9/24/2014 50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands (With Examples)

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50MostFrequentlyUsedUNIX/LinuxCommands
(WithExamples)
byRameshNatarajanonNovember8,2010
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Thisarticleprovidespracticalexamplesfor50mostfrequently
usedcommandsinLinux/UNIX.
Thisisnotacomprehensivelistbyanymeans,butthisshouldgiveyouajumpstartonsomeofthecommon
Linuxcommands.Bookmarkthisarticleforyourfuturereference.
DidImissanyfrequentlyusedLinuxcommands?Leaveacommentandletmeknow.
1.tarcommandexamples
Createanewtararchive.
$ tar cvf archive_name.tar dirname/
Extractfromanexistingtararchive.
9/24/2014 50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands (With Examples)
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$ tar xvf archive_name.tar
Viewanexistingtararchive.
$ tar tvf archive_name.tar
Moretarexamples:TheUltimateTarCommandTutorialwith10PracticalExamples
2.grepcommandexamples
Searchforagivenstringinafile(caseinsensitivesearch).
$ grep -i "the" demo_file
Printthematchedline,alongwiththe3linesafterit.
$ grep -A 3 -i "example" demo_text
Searchforagivenstringinallfilesrecursively
$ grep -r "ramesh" *
Moregrepexamples:GetaGripontheGrep!15PracticalGrepCommandExamples
3.findcommandexamples
Findfilesusingfilename(caseinsensitvefind)
# find -iname "MyCProgram.c"
Executecommandsonfilesfoundbythefindcommand
$ find -iname "MyCProgram.c" -exec md5sum {} \;
Findallemptyfilesinhomedirectory
# find ~ -empty
Morefindexamples:Mommy,Ifoundit!15PracticalLinuxFindCommandExamples
4.sshcommandexamples
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Logintoremotehost
ssh -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Debugsshclient
ssh -v -l jsmith remotehost.example.com
Displaysshclientversion
$ ssh -V
OpenSSH_3.9p1, OpenSSL 0.9.7a Feb 19 2003
Moresshexamples:5BasicLinuxSSHClientCommands
5.sedcommandexamples
WhenyoucopyaDOSfiletoUnix,youcouldfind\r\nintheendofeachline.ThisexampleconvertstheDOS
fileformattoUnixfileformatusingsedcommand.
$sed 's/.$//' filename
Printfilecontentinreverseorder
$ sed -n '1!G;h;$p' thegeekstuff.txt
Addlinenumberforallnonemptylinesinafile
$ sed '/./=' thegeekstuff.txt | sed 'N; s/\n/ /'
Moresedexamples:AdvancedSedSubstitutionExamples
6.awkcommandexamples
Removeduplicatelinesusingawk
$ awk '!($0 in array) { array[$0]; print }' temp
Printalllinesfrom/etc/passwdthathasthesameuidandgid
$awk -F ':' '$3==$4' passwd.txt
Printonlyspecificfieldfromafile.
$ awk '{print $2,$5;}' employee.txt
Moreawkexamples:8PowerfulAwkBuiltinVariablesFS,OFS,RS,ORS,NR,NF,FILENAME,FNR
7.vimcommandexamples
Gotothe143rdlineoffile
$ vim +143 filename.txt
Gotothefirstmatchofthespecified
$ vim +/search-term filename.txt
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Openthefileinreadonlymode.
$ vim -R /etc/passwd
Morevimexamples:HowToRecordandPlayinVimEditor
8.diffcommandexamples
Ignorewhitespacewhilecomparing.
# diff -w name_list.txt name_list_new.txt
2c2,3
< John Doe --- > John M Doe
> Jason Bourne
Morediffexamples:Top4FileDifferenceToolsonUNIX/LinuxDiff,Colordiff,Wdiff,Vimdiff
9.sortcommandexamples
Sortafileinascendingorder
$ sort names.txt
Sortafileindescendingorder
$ sort -r names.txt
Sortpasswdfileby3rdfield.
$ sort -t: -k 3n /etc/passwd | more
10.exportcommandexamples
Tovieworaclerelatedenvironmentvariables.
$ export | grep ORACLE
declare -x ORACLE_BASE="/u01/app/oracle"
declare -x ORACLE_HOME="/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0"
declare -x ORACLE_SID="med"
declare -x ORACLE_TERM="xterm"
Toexportanenvironmentvariable:
$ export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/10.2.0
11.xargscommandexamples
Copyallimagestoexternalharddrive
# ls *.jpg | xargs -n1 -i cp {} /external-hard-drive/directory
Searchalljpgimagesinthesystemandarchiveit.
# find / -name *.jpg -type f -print | xargs tar -cvzf images.tar.gz
DownloadalltheURLsmentionedintheurllist.txtfile
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# cat url-list.txt | xargs wget c
12.lscommandexamples
Displayfilesizeinhumanreadableformat(e.g.KB,MBetc.,)
$ ls -lh
-rw-r----- 1 ramesh team-dev 8.9M Jun 12 15:27 arch-linux.txt.gz
OrderFilesBasedonLastModifiedTime(InReverseOrder)Usinglsltr
$ ls -ltr
VisualClassificationofFilesWithSpecialCharactersUsinglsF
$ ls -F
Morelsexamples:UnixLSCommand:15PracticalExamples
13.pwdcommand
pwdisPrintworkingdirectory.Whatelsecanbesaidaboutthegoodoldpwdwhohasbeenprintingthecurrent
directorynameforages.
14.cdcommandexamples
Usecdtotogglebetweenthelasttwodirectories
Useshoptscdspelltoautomaticallycorrectmistypeddirectorynamesoncd
Morecdexamples:6AwesomeLinuxcdcommandHacks
15.gzipcommandexamples
Tocreatea*.gzcompressedfile:
$ gzip test.txt
Touncompressa*.gzfile:
$ gzip -d test.txt.gz
Displaycompressionratioofthecompressedfileusinggzipl
$ gzip -l *.gz
compressed uncompressed ratio uncompressed_name
23709 97975 75.8% asp-patch-rpms.txt
16.bzip2commandexamples
Tocreatea*.bz2compressedfile:
$ bzip2 test.txt
Touncompressa*.bz2file:
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bzip2 -d test.txt.bz2
Morebzip2examples:BZisEazy!bzip2,bzgrep,bzcmp,bzdiff,bzcat,bzless,bzmoreexamples
17.unzipcommandexamples
Toextracta*.zipcompressedfile:
$ unzip test.zip
Viewthecontentsof*.zipfile(Withoutunzippingit):
$ unzip -l jasper.zip
Archive: jasper.zip
Length Date Time Name
-------- ---- ---- ----
40995 11-30-98 23:50 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
32169 08-25-98 21:07 classes_
15964 08-25-98 21:07 classes_names
10542 08-25-98 21:07 classes_ncomp
18.shutdowncommandexamples
Shutdownthesystemandturnthepoweroffimmediately.
# shutdown -h now
Shutdownthesystemafter10minutes.
# shutdown -h +10
Rebootthesystemusingshutdowncommand.
# shutdown -r now
Forcethefilesystemcheckduringreboot.
# shutdown -Fr now
19.ftpcommandexamples
Bothftpandsecureftp(sftp)hassimilarcommands.Toconnecttoaremoteserveranddownloadmultiplefiles,
dothefollowing.
$ ftp IP/hostname
ftp> mget *.html
Toviewthefilenameslocatedontheremoteserverbeforedownloading,mlsftpcommandasshownbelow.
ftp> mls *.html -
/ftptest/features.html
/ftptest/index.html
/ftptest/othertools.html
/ftptest/samplereport.html
/ftptest/usage.html
Moreftpexamples:FTPandSFTPBeginnersGuidewith10Examples
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20.crontabcommandexamples
Viewcrontabentryforaspecificuser
# crontab -u john -l
Scheduleacronjobevery10minutes.
*/10 * * * * /home/ramesh/check-disk-space
Morecrontabexamples:LinuxCrontab:15AwesomeCronJobExamples
21.servicecommandexamples
ServicecommandisusedtorunthesystemVinitscripts.i.eInsteadofcallingthescriptslocatedinthe
/etc/init.d/directorywiththeirfullpath,youcanusetheservicecommand.
Checkthestatusofaservice:
# service ssh status
Checkthestatusofalltheservices.
service --status-all
Restartaservice.
# service ssh restart
22.pscommandexamples
pscommandisusedtodisplayinformationabouttheprocessesthatarerunninginthesystem.
Whiletherearelotofargumentsthatcouldbepassedtoapscommand,followingaresomeofthecommonones.
Toviewcurrentrunningprocesses.
$ ps -ef | more
Toviewcurrentrunningprocessesinatreestructure.Hoptionstandsforprocesshierarchy.
$ ps -efH | more
23.freecommandexamples
Thiscommandisusedtodisplaythefree,used,swapmemoryavailableinthesystem.
Typicalfreecommandoutput.Theoutputisdisplayedinbytes.
$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3566408 1580220 1986188 0 203988 902960
-/+ buffers/cache: 473272 3093136
Swap: 4000176 0 4000176
IfyouwanttoquicklycheckhowmanyGBofRAMyoursystemhasusethegoption.boptiondisplaysin
bytes,kinkilobytes,minmegabytes.
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$ free -g
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3 1 1 0 0 0
-/+ buffers/cache: 0 2
Swap: 3 0 3
Ifyouwanttoseeatotalmemory(includingtheswap),usethetswitch,whichwilldisplayatotallineas
shownbelow.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ free -t
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 3566408 1592148 1974260 0 204260 912556
-/+ buffers/cache: 475332 3091076
Swap: 4000176 0 4000176
Total: 7566584 1592148 5974436
24.topcommandexamples
topcommanddisplaysthetopprocessesinthesystem(bydefaultsortedbycpuusage).Tosorttopoutputby
anycolumn,PressO(uppercaseO),whichwilldisplayallthepossiblecolumnsthatyoucansortbyasshown
below.
Current Sort Field: P for window 1:Def
Select sort field via field letter, type any other key to return
a: PID = Process Id v: nDRT = Dirty Pages count
d: UID = User Id y: WCHAN = Sleeping in Function
e: USER = User Name z: Flags = Task Flags
........
Todisplaysonlytheprocessesthatbelongtoaparticularuseruseuoption.Thefollowingwillshowonlythe
topprocessesthatbelongstooracleuser.
$ top -u oracle
Moretopexamples:CanYouTopThis?15PracticalLinuxTopCommandExamples
25.dfcommandexamples
Displaysthefilesystemdiskspaceusage.Bydefaultdfkdisplaysoutputinbytes.
$ df -k
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 29530400 3233104 24797232 12% /
/dev/sda2 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
dfhdisplaysoutputinhumanreadableform.i.esizewillbedisplayedinGBs.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 29G 3.1G 24G 12% /
/dev/sda2 115G 48G 62G 44% /home
UseToptiontodisplaywhattypeoffilesystem.
ramesh@ramesh-laptop:~$ df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1 ext4 29530400 3233120 24797216 12% /
/dev/sda2 ext4 120367992 50171596 64082060 44% /home
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26.killcommandexamples
Usekillcommandtoterminateaprocess.Firstgettheprocessidusingpsefcommand,thenusekill9tokill
therunningLinuxprocessasshownbelow.Youcanalsousekillall,pkill,xkilltoterminateaunixprocess.
$ ps -ef | grep vim
ramesh 7243 7222 9 22:43 pts/2 00:00:00 vim
$ kill -9 7243
Morekillexamples:4WaystoKillaProcesskill,killall,pkill,xkill
27.rmcommandexamples
Getconfirmationbeforeremovingthefile.
$ rm -i filename.txt
Itisveryusefulwhilegivingshellmetacharactersinthefilenameargument.
Printthefilenameandgetconfirmationbeforeremovingthefile.
$ rm -i file*
Followingexamplerecursivelyremovesallfilesanddirectoriesundertheexampledirectory.Thisalsoremoves
theexampledirectoryitself.
$ rm -r example
28.cpcommandexamples
Copyfile1tofile2preservingthemode,ownershipandtimestamp.
$ cp -p file1 file2
Copyfile1tofile2.iffile2existspromptforconfirmationbeforeoverwrittingit.
$ cp -i file1 file2
29.mvcommandexamples
Renamefile1tofile2.iffile2existspromptforconfirmationbeforeoverwrittingit.
$ mv -i file1 file2
Note:mvfisjusttheopposite,whichwilloverwritefile2withoutprompting.
mvvwillprintwhatishappeningduringfilerename,whichisusefulwhilespecifyingshellmetacharactersin
thefilenameargument.
$ mv -v file1 file2
30.catcommandexamples
Youcanviewmultiplefilesatthesametime.Followingexampleprintsthecontentoffile1followedbyfile2to
stdout.
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$ cat file1 file2
Whiledisplayingthefile,followingcatncommandwillprependthelinenumbertoeachlineoftheoutput.
$ cat -n /etc/logrotate.conf
1 /var/log/btmp {
2 missingok
3 monthly
4 create 0660 root utmp
5 rotate 1
6 }
31.mountcommandexamples
Tomountafilesystem,youshouldfirstcreateadirectoryandmountitasshownbelow.
# mkdir /u01
# mount /dev/sdb1 /u01
Youcanalsoaddthistothefstabforautomaticmounting.i.eAnytimesystemisrestarted,thefilesystemwillbe
mounted.
/dev/sdb1 /u01 ext2 defaults 0 2
32.chmodcommandexamples
chmodcommandisusedtochangethepermissionsforafileordirectory.
Givefullaccesstouserandgroup(i.eread,writeandexecute)onaspecificfile.
$ chmod ug+rwx file.txt
Revokeallaccessforthegroup(i.eread,writeandexecute)onaspecificfile.
$ chmod g-rwx file.txt
Applythefilepermissionsrecursivelytoallthefilesinthesubdirectories.
$ chmod -R ug+rwx file.txt
Morechmodexamples:7ChmodCommandExamplesforBeginners
33.chowncommandexamples
chowncommandisusedtochangetheownerandgroupofafile.\
Tochangeownertooracleandgrouptodbonafile.i.eChangebothownerandgroupatthesametime.
$ chown oracle:dba dbora.sh
UseRtochangetheownershiprecursively.
$ chown -R oracle:dba /home/oracle
34.passwdcommandexamples
Changeyourpasswordfromcommandlineusingpasswd.Thiswillpromptfortheoldpasswordfollowedbythe
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newpassword.
$ passwd
Superusercanusepasswdcommandtoresetotherspassword.Thiswillnotpromptforcurrentpasswordofthe
user.
# passwd USERNAME
Removepasswordforaspecificuser.Rootusercandisablepasswordforaspecificuser.Oncethepasswordis
disabled,theusercanloginwithoutenteringthepassword.
# passwd -d USERNAME
35.mkdircommandexamples
Followingexamplecreatesadirectorycalledtempunderyourhomedirectory.
$ mkdir ~/temp
Createnesteddirectoriesusingonemkdircommand.Ifanyofthesedirectoriesexistalready,itwillnotdisplay
anyerror.Ifanyofthesedirectoriesdoesntexist,itwillcreatethem.
$ mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3/dir4/
36.ifconfigcommandexamples
UseifconfigcommandtovieworconfigureanetworkinterfaceontheLinuxsystem.
Viewalltheinterfacesalongwithstatus.
$ ifconfig -a
Startorstopaspecificinterfaceusingupanddowncommandasshownbelow.
$ ifconfig eth0 up
$ ifconfig eth0 down
Moreifconfigexamples:Ifconfig:7ExamplesToConfigureNetworkInterface
37.unamecommandexamples
UnamecommanddisplaysimportantinformationaboutthesystemsuchasKernelname,Hostname,Kernel
releasenumber,
Processortype,etc.,
SampleunameoutputfromaUbuntulaptopisshownbelow.
$ uname -a
Linux john-laptop 2.6.32-24-generic #41-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 19 01:12:52 UTC 2010 i686 GNU/Linux
38.whereiscommandexamples
WhenyouwanttofindoutwhereaspecificUnixcommandexists(forexample,wheredoeslscommand
exists?),youcanexecutethefollowingcommand.
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$ whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz
Whenyouwanttosearchanexecutablefromapathotherthanthewhereisdefaultpath,youcanuseBoption
andgivepathasargumenttoit.Thissearchesfortheexecutablelsmkinthe/tmpdirectory,anddisplaysit,ifitis
available.
$ whereis -u -B /tmp -f lsmk
lsmk: /tmp/lsmk
39.whatiscommandexamples
Whatiscommanddisplaysasinglelinedescriptionaboutacommand.
$ whatis ls
ls (1) - list directory contents
$ whatis ifconfig
ifconfig (8) - configure a network interface
40.locatecommandexamples
Usinglocatecommandyoucanquicklysearchforthelocationofaspecificfile(orgroupoffiles).Locate
commandusesthedatabasecreatedbyupdatedb.
Theexamplebelowshowsallfilesinthesystemthatcontainsthewordcrontabinit.
$ locate crontab
/etc/anacrontab
/etc/crontab
/usr/bin/crontab
/usr/share/doc/cron/examples/crontab2english.pl.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/crontab.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/anacrontab.5.gz
/usr/share/man/man5/crontab.5.gz
/usr/share/vim/vim72/syntax/crontab.vim
41.mancommandexamples
Displaythemanpageofaspecificcommand.
$ man crontab
Whenamanpageforacommandislocatedundermorethanonesection,youcanviewthemanpageforthat
commandfromaspecificsectionasshownbelow.
$ man SECTION-NUMBER commandname
Following8sectionsareavailableinthemanpage.
1. Generalcommands
2. Systemcalls
3. Clibraryfunctions
4. Specialfiles(usuallydevices,thosefoundin/dev)anddrivers
5. Fileformatsandconventions
6. Gamesandscreensavers
7. Miscellaneous
8. Systemadministrationcommandsanddaemons
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Forexample,whenyoudowhatiscrontab,youllnoticethatcrontabhastwomanpages(section1andsection5).
Toviewsection5ofcrontabmanpage,dothefollowing.
$ whatis crontab
crontab (1) - maintain crontab files for individual users (V3)
crontab (5) - tables for driving cron
$ man 5 crontab
42.tailcommandexamples
Printthelast10linesofafilebydefault.
$ tail filename.txt
PrintNnumberoflinesfromthefilenamedfilename.txt
$ tail -n N filename.txt
Viewthecontentofthefileinrealtimeusingtailf.Thisisusefultoviewthelogfiles,thatkeepsgrowing.The
commandcanbeterminatedusingCTRLC.
$ tail -f log-file
Moretailexamples:3MethodsToViewtailfoutputofMultipleLogFilesinOneTerminal
43.lesscommandexamples
lessisveryefficientwhileviewinghugelogfiles,asitdoesntneedtoloadthefullfilewhileopening.
$ less huge-log-file.log
Oneyouopenafileusinglesscommand,followingtwokeysareveryhelpful.
CTRL+F forward one window
CTRL+B backward one window
Morelessexamples:UnixLessCommand:10TipsforEffectiveNavigation
44.sucommandexamples
Switchtoadifferentuseraccountusingsucommand.Superusercanswitchtoanyotheruserwithoutentering
theirpassword.
$ su - USERNAME
Executeasinglecommandfromadifferentaccountname.Inthefollowingexample,johncanexecutethels
commandasrajusername.Oncethecommandisexecuted,itwillcomebacktojohnsaccount.
[john@dev-server]$ su - raj -c 'ls'
[john@dev-server]$
Logintoaspecifieduseraccount,andexecutethespecifiedshellinsteadofthedefaultshell.
$ su -s 'SHELLNAME' USERNAME
9/24/2014 50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands (With Examples)
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45.mysqlcommandexamples
mysqlisprobablythemostwidelyusedopensourcedatabaseonLinux.Evenifyoudontrunamysqldatabase
onyourserver,youmightendupusingthemysqlcommand(client)toconnecttoamysqldatabaserunningon
theremoteserver.
Toconnecttoaremotemysqldatabase.Thiswillpromptforapassword.
$ mysql -u root -p -h 192.168.1.2
Toconnecttoalocalmysqldatabase.
$ mysql -u root -p
Ifyouwanttospecifythemysqlrootpasswordinthecommandlineitself,enteritimmediatelyafterp(without
anyspace).
46.yumcommandexamples
Toinstallapacheusingyum.
$ yum install httpd
Toupgradeapacheusingyum.
$ yum update httpd
Touninstall/removeapacheusingyum.
$ yum remove httpd
47.rpmcommandexamples
Toinstallapacheusingrpm.
# rpm -ivh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
Toupgradeapacheusingrpm.
# rpm -uvh httpd-2.2.3-22.0.1.el5.i386.rpm
Touninstall/removeapacheusingrpm.
# rpm -ev httpd
Morerpmexamples:RPMCommand:15ExamplestoInstall,Uninstall,Upgrade,QueryRPMPackages
48.pingcommandexamples
Pingaremotehostbysendingonly5packets.
$ ping -c 5 gmail.com
Morepingexamples:PingTutorial:15EffectivePingCommandExamples
49.datecommandexamples
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Setthesystemdate:
# date -s "01/31/2010 23:59:53"
Onceyouvechangedthesystemdate,youshouldsyncronizethehardwareclockwiththesystemdateasshown
below.
# hwclock systohc
# hwclock --systohc utc
50.wgetcommandexamples
Thequickandeffectivemethodtodownloadsoftware,music,videofrominternetisusingwgetcommand.
$ wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz
Downloadandstoreitwithadifferentname.
$ wget -O taglist.zip http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=7701
Morewgetexamples:TheUltimateWgetDownloadGuideWith15AwesomeExamples
DidImissanyfrequentlyusedLinuxcommands?Leaveacommentandletmeknow.
>Addyourcomment
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youunderstandsystemadministrationtools,whichwillhelpyoutobecomeaneffectiveLinuxsystem
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GettheLinuxSysadminCourseNow!
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201maheshAugust6,2014at8:04am
thanksalot.
202adomblessingAugust20,2014at7:52am
thanksforthis.itsreallyhelpful
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9/24/2014 50 Most Frequently Used UNIX / Linux Commands (With Examples)
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/11/50-linux-commands/ 19/19
Ramesh Natarajan
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