Mathematics, Computing and Technology

M208 Pure Mathematics

M208
Assignment Booklet I
Contents Cut-o date
2 TMA M208 01 Part 1 12 February 2010
(coveringUnit I1)
3 TMA M208 01 Part 2 5 March 2010
(coveringUnits I2 and I3)
5 TMA M208 02 (covering Units GTA1GTA4) 9 April 2010
8 TMA M208 03 (covering Units LA1LA5) 21 May 2010
11 TMA M208 04 (covering Units AA1AA4) 25 June 2010
Please send all your answersto each tutor-marked assignment (TMA),
togetherwithanappropriatelycompletedassignmentform(PT3),toreach
your tutor on or before the appropriate cut-o date shown above.
You will nd instructions on how to ll in the PT3 form in the current
Assessment Handbook, which you can access via your StudentHome web
page. Remember to ll in the correct assignment number as listed above
(for example, M208 02) and allowsucient time in the post for each
assignment to reach its destination on or before the cut-o date.
In the wording of the questions:
write down, list or state means write down without justication;
nd,determine,calculate,explain,derive,evaluate orsolve meansshowall
your working;
prove, show or deduce means justify each step.
In particular, if you use a denition, result or theorem to go from one line
to the next, you must state clearly which fact it is that you are using
for example, quote the relevant unit and page, or give a Handbook
reference. Remember that when you use a theorem, you must demonstrate
that all the conditions of the theorem are satised.
The number of marks assigned to each part of a question is given in the
right-hand margin, to give you a rough indication of the amount of time
you should spend.
c Copyright 2010 The Open University SUP 00895 3
5.1

TMA M208 01 Part 1 Cut-o date 12 February2010
(Introduction Block)
Questions 1 and 2 below, which are on Unit I1, form Part1 of TMA
M208 01. The remainder of the TMA (Part2, on Units I2 and I3) can be
found immediately followingPart 1 in this booklet. Part 1 is marked out
of 35; the whole TMA is marked out of 100.
Pleasesendyouranswersto Part1toyourtutor, withanassignmentform
(PT3). Be sure to ll in the assignment number on this form as
M208 01 .
Your tutor will mark and comment on your solutions to Questions 1
and 2, and will send your script back to you directly to give you some
earlyfeedback. The PT3 form relates to the whole assignment, so it will
not be returned to you at that stage, but will be retained by your tutor so
that your marks for Part2 of the assignment may be entered on it. The
form will then be sent to you via Walton Hall so that your marks can be
recorded.
You should read the information on the front page of this booklet before
you start doing the questions.
Question 1 (Unit I1) 25 marks
This question tests your ability to use the graph-sketching strategy in
Section 2 of Unit I1. 20 marks are given for showing that you have worked
through the strategy, and 5 are for sketching the graph.
Use Strategy 2.1 in Unit I1, and any other results from the unit that you
nd useful, to sketch the graph of the function
x 2
f(x) = . [25]
2x
2
+ 5x
Question 2 (Unit I1) 10 marks
This question tests your ability to sketch a hybrid function, using the
sketches of graphs of basic functions in the Handbook.
(a) Sketch on separate diagramsthe graphs of the followingfunctions.
x+1
(i) f
1
(x) = e

(ii) f
2
(x) =
2
(iii)f
3
(x) = (x 3)
2
[6]
(b) Use your answers to part (a) to draw the graph of

x+1
e , x < 1,

f(x) = , 1x 2, [4]
2

(x 3)
2
, x > 2.
2
TMA M208 01 Part 2 Cut-o date 5 March 2010
This part of the TMA coversUnits I2 and I3.
Remember that you should NOT submit a PT3 form with this
part of the assignment.
Question 3 (Unit I2) 10 marks
This question tests your understanding of set notation, and your ability to
prove that two sets are equal.
(a) Consider the followingsubsets of R
2
:
A={(x,y)R
2
:x
2
+y
2
9},
B ={(x,y)R
2
:y2x}.
Sketch, onseparate diagrams,eachof the sets A,B,AB and AB.
(b) Provethat the followingtwo sets are equal:
2
C ={(t ,2t
4
) : tR},
2
D={(x,y)R
2
:y= 2x , x0}.
Question 4 (Unit I2) 15 marks
This question tests your understanding of functions, their properties and
composites.
Let S be the subset of R
2
dened by
S ={(x,y)R
2
: 1 x2, 1y2},
and let f and g be the functions dened by
f :R
2
R
2
(x,y) (x, y)
and
2
g:R
2
R
(x,y) (x+ 1, y 3).
(a) Describe the geometric eect of each of f and g.
(b) On separate diagrams, sketch the set S and its image under each of
the functions f and g.
(c) Determine the composite function gf, and sketch the image of S
under gf.
(d) Show that g is one-one and onto, and determine its inverse
1
function g .
[5]
[5]
[2]
[3]
[5]
[5]
3
Question 5 (Unit I2) 10 marks
This question tests your ability to write a proof by induction and a proof
by contraposition.
(a) Use mathematical induction to prove that
1
2
+ 3
2
+ 5
2
+ + (2n1)
2
=
1
3
n(2n1)(2n+ 1)
for all positive integersn. [5]
(b) Write down the contrapositive of the followingstatement about
positive integers n.
If n
7
+1 is even, then n is odd.
Provethat the contrapositiveis true, and hence that the original
statement is true. [5]
Question 6 (Unit I3) 15 marks
This question tests your ability to work with complex numbers in both
Cartesian and polar form, and to use de Moivres Theorem.
(a) Express the complex number
23i
z=
3 +i
in Cartesian form. [2]

(b) (i) Express the equation z

4
=8 + 8 3i in polar form and solve it,
expressing your answers in polar form.
(ii) Express your answers to part (b)(i) in Cartesian form.
(iii)Drawa diagram showing the solutions of the equation in the
complex plane. [13]
Question 7 (Unit I3) 15 marks
This question tests your ability to determine whether a given relation is an
equivalence relation, and to nd equivalence classes.
This question concerns the two relations
1
and
2
which are dened on
the integers Z by
x
1
y if x2y is divisible by 3,
x
2
y if x+ 2y is divisible by 3.
(a) Foreachofthetworelations,statewhetherornottherelationhasthe
reexive, symmetric and transitive properties, giving a proof or
counter-example in each case. Hence determine which of the relations
is an equivalence relation. [13]
(b) For the equivalence relationthat you found in part (a), nd the
members of the equivalence class [[2]]. [2]
4

TMA M208 02 Cut-o date 9 April 2010

(Group Theory Block A)
Question 1 (Unit GTA1) 25 marks
This question tests your understanding of the group axioms.
For each of the following sets, with the binary operation given, determine
whether or not it forms a group, by checking the group axioms.
(a) ({1, 3, 4, 5, 9},
11
)
(b) (Z, ), where x y =x + 3y
(c) (R, ), where x y =x +y
[8]
[3]
[14]
Question 2 (Units GTA1 and GTA2) 20 marks
This question tests your ability to use two-line symbols, and your
understanding of symmetry groups, isomorphic groups and subgroups.
The gure F, shown below, is a regular octagon with four congruent
trianglesshaded, and the locations of the vertices labelled 1 to 8 as shown
in the diagram.

(a) Write down, as two-line symbols, the elements of the symmetry

group S(F), and describe each symmetry geometrically. [8]
(b) Identify each of your symmetries by a single letter, and use these
labels to construct a group table for S(F). [8]
(c) The group S(F) is isomorphic to one of the followinggroups:
(Z
8
, +
8
), S(), S(octagon). Determine to which of these groups S(F)
is isomorphic, justifying your answer briey. [2]
(d) Write down one subgroup of S(F) of order 2, and one of order 4. [2]
5

Question 3 (Unit GTA2) 15 marks
This question tests your understanding of cyclic groups and isomorphisms.
(a) Determine which of the followinggroups are cyclic, justifying your
answer in each case. Write down all the generatorsof eachgroup that
is cyclic. (You are NOT asked to prove that any of the followingare
groups.)
(i) ({0,3,6,9},+
12
)
(ii) ({1,7,13,19},
24
)
(iii)({1,4,7,13},
15
) [6]
(b) Determine an isomorphism between two of the groups listed in
part (a). [4]
(c) Determine all the distinct subgroups of the group
({1,3,4,9,10,12},
13
),
justifying your answer. [5]
Question 4 (Unit GTA3) 20 marks
This question tests your ability to use cycle form, and to nd conjugate
elements.
The two-line symbols for permutations p and q in S
5
are
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
p= and q= .
3 5 4 2 1 3 4 1 2 5
1
(a) Write down the permutations p, q, p
1
and q in cycle form. [4]
(b) Determine the permutations pq and qp in cycle form, and write
down the orders of p, q, pq and qp. [5]
(c) Write p and q as composites of transpositions, and state the parity of
p and of q. [3]
(d) Let r be the permutation inS
5
whose cycle form is (345). Find, in
cycle form, the permutation s=rpr
1
; that is, the conjugate of p
by r. [3]
(e) Determine all the elements of S
5
which conjugate p to s. [5]
6
Question 5 (Units GTA2 and GTA4) 20 marks
This question tests your understanding of subgroups, cosets and quotient
groups.
The group table for a group G is as shown below.
e a b c d f g h i j k l
e e a b c d f g h i j k l
a a b c d f e h i j k l g
b b c d f e a i j k l g h
c c d f e a b j k l g h i
d d f e a b c k l g h i j
f f e a b c d l g h i j k
g g l k j i h c b a e f d
h h g l k j i d c b a e f
i i h g l k j f d c b a e
j j i h g l k e f d c b a
k k j i h g l a e f d c b
l l k j i h g b a e f d c
(a) Subsets H
1
to H
4
of G are specied below.
H
1
={e, c, g, j}
H
2
={e, a, b}
H
3
={g, h, i, k}
H
4
={e, c}
For each of the subsets given, state whether or not it is a subgroup
of G. For each subset that is a subgroup, write down its group table.
For each subset that is not a subgroup, give one reason why it is not.
(b) The subsets H ={e, c, i, l}and K ={e, b, d} are subgroups of G. For
each of H and K, list all its distinct left cosets and all its distinct
rightcosets.
(c) One of the subgroups H and K is a normal subgroup of G. For this
subgroup, construct the group table for the quotient group. Hence
determine a familiar group to which the quotient group is isomorphic.
[6]
[8]
[6]
7

TMA M208 03 Cut-o date 21 May 2010
(Linear Algebra Block)
Question 1 (Unit LA1) 10 marks
This question tests your ability to combine vectors and to use the Section
Formula.
A parallelogramOABC has its vertices at O (the origin)and points A, B
and C with position vectors a, b and c respectively. The point P is the
midpoint of AB and the point R is the midpoint of OP. The line CR
meets the line OAat Q.

(a) Write down, in terms of a and c, the position vectors b, p and r of

the points B, P and R. [3]
(b) Show that every point on the line CRcan be represented by a
vector x of the form
1 3
x= a+ (1 )c, where R. [3]
2 4
(c) Find the value of in the formula above such that x is a scalar
multiple of a. [2]
(d) Hence nd the position vector q of Q, and the ratio OQ:QA. [2]
Question 2 (Unit LA1) 10 marks
This question tests your ability to investigate a conic given by a
parametrisation.
2
This question concerns the conic in R described by the parametric
equations
2
x= 4tt , y=t2 (tR).
(a) Calculate the points P
1
, P
2
and P
3
where t= 0,1 and 4 respectively. [2]
(b) Verify that the conic is the parabola with equation y
2
= 4 x. [1]
1
(c) The gradient of the tangent to the parabola is for t= 2. Find
42t
the gradientsof the tangents to the parabola at the points P
1
and P
3
. [2]
(d) Find the equations of the tangents to the parabola at the points P
1
and P
3
. [3]
(e) Sketch the parabola, marking on it the points that you found in
part (a) and the tangents that you found in part (d). [2]
8
Question 3 (Unit LA2) 10 marks
This question tests your ability to nd the inverse of a matrix by using
row-reduction and to use matrices to solve systems of linear equations.
Use row-reduction to nd the inverse of the matrix

1 2 1
A= 3 4 2

2 4 3
and hence solve the followingsystem of linear equations:

x+ 2y+ z= 2,
3x+ 4y+ 2z= 2, [10]

2x+ 4y+ 3z= 4.

Question 4 (Unit LA3) 25 marks
This question tests your understanding of subspaces and bases.
This question concerns the followingtwo subsets of R
4
:
S ={(1,1,1,0),(1,0,1,1),(0,1,1,0)},
T ={(x,y,z,2x+yz) : x,y,zR}.
(a) Show that S T, and write down a vector in R
4
which does not
belongtoT. [3]
4
(b) Show that T is a subspace of R . [5]
(c) Show that S is a basis for T, and write down the dimension of T. [7]
(d) Show that two of the vectors in S are orthogonal,and hence nd an
orthogonal basis for T. [6]
(e) Express the vector (1,1,1,2) as a linear combinationof the vectors in
your orthogonal basis for T. [4]
9
Question 5 (Unit LA4) 25 marks
This question tests your understanding of linear transformations, in
particular your ability to determine the matrix of a linear transformation
with respect to given bases and to nd the kernel and image of a linear
transformation.
The function t:R
3
R
3
is given by the rule
t: (x,y,z)(xy,y+z,x+z).
(a) UseStrategy1.1inUnitLA4toshowthattisalineartransformation. [5]
(b) Write down the matrix of t with respect to the standard basis for R
3
. [1]
(c) Determine the matrix of t with respect to the basis
{(1,0, 1),(1,1,0),(1,0,1)}for the domain and the standard
basis for the codomain. [3]
(d) Find the kernel of t, describe it geometricallyand state its dimension. [5]
(e) Find the image of t, describe it geometrically and state its dimension. [5]
(f) Let s be the linear transformation
s:P
3
R
3
a+bx+cx
2
(a+c,a,b+c).
Find the matrix of s and the matrix of ts with respect to the
standard basis for the domainP
3
and the standard basis for the
codomain R
3
. [6]
Question 6 (Unit LA5) 20 marks
This question tests your ability to write a given equation of a
non-degenerate quadric in standard form and to classify it.
Use Strategy 4.2 in Unit LA5 to write the quadric with equation
6x
2
+ 3y
2
z
2
+ 4xy+ 2x4y+ 1 =0
in standard form.
Which of the six types of non-degenerate quadric does this equation
represent? [20]
10
TMA M208 04 Cut-o date 25 June2010
(Analysis Block A)
Itis particularly important in analysisthat youshow all your workingand
justify each step carefully. A large proportion of the marks for this TMA
aregivenforcarefulreasoning. Youareadvisedtopayparticularattention
to the instructions on the front cover of this booklet concerning the
wording of the questions.
Question 1 (Unit AA1) 25 marks
This question tests your ability to manipulate inequalities and to
determine the least upper bound of a set.
(a) Solvethe inequality
3x
2
6x 5
x
2
3x + 2
< 2. [7]
(b) Provethat
3n
3
> (n + 1)
3
, for n 3. [5]
(c) Use Bernoullis inequality, rst with x = 4/n and then with
x =4/(5n), to prove that
1 +
4
5n 4
5
1/n
1 +
4
n
, for n 1. [8]
(d) Determine the least upper bound of the set
E =

4
1
n
2
:n = 1, 2, . . .

. [5]
Question 2 (Unit AA2) 25 marks
This question tests your ability to determine, using the denition or
appropriate rules, whether or not a sequence is convergent, and your
ability to nd the limit of a convergent sequence.
(a) Use the denition of a null sequence to prove that the sequence {a
n
}
givenby
a
n
=
(1)
n+1
n
3
3
, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
is null. [7]
(b) Determine whether or not each of the following sequences {a
n
}
converges. You may use the basic null sequences listed in the nal
frame of the audio section of Unit AA2, but you should state clearly
which results or rules you use. Find the limit of each convergent
sequence.
(i) a
n
=
2n
2
+ 3n 1
5n + 7n
2
, n = 1, 2, . . . . [4]
(ii) a
n
=
n
3
+ (1)
n+1
n!
2n + 5n!
, n = 1, 2, . . . . [5]
(iii)a
n
=
n
4
2n
2
3n
3
+ 1
, n = 1, 2, . . . . [5]
(iv)a
n
=
n
2
+ 4(3
n
)
n + 2(3
n
) +n
3
, n = 1, 2, . . . . [4]
11

Question 3 (Unit AA3) 25 marks

This question tests your ability to determine whether or not a series is
convergent by choosing, and using, an appropriate test.
Use Strategy 3.2 in Unit AA3 to determine which of the followingseries
are convergent. You may use the basic series listed in the nal frame of
the audio section of Unit AA3, but you should state clearly which results
or rules you use.

2n
2
2n + 1
(a) [4]
2n
2
+ 3
n=1

(n + 1)
2
2
n
(b) [5]
5(n!)
n=1

2n
2
2n + 1
(c) [5]
n
4
+ 2
n=1

(1)
n+1
n
(d) [5]
n
2
+ 2
n=1

14 sin n
(e) [6]
2n
2
+ 3
n=1
Question 4 (Unit AA4) 25 marks
This question tests your ability to determine, using the denition or
appropriate rules, whether or not a function is continuous at a given point,
and your ability to locate the zeros of a continuous function.
(a) Determine which of the followingfunctions are continuous at 0. You
may use the basic continuous functions listed in the nal frame of the
audio section of Unit AA4, but you should state clearly which results
or rules you use.
1
, x < 0,
(i) f(x) =
1x
[8]
cosx, x 0.

1
2x
4
sin , x = 0,
(ii)f(x) =
x
[7]

0, x = 0.
x + 1, x < 0,
(iii)f(x) = [4]
x
2
+ 2, x 0.
(b) Show that there are at least two values of x in the interval [2, 2] for
which
e
x
+x
2
= 4.
State clearly any results that you use. [6]
Printed in the United Kingdom.