BASIC GEOMETRICAL IDEAS

Plane
A plane has length and width but no thickness. So, a
plane is any flat, two-dimensional surface.
A plane is like a flat surface the extends infinitely
along its length and width.
Eg. A top of a table, sheet of a paper, surface of a
white board.


Intersecting line
When two lines meet at a point, they are called
"intersecting lines."
In the below diagram both the lines CD and AB
meet at point F.




Two lines in a plane either intersect at one point only or
are parallel to each other.
Angle
formed by two rays with the same initial point
common end point is called the vertex of the angle
and the rays forming the angle are called the arms.
Point C is the vertex and the arms of the angle are
CE and CD
symbol of an angle is
Note: In order to define an angle you have to always
keep the point depicting the vertex at the middle.
Thus, in this case you can define this angle as



Note: Interior and exterior of an angle
Here, points A, C, B, D are in the
interior of an angle. And E, F, G, H are in the exterior of
an angle.
Incidence properties in a plane
An unlimited number of lines can be drawn passing
through a given point.


Exactly one line can be drawn passing through two
different given points

Collinear points
3 or more points passing through the same line
The line passing through them is line of collinearity

Concurrent lines
3 or more lines in a plane passing through the same
point
The point is point of concurrence.

Open and closed figures
Simple closed figures- do not cross themselves at any
point

Complex closed figures- cross themselves at one or
more points.


Interior and exterior of a closed figures

Triangle
A closed figure formed by joining three non-collinear
points.
3 sides, 3 vertices, 3 angles
Interior and exterior of a triangle



Triangular region= interior + boundary
Quadrilateral
Closed figure bounded by four line segments
4 sides, 4 angles, 4 vertices
Diagonals- lines segments joining opposite vertices
Convex every angle less than 180 degree
Concave- one of the angles is more than 180 degree.
Interior and exterior ( similar to triangles)



Circle


Diameter= 2 radius
Diameter is the longest chord
Chord- line segment joining two points of a circle
Secant- line intersecting circle at two distinct points
Points in the interior of the circle- D,P,O, X
Points in the exterior of the circle- M,A,B
Points ON the circle- Q, N, R.


Sector- region enclosed by an arc and pair of radii


Arc- a part of a circles circumference

Segment- region enclosed by an arc and its
corresponding chord
Circumference- length or the perimeter of a circle
Semi circle- half of a circle with diameter as part of
the boundary
Semi circular region- region enclosed by half the
circumference and the diameter
Concentric circles- 2 or more circles having the same
centre but different radii