Theoretical Framework

The major focus of this current research is to investigate the study of effectiveness of the
implementation of truck ban among consumers and producers. The researcher presented the
following theories as the basis of the investigation that will be conducted.

Access Restrictions Theory
Access restriction theory is defined as restricting certain roads or areas in cities for urban
freight movement. This involves restricted movements of all trucks from traveling on
certain routes or delivery zones. For example, in Boston, vehicles with commercial
license plates are prohibited from using certain streets in downtown. Only certain
companies such as U.S. Postal Service and newspapers are allowed to enter after 2:00
pm, while other companies who want to enter the restricted zone have to apply for a one
day special permission (Seattle Urban Mobility Plan, 2008). Regional truck bans have
been considered in a number of cities including London (Allen et al., 2004), Los Angeles
(Ogden, 1992), Enschede-Netherlands (Rasch, 2006), and most recently Barcelona-Spain
(Dablanc, 2007).

Timing Restrictions Theory
In timing restriction theory, urban freight vehicles are allowed to perform movements
inside the city centers only during specific hours of the day. One of the popular examples
is off-peak delivery as the name implies, includes measures intending to shift deliveries
to the off-peak period. Nighttime delivery programs have been implemented with much
success in many European cities (Geroliminis and Daganzo, 2005). Analysis of the
application of time restriction in Italian cities show that some cities prefer to restrict
access late in the morning and early in the afternoon to favor tourism (Ferrara, Parma,
Siena, Ravenna, Vicenza); others prefer to restrict access during the morning peak
(Piacenza, Parma, Rimini); others distribute restrictions all day long (Bologna, Roma,
Firenze, Lucca) (Cityports, 2005; Maggi, 2007). Daytime restrictions on freight trucks to
enter the city are existent in many Asian cities since several years. Time restriction
scheme has been introduced in Reims-France (Littiere, 2006) to implement time delivery
windows for each delivery vehicle entering the inner-city area.

Vehicle Sizing Restrictions Theory
Vehicle sizing restrictions theory involve the movements of certain types of vehicles with
prescribed size, weight and loading factor dimensions in the city. A familiar name for
these types of restrictions is the Truck ban policy. The focus of truck bans is generally
on larger commercial vehicles. Here, truck ban refers to restrictions for a specific kind of
truck, prohibited from the downtown during a certain period of time. A truck ban policy
has been implemented in Lige-Belgium (van Isacker, 2006). Wisetjindawat (2006)
studied the implementation of truck ban prohibiting trucks larger than 5 tons from
entering downtown Tokyo during peak hours. In 1991, large truck ban policy was also
applied in Los Angeles where large trucks were defined as commercial vehicles with
three or more axles, including tractor-trailer combinations (Campbell, 1995).