"Different Types of Thinking"

1. Critical thinking - This is convergent thinking. It assesses the worth and validity of
something existent. It involves precise, persistent, o!ective analysis. "hen teachers try
to get several learners to think convergently, they try to help them develop common
#nderstanding.
$. Creative thinking - This is divergent thinking. It generates something new or different.
It involves having a different idea that works as well or etter than previo#s ideas.
%. Convergent thinking - This type of thinking is cognitive processing of information
aro#nd a common point, an attempt to ring tho#ghts from different directions into a
#nion or common concl#sion.
&. Divergent thinking - This type of thinking starts from a common point and moves
o#tward into a variety of perspectives.
'. Ind#ctive thinking - This is the process of reasoning from parts to the whole, from
examples to generali(ations.
)o#r s#!ective point of view. It is what yo# elieve to e the tr#th, what yo# feel is right.
*s opposed to a statement of fact.
"here yo# have evidence to s#pport and prove the tr#th of yo#r statement.
statement that is ased off of yo#rs or someone else+s personal feelings. They may e
drawn from fact #t are not a fact themselves and can e challenged.
* fact is a statement that can e proven tr#e or false. *n opinion is an expression of a
person,s feelings that cannot e proven. -pinions can e ased on facts or emotions and
sometimes they are meant to delierately mislead others. Therefore, it is important to e
aware of the a#thor,s p#rpose and choice of lang#age. .ometimes, the a#thor lets the
facts speak for themselves.
1.The term "#nconscio#s," now so familiar to all readers of modern works on psychology,
gives offense to some adherents of the past. There sho#ld, however, e no special mystery
ao#t it. It is not a new animistic astraction, #t simply a collective word to incl#de all
the physiological changes which escape o#r notice, all the forgotten experiences and
impressions of the past which contin#e to infl#ence o#r desires and reflections and
cond#ct, even if we cannot rememer them. "hat we can rememer at any time is indeed
an infinitesimal part of what has happened to #s. "e co#ld not rememer anything #nless
we forgot almost everything. *s /ergson says, the rain is the organ of forgetf#lness as
well as of memory. 0oreover, we tend, of co#rse, to ecome olivio#s to things to which
we are thoro#ghly acc#stomed, for hait linds #s to their existence. .o the forgotten and
the hait#al make #p a great part of the so-called "#nconscio#s."
$.The reverie or "free association of ideas" has of late ecome the s#!ect of scientific
research. "hile investigators are not yet agreed on the res#lts, or at least on the proper
interpretation to e given to them, there can e no do#t that o#r reveries form the chief
index to o#r f#ndamental character. They are a reflection of o#r nat#re as modified y
often idden and forgotten experiences. "e need not go into the matter f#rther here, for it
is only necessary to oserve that the reverie is at all times a potent and in many cases an
omnipotent rival to every other kind of thinking. It do#tless infl#ences all o#r
spec#lations in its persistent tendency to self-magnification and self-!#stification, which
are its chief preocc#pations, #t it is the last thing to make directly or indirectly for
honest increase of knowledge.1 1hilosophers #s#ally talk as if s#ch thinking did not exist
or were in some way negligile. This is what makes their spec#lations so #nreal and often
worthless.
2ationali(ing
* third kind of thinking is stim#lated when anyone 3#estions o#r elief and opinions. "e
sometimes find o#rselves changing o#r minds witho#t any resistance or heavy emotion,
#t if we are told that we are wrong we resent the imp#tation and harden o#r hearts. "e
are incredily heedless in the formation of o#r eliefs, #t find o#rselves filled with an
illicit passion for them when anyone proposes to ro #s of their companionship. It is
ovio#sly not the ideas themselves that are dear to #s, #t o#r self-esteem, which is
threatened. "e are y nat#re st#ornly pledged to defend, o#r own from attack, whether
it e o#r person, o#r family, o#r property, or o#r opinion. * 4nited .tates .enator once
remarked to a friend of mine that 5od *lmighty co#ld not make him change his mind on
o#r 6atin *merica policy. "e may s#rrender, #t rarely confess o#rselves van3#ished. In
the intellect#al world at least peace is witho#t victory.
C#riosity is as clear and definite as any of o#r #rges. "e wonder what is in a sealed
telegram or in a letter in which some one else is asored, or what is eing said in the
telephone ooth or in low conversation. This in3#isitiveness is vastly stim#lated y
!ealo#sy, s#spicion, or any hint that we o#rselves are directly or indirectly involved. /#t
there appears to e a fair amo#nt of personal interest in other people+s affairs even when
they do not concern #s except as a mystery to e #nraveled or a tale to e told. The
reports of a divorce s#it will have "news val#e" for many weeks. They constit#te a story,
like a novel or play or moving pict#re. This is not an example of p#re c#riosity, however,
since we readily identify o#rselves with others, and their !oys and despair then ecome
o#r own.-ccasionally and fitf#lly idle c#riosity th#s leads to creative tho#ght, which
alters and roadens o#r own views and aspirations and may in t#rn, #nder highly
favorale circ#mstances, affect the views and lives of others, even for generations to
follow. *n example or two will make this #ni3#e h#man process clear.
Decisions are easily disting#ishale from the free flow of the reverie. .ometimes they
demand a good deal of caref#l pondering and the recollection of pertinent facts7 often,
however, they are made imp#lsively. They are a more diffic#lt and laorio#s thing than
the reverie, and we resent having to "make #p o#r mind" when we are tired, or asored
in a congenial reverie. "eighing a decision, it sho#ld e noted, does not necessarily add
anything to o#r knowledge, altho#gh we may, of co#rse, seek f#rther information efore
making it.

goggles
protects eyes from chemical splashes

/#nsen #rner
#sed to heat s#stances

grad#ated cylinder
acc#rately meas#res li3#id
vol#mes

spot plate
a flat plate with m#ltiple
"wells" #sed as small test
t#es

pipet #l
#sed to p#ll li3#id #p into a pipet

stirring rod
#sed for stirring

evaporating dish
li3#ids are heated
over a flame so that
they evaporate,
leaving a solid
resid#e

cr#cile tongs
to hold hot
cr#ciles

forceps
#sed to pick #p or
hold small items

watch glass
to hold solids while
eing weighed, or
as a cover for a
eaker

eaker
#sed to hold li3#ids

thermometer
meas#res temperat#re 8science #ses degrees in Celsi#s9

cr#cile and cover

#sed to hold small amo#nts of chemicals d#ring heating at high temperat#res

test t#e clamp

clamp #sed to hold hot test-t#e

#ret
dispensing and transferring known vol#mes of fl#ids

alance
an instr#ment for determining weight

dropper pipet or disposale pipet

for drawing in a li3#id and expelling it in drops

vol#metric flask
for making #p
sol#tions to a
known vol#me

f#nnel
for po#ring li3#id
or other s#stance
thro#gh a small
opening

#tility clamp
#sed to hold
laoratory
glassware

mortar and pestle

#sed to grind #p
materials

vol#metric pipet
meas#res small amo#nts
of li3#ids acc#rately

striker
#sed to light
#nsen #rner

r#er stopper
#sed to cover ends
of test t#es and
flasks

spat#la
small scoop #sed to
transfer powder and
crystal chemicals

wire ga#(e
#sed to s#pport a
container 8s#ch as a
eaker or flask9
d#ring heating

test t#e rack

holds '-: test-t#es in a row

wash ottle
#sed to rinse
vario#s pieces of
laoratory
glassware

ring stand
holds f#nnels, wire
ga#(e aove tale

;rlenmeyer flask
#sed to hold
li3#ids, has narrow
neck to prevent
splashes

ring clamp
#sed with ring
stand to hold a
glass container

clay triangle
#sed to hold a
cr#cile while the
cr#cile is heated

test t#e
open t#e #sed to
hold li3#ids

weighing paper
#sed for weighing and
transferring powers and
crystals

filter paper
special paper #sed to
separate solids from
li3#ids

f#me hood
#sed to prevent a person
from expos#re to
ha(ardo#s f#mes from
chemicals

hot plate < stir plate

#sed to heat and stir
s#stances