPUT:



Matlab code for Trinangular or Sawtooth signal generation:


clc;clear all;
n=input('Enter the no samples: ');
x=0:0.1/n:20;

s=sawtooth(x);
t=sawtooth(x,0.5); % width=0.5 for Triangular signal

subplot(2,1,1),
plot(x,s),
xlabel('Time'),
ylabel('Amplitude'),
title('Sawtooth signal');

subplot(2,1,2),
plot(x,t),title('Triangular signal'),
xlabel('Time'),
ylabel('Amplitude');


OUTPUT:




Matlab code for exponentially decaying signal generation:


clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('Exponential decaying signal');
N=input('Enter no of samples: ');

a=1;
t=0:0.1:N;
x=a*exp(-t);
figure,plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponentially Decaying Signal');

OUTPUT:





Matlab code for exponentially growing signal generation:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
disp('Exponential growing signal');
N=input('Enter no of samples: ');
a=1;
t=0:0.1:N;
x=a*exp(t);
figure,stem(t,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Exponentially Decaying Signal');

OUTPUT:











2. Classify and find the respective value for the following signals
Periodic / Non Periodic
Energy / Power /Neither.
a) Unit Step
b) Rectangular

c) Exponential
d) Signum
e) Sine
f) Sinc
g) Triangular
h) Unit impulse
i) Unit ramp.

3. Take any two CT signals and perform the following operation on:
Amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, integration, time scaling, time
shifting and folding.


4. Express any two system mathematical expressions in input output relation form and
determine whether each one of them is, Memory less, Causal, Linear, Stable, Time in
variant, Invertible.

5. Express any two system mathematical expressions in impulse response form and
determine whether each one of them is, Memory less, Causal, Linear, Stable, Time in
variant, Invertible.

6. Design and test a second order Butterworth low pass filter Sallen Key circuit


a) Design a second order Butterworth low pass filter Sallen Key circuit for given cut-off
frequency.
b) Take different readings of VO for varying frequency of input signal from function
generator.
c) Calculate gain (AV) in dB for each frequency.
d) Plot the graph of gain VS frequency and determine the cut-off frequency from graph.
Compare this practical cut-off frequency with the design value.

7. Design and test a second order Butterworth high pass filter Sallen Key circuit


a) Design a second order Butterworth high pass filter Sallen Key circuit for given cut-off
frequency.
b) Take different readings of VO for varying frequency of input signal from function
generator.
c) Calculate gain (AV) in dB for each frequency.
d) Plot the graph of gain VS frequency and determine the cut-off frequency from graph.
Compare practical cut-off frequency with the design value.

8. Design a second order Chebyshev low pass filter Sallen Key circuit.

a) Design a Chebyshev low pass filter Sallen Key circuit for given cut-off frequency.

b) Take different readings of VO for varying frequency of input signal from function
generator.
c) Calculate gain (AV) in dB for each frequency.
d) Plot the graph of gain VS frequency and determine the cut-off frequency from graph.
Compare
practical cut-off frequency with the design value.

9. Design a second order Chebyshev high pass filter Sallen Key circuit.

a) Design a Chebyshev high pass filter Sallen Key circuit for given cut-off frequency.
b) Take different readings of VO for varying frequency of input signal from function
generator.
c) Calculate gain (AV) in dB for each frequency.
d) Plot the graph of gain VS frequency and determine the cut-off frequency from graph.
Compare
practical cut-off frequency with the design value.



10. Design of Sallen Key band pass filter.

a) Design a Sallen Key band pass filter for given specification.
b) Take different readings of VO for varying frequency of input signal from function
generator.
c) Calculate gain (AV) in dB for each frequency.
d) Plot the graph of gain VS frequency and determine the cut-off frequency from graph.
Compare practical value cut-off frequency with the design value.

References:


1. Gobind Daryanani, Principles of Active Network Synthesis and Design, Wiley
international.
2. Lawrence Huelsman, Active and Passive Analog Filter Design, McGraw-Hill Inc.
3. A. Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory, Dhanpat Ray & Co.
4. Simon Haykins and Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition, Wiley India.
5. Charles Phillips, Signals , Systems and Transforms , 3rd Edition, Pearson Education.

Guidelines for ICA:


ICA shall be based on continuous evaluation of student performance throughout semester
and practical assignment submitted by the student in the form of journal.

Guide lines for ESE:

ESE will be based on practical assignment submitted by the student in the form of journal. In
ESE the student may be asked to perform any one practical out of 8. Evaluation will be based on
paper work and performance in the practical.



FOR FILTER DESIGN
http://sim.okawa-denshi.jp/en/opampkeisan.htm