PROCEDURES Total Chlorine: 1. Fill a sample cell with 10 mL of sample. The contents of one DPD Total Chlorine Powder Pillow is added to the sample cell. 2. The sample was swirling for 20 seconds. 3. After that the instrument timer is started for three minutes. The blank preparation is perform at this time period. 4. Blank Preparation: a. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder. b. ZERO the instrument. The display will show: 0.00 mg/L Cl2 5. Within three minutes after the timer expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder. 6. The results are reading in mg/L Cl2.
Free Chlorine: 1. Fill a sample cell with 10 mL of sample. 2. Blank Preparation: a. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder. b. ZERO the instrument. The display will show: 0.00 mg/L Cl2. 3. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Add one 0.1 gram spoon of DPD Free Chlorine Powder Reagent to the sample cell. The sample was swirling to 20 seconds and a pink colour will form if chlorine is present. 4. Within one minute after the timer expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder. 5. The results are reading in mg/L Cl2.
Total Iron: 1. Fill a sample cell with 10 mL of sample. The content of one FerroVer Iron Reagent Powder Pillow is added to the sample cell. 2. The sample was swirled for a seconds. 3. After that the instrument timer is started for three minutes. An orange colour will form if iron is present. The blank preparation is perform at this time period. 4. Blank Preparation: a. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder. b. ZERO the instrument. c. The display will show: 0.00 mg/L Fe. 5. Within three minutes after the timer expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder. 6. The results are reading in mg/L Fe.
Reactive Phosporus: 1. Fill a sample cell with 10 mL of sample. The content of one PhosVer 3 phosphate Powder Pillow is added to the sample cell. 2. The sample was immediately stopper and shaking vigorously for 30 seconds. 3. After that the instrument timer is started for two minutes. The blank preparation is perform at this time period. 4. Blank Preparation: a. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder. ZERO the instrument. b. The display will show: 0.00 mg/L PO4 3-. 5. Within three minutes after the timer expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder. 6. The results are reading in mg/L PO4 3-.
Sulfate: 1. Fill a sample cell with 10 mL of sample. The content of one SulfaVer 4 Reagent Powder Pillow is added to the sample cell. 2. The sample was immediately swirled vigorously to dissolve the powder. 3. After that the instrument timer is started for five minutes. The blank preparation is perform at this time period. 4. Blank Preparation: a. Fill a second sample cell with 10-mL of sample. Wipe the blank sample cell and insert it into the cell holder. b. ZERO the instrument. c. The display will show: 0 mg/L SO4 2. 5. Within three minutes after the timer expires, wipe the prepared sample and insert it into the cell holder. 6. The results are reading in mg/L SO4 2.
RESULTS The concentration of heavy metals in various water samples: Reagents Sample Water Drain Water Lake Water Tap Water Deionized Water Total Chlorine (0.02 mg/L 2.0 mg/L) 0.26 1.27 0.04 0.05 Free Chlorine (0.02 mg/L 2.0 mg/L) 0.23 0.25 0.04 0.02 Iron (0.02 mg/L-3.0 mg/L) 1.43 0.10 0.02 0.15 Sulfates (2.0 mg/L-7 mg/L) 1.90 8.00 2.00 7.00 Phosporus (0.02 mg/L- 2.50 mg/L) 0.66 0.30 0.02 0.09
CALCULATION Total Chlorine: Sample Water Calculation Drain Water Concentration of Total Chlorine = 0.26 mg/L Volume of drain water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Total Chlorine = 0.26 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.6 x 10 -3 mg Lake Water Concentration of Total Chlorine = 1.27 mg/L Volume of lake water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Total Chlorine = 1.27 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.0127 mg Tap Water Concentration of Total Chlorine = 0.04 mg/L Volume of tap water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Total Chlorine = 0.04 mg/L x 0.01 L = 4.0 x 10 -4 mg Deionized Water Concentration of Total Chlorine = 0.05 mg/L Volume of deionized water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Total Chlorine = 0.05 mg/L x 0.01 L = 5.0 x 10 -4 mg
Free Chlorine: Sample Water Calculation Drain Water Concentration of Free Chlorine = 0.23 mg/L Volume of drain water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Free Chlorine = 0.23 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.3 x 10 -3 mg Lake Water Concentration of Free Chlorine =0.25 mg/L Volume of lake water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Free Chlorine = 0.25 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.5 x10 -3 mg Tap Water Concentration of Free Chlorine = 0.04 mg/L Volume of tap water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Free Chlorine = 0.04 mg/L x 0.01 L = 4.0 x 10 -4 mg Deionized Water Concentration of Free Chlorine = 0.02 mg/L Volume of deionized water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Free Chlorine = 0.02 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.0 x 10 -4 mg
Iron: Sample Water Calculation Drain Water Concentration of Iron= 1.43 mg/L Volume of drain water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Iron = 1.43mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.0143 mg Lake Water Concentration of Iron = 0.10 mg/L Volume of lake water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Iron= 0.10 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.001 mg Tap Water Concentration of Iron = 0.02 mg/L Volume of tap water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Iron= 0.02 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.0 x 10 -4 mg Deionized Water Concentration of Iron = 0.15 mg/L Volume of deionized water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Iron = 0.15 mg/L x 0.01 L = 1.5 x 10 -3 mg
Sulfates: Sample Water Calculation Drain Water Concentration of Sulfates = 1.90 mg/L Volume of drain water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Sulfates = 1.90 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.019 mg Lake Water Concentration of Sulfates = 8.00 mg/L Volume of lake water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Sulfates = 8.00 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.08 mg Tap Water Concentration of Sulfates = 2.00 mg/L Volume of tap water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Sulfates = 2.00 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.02 mg Deionized Water Concentration of Sulfates = 7.00 mg/L Volume of deionized water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Sulfates = 7.00 mg/L x 0.01 L = 0.07 mg
Phosporus: Sample Water Calculation Drain Water Concentration of Phosporus = 0.66 mg/L Volume of drain water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Phosporus = 0.66 mg/L x 0.01 L = 6.6 x 10 -3 mg Lake Water Concentration of Phosporus = 0.3 mg/L Volume of lake water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Phosporus = 0.3 mg/L x 0.01 L = 3 x 10 -3 mg Tap Water Concentration of Phosporus = 0.02 mg/L Volume of tap water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Phosporus = 0.02 mg/L x 0.01 L = 2.0 x 10 -4 mg Deionized Water Concentration of Phosporus= 0.09 mg/L Volume of deionized water = 10 mL /1000 = 0.01 L Mass of Phosporus = 0.09 mg/L x 0.01 L = 9.0 x 10 -4 mg
CONCLUSION At the end of this experiment, we had managed to determine the concentration of heavy metals; chlorine (free and total), phosphorus, iron, and phosphorus in different water samples; lake water, deionized water, tap water, and drain water. The concentration for total chlorine in drain water, lake water, tap water and deionized water are 0.26 mg/L, 1.27 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L respectively. For the concentration for free chlorine in drain water, lake water, tap water and deionized water are 0.23 mg/L,0.25 mg/L,0.04 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L respectively. Besides, the concentration of Iron in drain water, lake water, tap water and deionized water are 1.43 mg/L,0.10 mg/L,0.02 mg/L and 0.15 mg/L respectively. As for sulphates, their concentration in drain water, lake water, tap water and deionized water are 1.90 mg/L, 8.00 mg/L,2.00 mg/L and 7.00 mg/L respectively and lastly the concentration of phosphorus in drain water, lake water, tap water and deionized water are 0.66 mg/L,0.30 mg/L,0.02 mg/L and 0.09 mg/L respectively. According to the Malaysian Water Standard,
Thus, it can be concluded that all the objectives of the experiment had been reached.