N o . 7 2 7 , 6 5 0 . 7 ' PATEN TED MAY 12 , 190 3.

;
- . ' 0 . LIN DB. ~
PR o o Es s O F PR O DUCIN G LO W TEMPER ATUR ES, THE LIQUBF AGTIO N 0 E
GASES, AN D THE SEPAR ATIO N O F THE GO N STITUEN TS
0 F GASEO US MIXTUR ES.
APPLICATIO N F ILED JULIE, 18 95 .
( K 0 MO DEL.
WITN ESSES = >
ATTO R N EY '
m: , N o mus PETER S ca, Pnwaumo . WASN IN GTO N n. c.
2 0
2 5
. 35
4 5
N o . 7 2 7 , 6 5 0 .
UN ITED _ STATES
Pat e nt e d May 12 , 190 3.
IATEN T O F F ICE.
CAR LLIN DE, O F MUN ICH, GER MAN Y, ASSIGN O R O F O N E- THIR D TO IO HAR LES
F . BR USH, O F CLEVELAN D, O HIO .
PR O CESS O F PR O DUCIN G LO W TEMPER ATUR ES, THE LIQUEF ACTIO N 0 F GASES, AN D THE SEPAR ATIO N O F
THE CO N STITUEN TS 0 F GASEO US MIXTUR ES.
SPECIF ICATIO N f o r mi ng p ar t o f Le t t e r s Pat e nt N o . 7 2 7 , 6 5 0 , d at e d May 12 , 190 3.
Ap p l i cat i o n? l e d Jul y 9. 18 95 . Se r i al N o . 5 95 , 37 1. ( N o s p e ci me ns . )
T0 o n who m i t may co nce r n:
Be i t kno wn t hat I, CAR LLIN DE, p r o f e s s o r ,
a s ub j e ct o f t he K i ng o f Bav ar i a, r e s i d i ng at
Muni ch, i n t he K i ng d o m o f Bav ar i a, Ge r man
Emp i r e , hav e i nv e nt e d ne w and us e f ul Im
p r o v e me nt s i n Pr o ce s s e s o f Pr o d uci ng Lo w
Te mp e r at ur e s , t he Li q ue f act i o n o f Gas e s , and
t he Se p ar at i o n o f t he Co ns t i t ue nt s o f Gas e o us
Mi x t ur e s , o f whi ch t he f o l l o wi ng i s a s p e ci ?
cat i o n.
My i nv e nt i o n r e l at e s t o i mp r o v e me nt s i n
p r o ce s s e s f o r p r o d uci ng v e r y l o w t e mp e r a
t u r e s , e s p e ci al l y f o r t he p ur p o s e o f l i q ucf yi ng
g as e s o r mi x t ur e s o f t he s ame , s uch as at mo s
p he r i c ai r , and al s o i n s e p ar at i ng t he co n
s t i t ue nt s o f g as e o us mi x t ur e s ; The me t ho d
o f s e p ar at i ng t he co mp o ne nt s o f at mo s p he r i c
ai r i s b as e d up o n a f act we l l kno wn t o p hys i
ci s t s - t hat o x yg e n, al t ho ug h hav i ng a b o i l
i ng - p o i nt hi g he r t han ni t r o g e n, can o nl y b e
l i q ue ? e d s i mul t ane o us l y wi t h t he ni t r o g e n o r
p ar t o f i t , b ut t hat t he ni t r o g e n i s f i r s t e v ap o
r at e d o n v o l at i l i z i ng t he l i q ue ? e d mi x t ur e ,
s o t hat t he mi x t ur e wi l l b e co me r i che r i n o x y
g e n t he l o ng e r t he v o l at i l i z at i o n i s co nt i nue d .
The l i q ue f act i o n o f g as e s , s uch as at mo s
p he r i c ai r , has hi t he r t o b e e n car r i e d o ut b y
p r o d uci ng s ucce s s i v e l i q ue f act i o n and v o l a
t i l i z at i o n o f l i q ui d s o f g r ad ual l y- i ncr e as i ng
v o l at i l i t y, s uch as car b o ni c aci d , ni t r o us o x i d ,
e t hyl e ne , and t he l i ke . Thi s me t ho d , ho we v e r ,
has no t p r o v e d cap ab l e o f p r act i cal ap p l i ca
t i o n f o r t he p ur p o s e o f at t ai ni ng s uch l o w
t e mp e r at ur e s as t hat r e q ui r e d f o r l i q ue f yi ng
at mo s p he r i c ai r . _
s uch l o w t e mp e r at ur e s i s b as e d up o n t he d i s 4
co v e r y mad e b y Jo ul e and Tho ms o n mo r e
t han f o r t y ye ar s ag o t hat at mo s p he r i c ai r
whe n d i s char g e d t hr o ug h a v al v e f r o m a s p ace
und e r hi g h p r e s s ur e i nt o a s p ace mai nt ai ne d
at a l o we r p r e s s ur e b y caus i ng t he g as t o p as s
o i 1e wi l l hav e a l o we r t e mp e r at ur e , t he d e
cr e as e _ ( ' I - T ) o f t he t e mp e r at ur e i n d e g r e e s
ce nt i g r ad e b e i p g e ) x p r e s s e d b y t he f o r mul a
_ 2 w 2
T T LL T ,
p r e s s ur e , p t he l o we r p r e s s ur e i n at mo s
p he r e s , T t he i ni t i al ab s o l ut e t e mp e r at ur e at
hi g he r p r e s s ur e 192 , and T t he ab s o l ut e t e m
whe r e p 2 i s t he hi g he r
My p r o ce s s f o r r e achi ng " ;
p e r at u r e at l o we r p r e s s ur e p . F o r t he d i f f e r
e nce ( PL- P ) o f p r e s s ur e o f ? f t y at mo s p he r e s
t he d i f f e r e nce o f : t e mp e r at ur e i s ab o ut 13
' ce nt i g r ' ad e f o r T= 2 8 3 , 14 f o r T= 2 7 3 , 16 . 7
f o r T= 2 5 0 , 2 6 . 1 f o r T:2 0 0 , and 4 0 . 7 0 f o r
T= l 6 0 . Imake us e o f t hi s d e cr e as e i n t e m
p e r at ur e f o r g r ad ual l y r e d uci ng t he t e mp e r a
t ur e t o t he d e s i r e d d e g r e e b y e s t ab l i s hi ng a
co ns t ant f o r ce d ci r cul at i o n o f t he ai r b e t we e n
t he hi g h- p r e s s ur e s p ace and t he l o w- p r e s s ur e
s p ace , caus i ng t he i nco mi ng ai r at hi g h p r e s
s ur e t o b e co o l e d b y g i v i ng up i t s he at t o t he
co mp r e s s o r and s up p l yi ng ad d i t i o nal ai r as
r e q ui r e d t o ke e p up t he p r e s s ur e . Iam e n
ab l e d b y t hi s me t ho d t o l i q u f y at mo s p he r i c
ai r and t o p r act i cal l y s e p ar at e t he o x yg e n
f r o m t he ni t r o g e n.
My i nv e nt i o n wi l l b e s t b e und e r s t o o d whe n
- d e s cr i b e d i n co nne ct i o n wi t h t he anne x e d d i a
g r ammat i c d r awi ng , whi ch r e p r e s e nt s o ne
f o r m o f an ap p ar at us f o r car r yi ng o ut my
p r o ce s s . ' g ' I
In t he d r awi ng , 0 d e s i g nat e s a co mp r e s s o r
o f s ui t ab l e co ns t r uct i o n b y whi ch t he M12 i s ' .
r e ce i v e d t hr o ug h t he T a and v al v e z ' at a.
p r e s s ur e p and ' co mp r e s s e d t o a p r e s s ur e d p g ,
t he t e mp e r at ur e b e i ng r ai s e d f r o m , t t o 2 5 2 ,
whi ch t e mp e r at ur e s , ho we v e r , wmayv ar y/ wi t h~
i n ce r t ai n l i nl i t s .
K i s t he r e f r i g e r at o r , i nt o whi ch co m p r e s s e d
ai r o l f ' f t he t e mp e r at ur e 2 5 2 p as s e s f r o m t he co m
p r e s s o r t hr o ug h t he v al v e d p i p e I) and has i t s
/ t e mp ' cr at ur e r e d uce d t o i s , s ai d r e f r i g e r at o r
, co ns i s t i ng o f a co i l co o l e d b y s ui t ab l e me ans ,
s uch as co l d b r i ne o r l i q ui d ammo ni a.
G i s a co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us co ns i s t
i ng , as s ho wn i n t he d r awi ng , o f t wo co i l e d
p i p e s , o ne wi t hi n t he o t he r , s o as t o l e av e an
o ut e r annul ar channe l b e t we e n t he p i p e s and ,
a ce nt r al channe l . v ' The s e ' p i ' p e s s ho ul d b e o f
g r e at l e ng t h~ s ay o ne hund r e d me t e r s - and
s ho ul d b e s ur r o und e d b y no n- co nd uct i ng ma
t e r i al , s uch as s he e p s wo o l , s o as t o p r e v e nt
t r ans f e r o f he at t o t he o ut s i d e and b e t we e n
t he wi nd i ng s . The d r awi ng s ho ws a cas i ng
H f o r ho l d i ng t he no n- co nd uct i ng mat e r i al .
The up p e r e nd o f t he i nne r co i l e d t ub e o f t he
co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G i s co nne ct e d t o
o ut g o i ng ai r at Lo wp r e s s ur e o n i t s way t o t he
5 5
6 5
7 0
90
95
IO
2 0
2 5
35
4 5
5 5
6 5
2
t he l o we r e nd o f t he co i l o f t he co o l e r K b y a
p i p e 0 a , whi l e t he d i s char g e - p i p e Z ; o f t he
co mp r e s s o r 0 i s co nne ct e d t o t he up p e r e nd
o f t he co o l i ng - co i l , b y whi ch me ans co m muni
cat i o n i s e s t ab l i s he d f r o m t he d i s char g e - o p e n
i ng o f t he co mp r e s s o r 0 t hr o ug h t he co o l e r K
t o t he t o p o f t he i nne r channe l o f t he co unt e r
cur r e nt ap p ar at us G . The t o p o f t he chan
ne l f o r me d b e t we e n t he i nne r and o ut e r co i l e d
p i p e o f t he ap p ar at us G i s co nne ct e d t o t he
s uct i o n e nd o f t he co mp r e s s o r C b y me ans o f
t he p i p e a, T a , and v al v e s .
P i s a p r i mar y co mp r e s s o r d r awi ng ai r f r o m
t he o ut s i d e t hr o ug h a p i p e d and v al v e a; and
d e l i v e r i ng i t t o t he s uct i o n o f t he co mp r e s s o r
0 t hr o ug h t he T a and v al v e s y and 2 , i t s
o b j e ct b e i ng t o s up p l y ai r at t he i ni t i al hi g h
p r e s s ur e p . '
V i s a cl o s e d v e s s e l b e ne at h t he co unt e r
cur r e nt ap p ar at us , i nt o whi ch v e s s e l p r o j e ct s
a no z z l e N , at t ache d t o t he l o we r e nd o f t he
i nne r co i l e d p i p e o f t he ap p ar at us G , s ai d
no z z l e b e i ng p r o v i d e d wi t h a r e g ul at i ng - v al v e
R . As s ho wn i n t he d r awi ng , t he v e s s e l V
at o r ne ar i t s t o p co mmuni cat e s wi t h t he
l o we r p ar t o f t he s p ace b e t we e n t he i nne r and
o ut e r co i l e d t ub e s o f t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap ~
p ar at us G b y a p i p e 7 0 .
The ap p ar at us as s o f ar d e s cr i b e d has a l o w
p r e s s ur e channe l e x t e nd i ng f r o m t he v e s s e l V
t hr o ug h t he s p ace b e t we e n t he p i p e s o f t he
ap p ar at us G t o t he s uct i o n o f t he co mp r e s s o r
0 and ahi g h- p r e s s ur e channe l e x t e nd i ng f r o m
t he d i s char g e - v al v e o f t he co mp r e s s o r 0
t hr o ug h t he co o l e r K and t hr o ug h t he i nne r
channe l o f t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G
t o t he r e g ul at i ng - v al v e R .
The o p e r at i o n o f t he ap p ar at us s o f ar d e
s cr i b e d i s as f o l l o ws : By t he act i o n o f t he ai r
co mp r e s s o r s t he p r o p e r p r e s s ur e s ar e e s t ab
l i s he d wi t hi n t he ap p ar at us , t he d i ? e r e nce o f
p r e s s ur e b e t we e n t he hi g h and l o w p r e s s ur e
s p ace s b e i ng r e g ul at e d b y t he v al v e R . F o r
l i q ue f yi ng at mo s p he r i c ai r Ihav e f o und g a
p r e s s ur e o f t we nt y- f i v e at mo s p he r e s i n t he
l o w- p r e s s ur e s p ace and s e v e nt y- f i v e i n t he
hi g h- p r e s s ur e s p ace v e r y e f f e ct i v e . I hav e
al s o f o und t hat co o l i ng t he ai r whi ch l e av e s
t he co mp r e s s o r t o a t e mp e r at ur e i s o f ab o ut
10 ce nt i g r ad e o r - l e s s t o b e s uf ? ci e nt . The
co mp r e s s e d ai r at t he hi g he r p r e s s ur e o f s e v
e nt y- i i v e at mo s p he r e s d i s char g e d i nt o t he r e s
s e l V ag ai ns t t he i ni t i al p r e s s ur e o f t we nt y
? v e at mo s p he r e s mai nt ai ne d t he r e i n has i t s
t e mp e r at ur e l o we r e d t o t 4 and p as s i ng at t he
r e d uce d p r e s s ur e o f t we nt y- ? v e at mo s p he r e s
t hr o ug h t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G i t
ab s o r b s he at f r o m t he i nco mi ng ai r at s e v e nt y
? v e at mo s p he r e s , s o t hat i f t he ap p ar at us
we r e wo r ki ng t o p e r f e ct i o n t he ai r p as s i ng t o
t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us at a t e mp e r a
t ur e i wi l l hav e i t s t e mp e r at ur e r e d uce d t o
t . The ai r f r o m t he b o t t o m o f t he co unt e r
cur r e nt ap p ar at us G , no w r e d uce d t o ' 6 ' , b e i ng
d i s char g e d ag ai ns t t he l o we r p r e s s ur e i n t he
v e s s e l V has i t s t e mp e r at ur e s t i l l f ur t he r r e
7 2 7 , 6 5 0
d uce d t o t 5 , t he v al ue s o f t 4 and i s g r ad ual l y
d e cr e as i ng unt i l a t e mp e r at ur e b e l o wt he cr i t
i cal p o i nt i s r e ache d . In t he co unt e r - cur
r e nt ap p ar at us G t he g as r e d uce d t o t he l o we r
p r e s s ur e p and t he g as at t he hi g he r p r e s ~
s ur e 132 and t e mp e r at ur e t 3 t r av e l i n o p p o s i t e
d i r e ct i o ns and o n o p p o s i t e s i d e s al o ng , r t he i n
ne r co i l e d p i p e , whi ch i s f o r me d o f co nd uct
i ng mat e r i al , s o as t o e f f e ct an e x chang e o f
t e mp e r at u r e s _ , whe r e b y t he t e mp e r at ur e i n t he
v e s s e l V i s ? nal l y l o we r e d t o o r b e l o w t he
cr i t i cal p o i nt , whe r e up o n ai r i s l i q ue ? e d and
co l l e ct s at t he b o t t o m o f t he v e s s e l V . Whe n
t he cr i t i cal p o i nt i s r e ache d , a co nd i t i o n o f
p e r mane ncy i s e s t ab l i s he d , and whi l e a ce r
t ai n p o r t i o n o f t he ci r cul at i ng ai r i s co nd e ns e d
i n t he v e s s e l V a co r r e s p o nd i ng v o l ume o f
f r e s h ai r i s s up p l i e d b y t he co mp r e s s o r P, s o
as t o mai nt ai n p r e s s ur e s , whi l e i n s t ar t i ng t he
t e mp e r at ur e o f t he ai r i n t he ap p ar at us i s
g r ad ual l y l o we r e d f r e s h ai r mus t al s o b e s up
p l i e d t o ke e p up p r e s s ur e s . F o r f ur t he r s e p a
r at i ng t he ni t r o g e n f r o m t he o x yg e n and f o r
p r o d uci ng t he l at t e r al s o i n t he g as e o us s t at e
whe n d e s i r e d Ius e an e v ap o r at i ng v e s s e l V2
wi t h an i nt e r nal co i l S and t wo co unt e r - cur
r e nt ap p ar at us G2 and G3, co ns t r uct e d s i mi
l ar l y t o G , o f t wo co i l e d p i p e s , o ne wi t hi n t he
o t he r . A p i p e h h wi t h a r e g ul at i ng - v al v e
R 2 co nne ct s t he l o we r p ar t s o f t he v e s s e l s V
and V2 . The up p e r e nd o f t he v e s s e l V2 i s
co nne ct e d t o t he l o we r e nd o f t he o ut e r t ub e
o f t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G2 , at t he
up p e r e nd o f whi ch an o ut l e t f o r g as e o us ni
t r o g e n i s p r o v i d e d . _ F r o m ne ar t he t o p o f t he
v e s s e l V2 a p i p e 1' l e ad s t o t he l o we r e nd o f
t he o ut e r p i p e o f t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p a
r at us G3 i n s uch a manne r t hat t he o v e r f l o w
f r o m t he v e s s e l V2 i s t r ap p e d o n i t s way t o t he
ap p ar at us G3. Ai r at t he p r e s s ur e p 2 and
t e mp e r at ur e 15 3 i s l e d b y t he v al v e d p i p e 6 , co n
ne ct e d t o cr o s s d , _ t o t he up p e r e nd o f t he i n
ne r p i p e o f t he co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G2
and t he nce t o co i l S and al s o t o t he i nne r p i p e
o f ap p ar at us G3 t hr o ug h p i p e f and v al v e o n
and i s car r i e d o i l f r o m t he l o we r e nd s o f ap
p ar at us G3 and o f co i l S b y t he p i p e 9 t o t he
l o we r e nd o f t he i nne r p i p e o f t he ap p ar at us
G ab o v e t he r e g ul at i ng - v al v e R . Wi t hi n
t he v e s s e l V2 ni t r o g e n i s e v ap o r at e d b y he at
ab s t r act e d f r o m t he ai r i n co i l S and i s d i s
char g e d t hr o ug h t he up p e r e nd o f t he o ut e r
p i p e o f ap p ar at us G2 .
f l o ws f r o m ne ar t he t o p o f v e s s e l V2 t o t he
co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G3, whe r e i t i s
e v ap o r at e d and d i s char g e d i n g as e o us f o r m
f r o m t o p o f t he o ut e r p i p e . Whe n o x yg e n i s
Want e d i n l i q ui d f o r m, t he ap p ar at us G8 i s
d i s p e ns e d wi t h and t he l i q ui d d r awn f r o m
t he l o we r p ar t o f t he v e s s e l V2 t hr o ug h v al v e
12 . By t he ar r ang e me nt o f t he co unt e r - cur
r e nt ap p ar at us G2 and G3 and b y car r yi ng t he
co o l e d ai r b ack ab o v e t he v al v e R t he he at
r e q ui r e d f o r e v ap o r at i ng ni t r o g e n and o x y
g e n i s ab s t r act e d f r o m t he i nco mi ng ai r , s o
as t o p r act i cal l y r e d uce t he wo r k t o b e d o ne
The l i q ui d o x yg e n,
7 0
7 5 .
8 5
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95
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13c
7 2 7 , 6 5 0
b y t he machi ne t o - what i s d ue t o t he l o s s e s f
The l o w t e mp e r at ur e s o b t ai ne d i n t he co un- "
. t e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G2 and G3 may, ho w-
' 5
e v e r , b e e mp l o ye d f o r o t he r p ur p o s e s .
O f co ur s e t he ap p ar at us s ho wn and d e _ - ,
s cr i b e d may b e g r e at l y v ar i e d o r mo d i f i e d ,
' my i nv e nt i o n no t b e i ng r e s t r i ct e d t o any d e
IO
IS
2 0
2 5
35
5 5
6 5
t ai l s o f co ns t r uct i o n. Thus , f o r i ns t ance , t he
f r act i o nal d i s t i l l at i o n o f t he l i q ui d may b e
e ? e ct e d d i r e ct l y wi t hi n t he v e s s e l V. i ns t e ad
o f V2 b y p l aci ng t he co i l S i nt o V and t he n
al l o wi ng t he mo r e v o l at i l e g as e s t o e s cap e
t hr o ug h t he s p ace b e t we e n t he o ut e r and i n
ne r t ub e s o f t he ap p ar at us G . The r e mai n- .
i ng co unt e r - cur r e nt ap p ar at us G and G3 may
b e s o co mb i ne d t hat t he t r ans f e r o f he at f r o t m
t he co mp r e s s e d ai r i s e ? ' e ct e d t hr o ug h a s i n
g l e s up p l y- p i p e e i t he r b y ar r ang i ng t hr e e co n '
ce nt r i c t ub e s o r b y hav i ng t wo s mal l e r t ub e s
wi t hi n a l ar g e r o ne . The g as e s l e av i ng t he
ap p ar at us mayb e r e p e at e d l y s ub j e ct e d t o t he
p r o ce s s d e s cr i b e d t o i ns ur e mo r e p e r f e ct s e p a
r at i o n and p ur i t y. The co mp r e s s o r s may b e
j acke t e d and co o l e d b y wat e r o r co l d b r i ne ,
s o t hat f o r s mal l d i ame t e r s and l o ng s t r o ke s
t he ai r , may b e mo r e o r l e s s co o l e d d ur i ng
co mp r e s s i o n. The s e mo d i ? cat i o ns ar e r e ad
i l y und e r s t o o d wi t ho ut i l l us t r at i o ns .
The wo r d co nd e ns at i o n as us e d i n s o me
o f t he cl ai ms me ans and co mp r e he nd s t he r e
d uct i o n o f t he v o l ume o f t he g as t o any d e
s i r e d . d e g r e e ' .
What Icl ai m as ne w i s
1. The p r o ce s s o f r e f r i g e r at i ng ai r o r o t he r
g as co ns i s t i ng i n co mp r e s s i ng t he g as , co o l
i ng i t , e x p and i ng i t t hr o ug h a s ui t ab l e v al v e
d i r e ct l y i nt o a s p ace mai nt ai ne d at a l o we r
p r e s s ur e , and caus i ng t he e x p and e d co l d g as
t o ab s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y f r o m co m
p r e s s e d g as ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , s ub s t an
l i al l y as d e s cr i b e d . '
2 . The p r o ce s s o f r e f r i g e r at i ng and l i q ue f y
i ng ai r o r o t he r g as co ns i s t i ng i n co mp r e s s i ng
t he g as , co o l i ng i t , e x p and i ng i t t hr o ug h a
s ui t ab l e v al v e d i r e ct l yi nt o as p ace mai nt ai ne d
at a l o we r p r e s s ur e and caus i ng t he e x p and e d
co l d g as t o ab s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y
f r o m co mp r e s s e d g as ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d ,
whe r e b y t he g as i s p r o g r e s s i v e l y co o l e d unt i l
i t s cr i t i cal t e mp e r at ur e i s r e ache d and a p o r
t i o n o f i t t he r e af t e r l i q ue ? e s , s ub s t ant i al l y as
d e s cr i b e d . '
3. The p r o ce s s o f l i q ue f yi ng at mo s p he r i c
ai r whi ch co ns i s t s i n caus i ng co mp r e s s e d and
co o l e d ai r t o co nd e ns e b y t he co nt i nuo us e x
p ans i o n o f i t s e l f ar o und t he o ut s i d e o f t he
co nd ui t i n whi ch i t i s he l d and t hr o ug h whi ch
i t p as s e s unt i l t he t e mp e r at ur e o f l i q ui d ai r
i s at t ai ne d , s ub s t ant i al l y as d e s cr i b e d .
4 . The p r o ce s s co ns i s t i ng i n caus i ng a co m
p r e s s e d g as e o us mi x t ur e t o b e e x p and e d i n
s uch manne r t hat i t s d e g r e e o f t e mp e r at ur e
wi l l b e d i mi ni s he d , caus i ng t he co l d e x p and
e d mi x t ur e t o ab s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y
f r o m t he g as e s ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , co nt i n
ui ng t he s e s t e p s , whe r e b y t he mi x t ur e wi l l b e
, 8
l i q ue f i e d , and l i b e r at i ng t he mo r e v o l at i l e g as
f r o m t he r e s ul t i ng l i q ui d b y caus i ng t he l i q
f ' ui d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m t he mi x t ur e ab o ut t o
b e e x p and e d , s ub s t ant i al l yas d e s cr i b e d .
Y ' 5 . The p r o ce s s co ns i s t i ng i n caus i ng co m
p r e s s e d ai r t o b e e x p and e d i n s uch manne r
t hat i t s d e g r e e o f t e mp e r at ur e - wi l l b e d i mi n
j i s he d , caus i ng t he co l d e x p and e d ai r t o ab
s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y f r o m t he ai r
ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , co nt i nui ng t he s e s t e p s ,
whe r e b y t he mi x t ur e wi l l b e l i q ue ? e d , caus
i ng t he r e s ul t i ng l i q ui d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m
ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , and caus i ng t he
mo r e v o l at i l e g as t hus l i b e r at e d , ( ni t r o g e n) t o
ab s o r b he at f r o m t he ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and ~
e d , s ub s t ant i al l y as d e s cr i b e d .
6 . The p r o ce s s co ns i s t i ng i n caus i ng co m
7 5
p r e s s e d ai r t o b e e x p and e d i n s uch manne r '
t hat i t s d e g r e e o f t e mp e r at ur e wi l l b e d i mi n
i s he d , caus i ng t he co l d e x p and e d ai r t o ab
s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y f r o m t he ai r
ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , co nt i nui ng t he s e s t e p s ,
whe r e b y t he ai r wi l l b e l i q ue ? e d , caus i ng t he
r e s ul t i ng l i q ui d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m t he ai r
ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , caus i ng t he ni t r o g e n
t hus l i b e r at e d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m t he ai r
ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , and caus i ng t he l e s s
v o l at i l e ' l i q ui d r e mai ni ng ( o x yg e n) , t o ab s o r b
he at f r o m t he ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , s ub
s t ant i al l y as d e s cr i b e d . .
7 . The p r o ce s s co ns i s t i ng i n caus i ng co m
p r e s s e d ai r t o b e e x p and e d i n s uch manne r
t hat i t s d e g r e e o f t e mp e r at ur e wi l l b e d i mi n
i s he d , caus i ng t he co l d e x p and e d ai r t o ab
s o r b he at t o i t s f ul l cap aci t y f r o m t he ai r
ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , co nt i nui ng t he s e s t e p s ,
whe r e b y t he g as e s wi l l b e l i q ue ? e d , caus i ng
t he r e s ul t i ng l i q ui d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m t he
ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , caus i ng t he ni t r o
g e n t hus v o l at i l i z e d t o ab s o r b he at f r o m t he
ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , caus i ng t he l i q ui d
o x yg e n t hus i s e p ar at e d f r o m ni t r o g e n t o ab
s o r b he at f r o m ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , and
caus i ng g as e o us o x yg e n t hus l i b e r at e d t o - ab ~
s o r b he at f r o m ai r ab o ut t o b e e x p and e d , s ub
s t ant i al l y as d e s cr i b e d . >
8 . The p r o ce s s o f s e p ar at i ng ai r i nt o t wo
p ar t s , o ne r i ch i n o x yg e n, and t he o t he r p o o r
i n o x yg e n; co ns i s t i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he ai r
and s ub j e ct i ng t he l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l
l at i o n b y he at d e r i v e d f r o m co mp r e s s e d ai r
ab o ut t o b e l i q ue ? e d , s ub s t ant i al l y as s e t
f o r t h.
p ar t s , o ne r i ch i n o x yg e n, and t he o t he r p o o r
i n o x yg e n; co ns i s t i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he ai r ,
s ub j e ct i ng t he l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l l a
t i o n b y he at d e r i v e d f r o m co mp r e s s e d ai r
ab o ut t o b e l i q ue ? e d , and ut i l i z i ng t he d i s
t i l l e d ni t r o g e n t o co o l co mp r e s s e d ai r ab o ut
t o b e l i q ue ? e d , s ub s t ant i al l y as s e t f o r t h.
10 . - The p r o ce s s o f s e p ar at i ng ai r i nt o t wo
p ar t s , o ne r i ch i n o x yg e n and t he o t he r p o o r
i n o x yg e n; co ns i s t i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he ai r ,
s ub j e ct i ng t he l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l l a
t i o n b y he at d e r i v e d f r o m co mp r e s s e d ai r
9. The p r o ce s s o f s e p ar at i ng ai r i nt o t wo
8 5
9O
95
IO C
IIO
I15
I2 0
r 2 5

ab o ut t o b e l i q ue ? e d , and ut i l i z i ng t he d i s
t i l l e d o x yg e n t o co o l co mp r e s s e d ai r ab o ut t o
b e l i q ue ? e d , s ub s t ant i al l y as s e t f o r t h.
11. The f r act i o nal d i s t i l l at i o n o f a l i q ue ? e d
mi x e d g as b y he at d e r i v e d f r o m p r e v i o us l y
co o l e d s i mi l ar g as und e r g o i ng co nd e ns at i o n
at a hi g he r p r e s s ur e .
12 . A p r o ce s s f o r s e p ar at i ng ai r o r o t he r
mi x e d g as i nt o i t s co ns t i t ue nt g as e s , co ns i s t
i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he g as and s ub j e ct i ng t he
l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l l at i o n b y he at d e
r i v e d f r o m p r e v i o us l y- co o l e d g as und e r g o i ng
co nd e ns at i o n at a hi g he r p r e s s ur e .
13. A p r o ce s s f o r s e p ar at i ng ai r o r o t he r
mi x e d g as i nt o i t s co ns t i t ue nt g as e s , co ns i s t
i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he g as and s ub j e ct i ng t he
l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l l at i o n b y he at d e
t i r i v e d f r o m p r e v i o us l y- co o l e d s i mi l ar g as un
7 2 7 , 6 5 0
d e r g o i ng co nd e ns at i o n at a hi g he r p r e s s ur e ,
and who l l y o r p ar t l y mai nt ai ni ng t he s up p l y
o f l i q ui d b y l i q ui d g as t hus o b t ai ne d .
14 . A p r o ce s s f o r s e p ar at i ng ai r o r o t he r
mi x e d g as i nt o i t s co ns t i t ue nt g as e s , co ns i s t
i ng i n l i q ue f yi ng t he g as and s ub j e ct i ng t he
l i q ui d t o f r act i o nal d i s t i l l at i o n b y he at d e
r i v e d f r o m p r e v i o us l y- co o l e d g as und e r g o i ng
co nd e ns at i o n at a hi g he r p r e s s ur e and ut i l i z
i ng t he p r o d uct s o f d i s t i l l at i o n t o co o l g as
ab o ut t o b e l i q ue ? e d .
In t e s t i mo ny whe r e o f Ihav e s i g ne d my
name t o t hi s s p e ci ? cat i o n i n t he p r e s e nce o f
t wo s ub s cr i b i ng wi t ne s s e s .
CAR LLIN DE.
Wi t ne s s e s :
EMILWEN Z EL,
ALEX N EGELE.
2 5 .