1301309399eberhardt l4 Kinematicanalysis I

Rock Engineering Rock Engineering
Practice & Design Practice & Design

Lecture 4: Lecture 4:
Ki ti A l i I Ki ti A l i I Kinematic Analysis I Kinematic Analysis I
(Slopes) (Slopes)
1 of 36 Erik Eberhardt UBC Geological Engineering ISRM Edition
Authors Note: Authors Note:
The lecture slides provided here are taken from the course
Geotechnical Engineering Practice, which is part of the 4th year
Geological Engineering program at the University of British Columbia
(V C d ) Th k i i d (Vancouver, Canada). The course covers rock engineering and
geotechnical design methodologies, building on those already taken
by the students covering Introductory Rock Mechanics and Advanced
Rock Mechanics Rock Mechanics.
Although the slides have been modified in part to add context, they
of course are missing the detailed narrative that accompanies any
l l d h h l lecture. It is also recognized that these lectures summarize,
reproduce and build on the work of others for which gratitude is
extended. Where possible, efforts have been made to acknowledge
th v ri us s urc s ith list f r f r nc s b in pr vid d t th the various sources, with a list of references being provided at the
end of each lecture.
Errors, omissions, comments, etc., can be forwarded to the
Errors, omissions, comments, etc., can be forwarded to the
author at: erik@eos.ubc.ca
Rock Slope Rock Slope Continuum or Continuum or Discontinuum Discontinuum??
d l d k l f l ll d d In a moderately jointed rock mass, slope failure is generally dictated
directly by the presence of discontinuities, which act as planes of
weakness within the rock mass. These interact to control the size and the
direction of movement of the slope failure. direction of movement of the slope failure.
planar failure
wedge failure
Discontinuity Mapping Discontinuity Mapping
Scanline mapping
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Window mapping
Discontinuity Mapping Discontinuity Mapping
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
Discontinuity Mapping Discontinuity Mapping Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
Strouth & Eberhardt (2006)
Remote sensing techniques like LiDAR and phtogrammetry, provide a means
to collect rock mass data from slopes that would otherwise be inaccessible
or dangerous Discontinuity orientation persistence and spacing data can
or dangerous. Discontinuity orientation, persistence, and spacing data can
be extracted from the 3-D point cloud of the scanned surface.
Stereonets Stereonets Pole Plots Pole Plots
Plotting dip and dip direction pole plots provide an immediate visual Plotting dip and dip direction, pole plots provide an immediate visual
depiction of pole concentrations. All natural discontinuities have a certain
variability in their orientation that results in scatter of the pole plots.
However, by contouring the pole plot, the most highly concentrated areas of
poles, representing the dominant discontinuity sets, can be identified.
It must be remembered though, that it may be difficult to distinguish which set
a particular discontinuity belongs to or that in some cases a single discontinuity
a particular discontinuity belongs to or that in some cases a single discontinuity
may be the controlling factor as opposed to a set of discontinuities.
Pole Plots & Modes of Slope Instability Pole Plots & Modes of Slope Instability
Typical pole plots for different
modes of rock slope failure.
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
Discontinuity Persistence Discontinuity Persistence
Persistence refers to the areal extent or size of a discontinuity plane Persistence refers to the areal extent or size of a discontinuity plane
within a plane. Clearly, the persistence will have a major influence on the
shear strength developed in the plane of the discontinuity, where the intact
rock segments are referred to as rock bridges. g g
k rock
bridge
increasing persistence
Together with spacing, discontinuity persistence helps
to define the size of blocks that can slide from a
rock face. Several procedures have been developed
to calculate persistence by measuring their exposed to calculate persistence by measuring their exposed
trace lengths on a specified area of the face.
Step 1: define a mapping area on the rock face
scan
Step 1 define a mapping area on the rock face
with dimensions L
1
and L
2
.
line
Step 2: count the total number of discontinuities
(N) of a specific set with dip in this area and
c
t
t
L
1
(N ) of a specific set with dip in this area, and
the numbers of these either contained within (N
c
)
or transecting (N
t
) the mapping area defined.
c
c
c
t
t
L
For example, in this case:

N = 14
N
c
= 5
N 4
c
t
t
L
2
N
t
= 4
Pahl (1981)
Step 1: define a mapping area on the rock face
with dimensions L
1
and L
2
.
Pahl (1981)
(N) of a specific set with dip in this area, and
the numbers of these either contained within (N
c
)
or transecting (N
t
) the mapping area defined.
c
t
c
t
L
1
c
c
t
t
Step 3: calculate the approximate length, l, of
the discontinuities using the equations below.
L
2
c
Again, for this case:
If L
1
= 15 m, L
2
= 5 m and = 35, then H = 4.95 m and m = -0.07.
From this the average length/persistence of the discontinuity set l = 4 3 m
From this, the average length/persistence of the discontinuity set l = 4.3 m.
Discontinuity Spacing Discontinuity Spacing
Spacing is a key parameter in that it controls the block size
distribution related to a potentially unstable mass (i.e. failure of a
massive block or unravelling-type failure).
Discontinuity Roughness Discontinuity Roughness
From the practical point of view
of quantifying joint roughness,
only one technique has received
some degree of universality the some degree of universality the
Joint Roughness Coefficient
(JRC). This method involves
comparing discontinuity surface
l profiles to standard roughness
curves assigned numerical values.
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Dilatancy and Shear Strength Dilatancy and Shear Strength
h f l d f In the case of sliding of an
unconstrained block of rock from a
slope, dilatancy will accompany
shearing of all but the smoothest shearing of all but the smoothest
discontinuity surfaces. If a rock
block is free to dilate, then the
second-order asperities will have a
di i i h d ff t h t th diminished effect on shear strength.
0
4
)
By increasing the normal force
across a shear surface by adding
tensioned rock bolts, dilation can
be limited and interlocking along

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0
be limited and interlocking along
the sliding surface maintained,
allowing the second-order
asperities to contribute to the
shear strength
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shear strength.
Mechanical Properties of Discontinuities Mechanical Properties of Discontinuities
2
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)
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Discontinuity Data Discontinuity Data Probability Distributions Probability Distributions
Discontinuity properties can vary over a wide range,
even for those belonging to the same set. The
distribution of a property can be described by means
of probability distributions of probability distributions.
A normal distribution is applicable where a particular
propertys mean value is the most commonly occurring.
This is usually the case for dip and dip direction This is usually the case for dip and dip direction.
A negative exponential distribution is applicable A negative exponential distribution is applicable
for properties of discontinuities, such as spacing
and persistence, which are randomly distributed.
Negative
exponential function:
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
Discontinuity Data Discontinuity Data -- Probability Distributions Probability Distributions
N i Negative
exponential function:
From this the probability that a given value
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
From this, the probability that a given value
will be less than dimension x is given by:
For example, for a discontinuity set with a mean spacing of 2 m, the
b b l h h ll b l h probabilities that the spacing will be less than:
1 m
5 m
Structurally Structurally--Controlled Instability Mechanisms Controlled Instability Mechanisms
Structurally-controlled instability means that blocks formed by
discontinuities may be free to slide from a newly excavated slope
face under a set of body forces (usually gravity). To assess the
lik lih d f h f il l i f th ki m ti dmi ibilit likelihood of such failures, an analysis of the kinematic admissibility
of potential wedges or planes that intersect the excavation face(s)
can be performed.
Kinematic Analysis Kinematic Analysis Planar Rock Slope Failure Planar Rock Slope Failure
To consider the kinematic admissibility of plane instability five To consider the kinematic admissibility of plane instability, five
necessary but simple geometrical criteria must be met:
(i) The plane on which sliding occurs
ik ll l h must strike near parallel to the
slope face (within approx. 20).
(ii) Release surfaces (that provide
n li ibl sist nc t slidin ) must negligible resistance to sliding) must
be present to define the lateral
slide boundaries.
(iii) The sliding plane must daylight in (iii) The sliding plane must daylight in
the slope face.
(iv) The dip of the sliding plane must be
greater than the angle of friction greater than the angle of friction.
(v) The upper end of the sliding surface
either intersects the upper slope, or
terminates in a tension crack.
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
Kinematic Analysis Kinematic Analysis Rock Slope Wedge Failure Rock Slope Wedge Failure
Similar to planar failures several conditions relating to the line of Similar to planar failures, several conditions relating to the line of
intersection must be met for wedge failure to be kinematically
admissible :
(i) The dip of the slope must exceed
the dip of the line of intersection
of the two wedge forming
di ti it l discontinuity planes.
(ii) The line of intersection must
daylight on the slope face.
(iii) The dip of the line of intersection
must be such that the strength of
the two planes are reached.
( ) Th d f h l f (iv) The upper end of the line of
intersection either intersects the
upper slope, or terminates in a
tension crack.
tension crack.
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
Kinematic Analysis Kinematic Analysis Daylight Envelopes Daylight Envelopes
Daylight Envelope: Zone within which all
poles belong to planes that daylight, and are
therefore potentially unstable.
slope slope
faces
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daylight
envelopes
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Kinematic Analysis Kinematic Analysis Friction Cones Friction Cones
Friction Cone: Zone within which all poles belong
to planes that dip at angles less than the
friction angle, and are therefore stable.
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Pole Plots Pole Plots - - Kinematic Admissibility Kinematic Admissibility
friction
Having determined from the
daylight envelope whether
block failure is kinematically
friction
cone
block failure is kinematically
permissible, a check is then
made to see if the dip angle
of the failure surface (or
li f i i ) i
slope
face
line of intersection) is
steeper than the with the
friction angle.
daylight
envelope Thus, for poles that plot
inside the daylight envelope, y g p ,
but outside the friction
circle, translational sliding is
possible.
Pole Plots Pole Plots - - Kinematic Admissibility Kinematic Admissibility
<
f
>
f
Wyllie & Mah (2004)
y
Wedge Failure Wedge Failure Direction of Sliding Direction of Sliding
Scenario #1: If the dip directions of the two
planes lie outside the included angle between
i
(trend of the line of intersection) and
f
(dip
direction of face) the wedge will slide on both direction of face), the wedge will slide on both
planes.
Example scenario #2: If the dip directions of one
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)
Example scenario #2: If the dip directions of one
plane (e.g. Plane A) lies within the included angle
between
i
(trend of the line of intersection) and
f
(dip direction of face), the wedge will slide on
only that plane
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only that plane.
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Case History: Rock Slope Stabilization Case History: Rock Slope Stabilization
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A rock slope with a
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history of block failures
is to be stabilized
through anchoring. To
carry out the design, a y g
back analysis of earlier
block failures is first
performed to obtain
joint shear strength
j g
properties.
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Assume: Water in tension crack
@ 50% the tension crack height &
water along discontinuity water along discontinuity.
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Given:
Unstable Rock Slope
40 ft t ll 40 ft tall
About 55 degrees
Joint Set Dips 38 degrees
+ i 38 40 degrees
55 deg slope
+ i ~ 38 - 40 degrees
From previous back analysis From previous back analysis
of failed block below bridge
abutment.
1. Worst case tension crack
distance is 8.6 ft for a dry
condition
9.9
condition.
2. Assume 50% saturation for
tension crack.
55 deg slope
3. Estimate super bolt tension
given desired bolt inclination.
4. Distribute super bolt tension
over slope face based on
available bolts.
5. Make sure and bolt all
unstable blocks.
Results:
1. 22 kips tension/ft required at
5 d d d l f F 5 deg downward angle for F =
1.5
2. Slope face length is equal to:
9.86
55 deg slope
V
U
Recommendations:
1. 8 rows of bolts (40/5 = 8)
2. Try to bolt every block
3. Grout length determined by
contractor
55 deg slope
contractor
4. Rule of thumb, grout length;
UCS/30 < 200 psi adhesion
l f 5. Contractor responsible for
testing or rock bolts
6. Engineer responsible to sign
ff off on Contractors tests
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Computer Computer- -Aided Planar Analysis Aided Planar Analysis
(R cscience R cPlane)
(Rocscience RocPlane)
Lecture References Lecture References
Barton, NR & Choubey, V (1977). The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice. Rock
Mechanics 10: 154.
Hoek, E, Kaiser, PK & Bawden, WF (1995). Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock.
Balkema: Rotterdam.
Hudson, JA & Harrison, JP (1997). Engineering Rock Mechanics An Introduction to the Principles .
Elsevier Science: Oxford.
Lisle, RJ (2004). Calculation of the daylight envelope for plane failure of rock slopes. Gotechnique
54: 279 280 54: 279-280.
Pahl, PJ (1981). Estimating the mean length of discontinuity traces. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics & Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 18: 221-228.
Strouth, A & Eberhardt, E (2006). The use of LiDAR to overcome rock slope hazard data collection , , ( ) p
challenges at Afternoon Creek, Washington. In 41st U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics: 50 Years of
Rock Mechanics, Golden. American Rock Mechanics Association, CD: 06-993.
Wyllie, DC & Mah, CW (2004). Rock Slope Engineering (4
th
edition). Spon Press: London.
W lli DC & N i h NI (1996) R k t th ti d th i M t I L d lid Wyllie, DC & Norrish, NI (1996). Rock strength properties and their Measurement. In Landslides:
Investigation and Mitigation Special Report 247. National Academy Press: Washington, D.C., pp. 372-
390.

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