!

"#$%&$ ()(
*+&,-.+ /
Todays Concept:
Ohms Law, Resistors in circuits
LlecLrlc CurrenL
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 2
0 1%2 34+5 6+7%+8
LlecLrlc oLenLlal
oLenLlal energy per
unlL charge
}
=
A
A

b
a
b a
b a
l d E
q
U
V

LlecLrlc oLenLlal
Scalar luncLlon LhaL can
be used Lo deLermlne L
V E V =

Gauss Law
llux Lhrough closed
surface ls always
proporLlonal Lo charge
enclosed
}
=
0
c
enc
Q
A d E

Gauss Law
Can be used Lo
deLermlne L fleld
Spheres
Cyllnders
lnflnlLe lanes
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 3
CapaclLance
8elaLes charge and
poLenLlal for Lwo
conducLor sysLem V
Q
C
LlecLrlc lleld
lorce per unlL charge
LlecLrlc lleld
roperLy of Space
CreaLed by Charges
SuperposlLlon
q
F
E

Coulombs Law
lorce law beLween
polnL charges
q
2
1,2
r
1,2
F
q
1
2 , 1
2
2 , 1
2 1
2 , 1

r
r
q kq
F =

ConducLors
Charges free Lo move
Spheres
Cyllnders
lnflnlLe lanes
Gauss
Law
lleld Llnes &
LqulpoLenLlals
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
Work uone 8y L lleld
} }
= =

b
a
b
a
b a
l d E q l d F W

}
= = A

b
a
b a b a
l d E q W U

Change ln oLenLlal Lnergy
CapaclLor neLworks
Serles:
(1/C
23
) = (1/C
2
) + (1/C
3
)
arallel
C
123
= C
1
+ C
23
099:%&5,%;<$ ;= 1%2 34+5$
WhaL ueLermlnes
Pow 1hey Move?
1hey move unLll
E = 0 !
E = 0 ln conducLor
deLermlnes charge
denslLles on surfaces
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 4
I A
V
L
o
V = EL
I = JA
Cbservables:
R =
L
oA
Ohms Law: J = o E
ConducLlvlLy hlgh for good conducLors.
I/A = oV/L I = V/(L/oA)
I = V/R
R = 8eslsLance
= 1/o
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 6
A
I
J
>"+&?!;%<, @
2 3 1
2J J J = =
Same CurrenL
A
J
1

LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 7

The SAME amount of current I passes through three different resistors. R
2
has twice the cross-
sectional area and the same length as R
1
, and R
3
is three times as long as R
1
but has the same
cross-sectional area as R
1
.
In which case is the CURRENT DENSITY through the resistor the smallest?
A. Case 1 B. Case 2 C. Case 3
R =
L
oA
I ls llke flow raLe of waLer
V ls llke pressure
R ls how hard lL ls for waLer Lo flow ln a plpe
A"%$ %$ B-$, :%?+ !:-CD%<2E
1o make R blg, make L long or A small
1o make R small, make L shorL or A blg
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 8
Same currenL Lhrough
boLh reslsLors


Compare volLages across
reslsLors
A
L
R
>"+&?!;%<, )D
>"+&?!;%<, )5
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 9
A
L
IR V =
volLage
CurrenL
8eslsLance
!"#$"%
'(#())")
ulfferenL for each reslsLor.
V
total
= V
1
+ V
2

lncreases
R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2

Same for each reslsLor
I
total
= I
1
= I
2

Same for each reslsLor.
V
total
= V
1
= V
2

uecreases
1/R
eq
= 1/R
1
+ 1/R
2

Wlrlng
Lach reslsLor on Lhe
same wlre.
Lach reslsLor on a
dlfferenL wlre.
ulfferenL for each reslsLor
I
total
= I
1
+ I
2

R
1
R
2

R
1

R
2

6+$%$,;. F-CC5.#
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 10
Every loop with R
1
also has R
2
There is a loop
that contains
ONLY R
1
and R
2
R
2
ln serles wlLh R
3
>"+&?!;%<, (5
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 11
3 2
23
R R
V
I
+
=
CurrenL Lhrough R
2
and
R
3
ls Lhe same

Three resistors are connected to a battery with emf V as shown. The resistances of the resistors
are all the same, i.e. R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R.
Compare the current through R
2
with the current through R
3
:
A. I
2
> I
3
B. I
2
= I
3
C. I
2
< I
3

CheckolnL 2b
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
I
1
/I
2
= 1/2
I
1
/I
2
= 1/3
I
1
/I
2
= 1
I
1
/I
2
= 2
I
1
/I
2
= 3
We know:

I
23

3 2
23
R R
V
I
+
=
Slmllarly:

I
1

1
1
R
V
I =
2
1
3 2
23
1
=
+
=
R
R R
I
I
Compare Lhe currenL Lhrough R
1

wlLh Lhe currenL Lhrough R
2
Checkpoint 2b
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 13
1
3 2
23 1
R
R R
I I
+
=
A
B
C
D
E
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
CheckolnL 2c
Compare Lhe volLage
across R
2
wlLh Lhe volLage
across R
3
V
2
> V
3
V
2
= V
3
= V

V
2
= V
3
< V

V
2
< V
3
A
8
C
u
V
2
V
3
V
23
V V =
23
3 2 23
V V V + =
2
3 2
V
V V = =
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 14
2 2 2
R I V =
3 3 3
R I V =
I
2
= I
3
(Series)
R
2
= R
3
(Problem statement)
3 2
V V =
R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
CheckolnL 2d
Compare Lhe volLage across R
1

wlLh Lhe volLage across R
2
V
1
= V
2
= V

V
1
= ! V
2
= V

V
1
= 2V
2
= V

V
1
= ! V
2
= 1/5 V

V
1
= ! V
2
= ! V

A
8
C
u
L
R
1
ln parallel wlLh serles
comblnaLlon of R
2
and R
3
V
1
V
23
2 3 2 23
2V V V V = + =
3 2 3 2
V V R R = =
23 1
V V =
V V V = =
2 1
2
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 13
>5:&-:5,%;<
ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.



WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
ConcepLual Analysls:
Ohms Law: when current " flows Lhrough reslsLance R, Lhe poLenLlal drop V ls glven by:
V = IR.
8eslsLances are comblned ln serles and parallel comblnaLlons
R
series
= R
a
+ R
b
(1/R
parallel
) = (1/R
a
) + (1/R
b
)
SLraLeglc Analysls:
Comblne reslsLances Lo form equlvalenL reslsLances
Evaluate voltages or currents from Ohms Law
Lxpand clrculL back uslng knowledge of volLages and currenLs


V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 16
>5:&-:5,%;<
Comblne 8eslsLances:



A) ln serles 8) ln parallel C) nelLher ln serles nor ln parallel

R
1
and R
2
are connecLed:
arallel: Can make a loop LhaL
conLalns only Lhose Lwo reslsLors
arallel ComblnaLlon
R
a
R
b
Serles ComblnaLlon
Serles : Lvery loop wlLh reslsLor 1 also has
reslsLor 2.
R
a
R
b
V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.



WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 17
>5:&-:5,%;<
We flrsL wlll comblne reslsLances R
2
, R
3
, R
4
:
Whlch of Lhe followlng ls Lrue?



A) R
2
, R
3
and R
4
are connecLed ln serles
8) R
2
, R
3
, and R
4
are connecLed ln parallel
C) R
3
and R
4
are connecLed ln serles (R
34
) whlch ls connecLed ln parallel wlLh R
2
u) R
2
and R
4
are connecLed ln serles (R
24
) whlch ls connecLed ln parallel wlLh R
3

L) R
2
and R
4
are connecLed ln parallel (R
24
) whlch ls connecLed ln parallel wlLh R
3
V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.



WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 18
>5:&-:5,%;<
8edraw Lhe clrculL uslng Lhe equlvalenL reslsLor R
24
= serles comblnaLlon of R
2
and R
4
.
R
2
and R
4
are connecLed ln serles (R
24
) whlch ls connecLed ln parallel wlLh R
3


V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.



WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
(A) (8) (C)

V
R
1
R
3
R
24
V
R
1
R
3
R
24
V
R
1
R
3
R
24
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 19
>5:&-:5,%;<
Comblne 8eslsLances:



R
2
and R
4
are connecLed ln serles = R
24

R
3
and R
24
are connecLed ln parallel = R
234
A) R
234
= 1 O 8) R
234
= 2 O C) R
234
= 4 O u) R
234
= 6 O
WhaL ls Lhe value of R
234
?
(1/R
parallel
) = (1/R
a
) + (1/R
b
)

R
2
and R
4
in series



ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.



WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
V
R
1
R
3
R
24
R
24
= R
2
+ R
4
= 2O + 4O = 6O

1/R
234
= (1/3)

+ (1/6) = (3/6) O
-1
R
234
= 2 O

LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 20
>5:&-:5,%;<
"
#$%
R
1
and R
234
are ln serles. R
1234
= 1 + 2 = 3 O
Ohms Law tells us: I
1234
= V/R
1234

= 18 / 3
= 6 Amps
I
1
= I
234
Cur nexL Lask ls Lo calculaLe Lhe LoLal currenL ln Lhe clrculL
ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.

R
24
= 6O R
234
= 2O
WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
V
R
1
R
234
= I
1234
V
R
1234
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 21
a
b
>5:&-:5,%;<
WhaL ls V
ab
, Lhe volLage across R
234
?
A) V
ab
= 1 V 8) V
ab
= 2 V C) V
ab
= 9 V u) V
ab
= 12 V L) V
ab
= 16 V
"
#$%

I
234
= I
1234
Slnce R
1
ln serles wlLh R
234
V
234
= I
234
R
234

= 6 x 2
= 12 Volts

ln Lhe clrculL shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.

R
24
= 6O R
234
= 2O I
1234
= 6 A
WhaL ls V
2
, Lhe volLage across R
2
?
= I
1234
V
R
1234
V
R
1
R
234
I
1
= I
234
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 22
>5:&-:5,%;<
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O
R
24
= 6O
R
234
= 2O
I
1234
= 6 Amps
I
234
= 6 Amps
V
234
= 12V
WhaL ls V
2
?
V
R
1
R
234


V
R
1
R
24
R
3
Whlch of Lhe followlng are Lrue?
A) V
234
= V
24
8) I
234
= I
24
C) 8oLh A+8 u) none
Ohms Law
I
24


= V
24
/ R
24

= 12 / 6
= 2 Amps
R
3
and R
24
were comblned ln parallel Lo geL R
234
volLages are same!
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 23
>5:&-:5,%;<
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O.


R
24
= 6O
R
234
= 2O
I
1234
= 6 Amps
I
234
= 6 Amps
V
234
= 12V
V
24
= 12V
I
24
= 2 Amps
WhaL ls V
2
?
V
R
1
R
24
R
3
Whlch of Lhe followlng are Lrue?
A) V
24
= V
2
8) I
24
= I
2
C) 8oLh A+8 u) none
V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3
I
1234
Ohms Law
V
2
= I
2
R
2

= 2 x 2
= 4 Volts!
1he roblem Can now 8e
Solved!
R
2
and R
4
where comblned ln serles Lo geL R
24
CurrenLs are same!
I
24
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 24
G-%&? H;::;8IJ9$
WhaL ls I
3
?



A) I
3
= 2 A 8) I
3
= 3 A C) I
3
= 4 A
V
R
1
R
234
a
b
V
R
1
R
2
R
4
R
3 =
V
3
= V
234
= 12V
WhaL ls I
1
?



We know I
1
= I
1234
= 6 A
&'()* I
2
= V
2
/R
2
= 4/2 = 2 A
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O
R
24
= 6O
R
234
= 2O
V
234
= 12V
V
2
= 4V
I
1234
= 6 Amps
I
3
= V
3
/R
3
= 12V/3O = 4A
I
1
= I
2
+ I
3
Make Sense?

I
1
I
2
I
3
LlecLrlclLy & MagneLlsm LecLure 9, Sllde 23