SteadyStateConduction

(OneDimension)
HeatTransfer
Steadystateconduction(1dimension,single
layer)
Thermalresistance,Rconcept
Steadystateconduction(1dimension,multi
layer/compositewall)
RadialConduction(cylinder)
SteadyConductionConvection
CriticalThicknessofPipeInsulation
Steadyvs.Transient/Unsteady
Steady impliesnochangewithtimeatanypoint
withinthemedium
Transient impliesvariationwithtimeortime
dependence
Therateofheatconductionthroughamedium
inaspecifieddirection(say,inthexdirection)is
expressedbyFourierslawofheatconduction
foronedimensionalheatconduction.
Heatisconductedinthedirection
ofdecreasingtemperature,andthus
thetemperaturegradientisnegative
whenheatisconductedinthepositivex
direction.
FouriersLawofHeatConduction
Steadystateone
dimensional
conduction
Planewall
Singlelayerwall
(figure)
x
T
A Q
A
A
K =
-
. .

dT A K dx Q
T
T
x
x
. . .
2
1
2
1
} }
=
-
( ) ( )
2 1 1 2
. T T A K x x Q =
-
( )
( )
1 2
2 1
. .
x x
T T A K
Q

=
- ( )
|
.
|

\
|

=
-
A K
x x
T T
Q
.
1 2
2 1
( )
w
R
T T
Q
2 1

=
-
R
w
=ThermalResistance
ofthewall
|
.
|

\
|

=
A K
x x
R
w
.
1 2
AnalogytoElectricalCurrentFlow
Thermalresistanceequationisanalogoustotherelation
forelectriccurrentflowI,expressedas
HeatTransfer Electricalcurrentflow
Rateofheattransfer Electriccurrent
Thermalresistance Electricalresistance
Temperaturedifference Voltagedifference
ThermalResistance,R
w

o
C/WorK/W
Dependsonthegeometry&thermal
propertiesofthemedium
Usingelectricalanalogy,thermalresistanceis
analogoustoelectricalresistance.
e w
R
U
I
R
T
Q =
A
=
-
Example31(Cengel2006)
Considera3mhigh,5mwide,and0.17m
thickwallwhosethermalconductivityisK=
0.9W/m.K.Onacertainday,the
temperaturesoftheinnerandoutersurfaces
ofthewallaremeasuredtobe16Cand2C,
respectively.Determinetherateofheatloss
throughthewallonthatday.
SteadystateConduction
(onedimension):MultiLayer/Compositewall
Heattransferthrougheachlayermustbethe
same
Eg.3layers(a,b,c inseries):
c w
c
b w
b
a w
a
R
T
R
T
R
T
Q
, , ,
A
=
A
=
A
=
-

A
=
+ +
A
=

-
w
overall
c w b w a w
R
T
R R R
T
Q
, , ,
4 1
Eg.3layers(a,b,c inparallel):
c w
all
b w
all
a w
all
c b a
R
T
R
T
R
T
Q Q Q Q
, , ,
A
+
A
+
A
= + + =
- - - -
c w b w a w total
R R R R
, , ,
1 1 1 1
+ + =

=
-
total
R
T T
Q
2 1
Example2.2(Harimi2007)
Anovendoorconsistofalayerofasbestos
sandwichedbetweenalayerofsteelontheinner
face&layerofwoodontheouterface.The
thicknessofsteelis20mm&woodis12mm.The
adhesiveusedtobondthewoodtotheasbestos
hasmaximumsafeworkingtemperatureof93
o
C.
Thetemperatureoftheinsidesurfaceofthedoor
is537
o
Candtheoutsideis15.5
o
C.Determinethe
minimumpermissiblethicknessofasbestos,
ignoringthethicknessandresistanceofthe
adhesive.
K
steel
=41.5W/m.K,K
asbestos
=0.19W/m.K,K
wood
=1.9
W/m.K
SteadyRadialConduction
Longcylindricalpipe;Outerradius,
r
2
,innerradius,r
1,
length,L.
Steadystate
=
-
cyl cond
Q
,
constant
,
,
dr
dT
kA Q
cyl cond
=
-
} }
= =
-
=
2
1
2
1
2
T
T T
r
r r
LKdT dr
r
Q
t
L r A . . 2t =
LongCylindricalPipe(continued)
( )

=
-
1
2
2 1
,
ln
2
r
r
T T LK
Q
cyl cond
t
Lk
r r
R
cyl
t 2
) / ln(
1 2
=
( )
cyl
cyl cond
R
T T
Q
2 1
,

=
-
MultilayerCylindricalWall
Heattransferthrougheachlayermustbethe
same(series)
Heattransfer(overalltemperature):
( ) ( ) ( )
3
4
4 3 3
2
3
3 2 2
1
2
2 1 1
ln
2
ln
2
ln
2
r
r
T T LK
r
r
T T LK
r
r
T T LK
Q

=

=
-
t t t
( )
3
3
4
2
2
3
1
1
2
4 1
2
ln
2
ln
2
ln
LK
r
r
LK
r
r
LK
r
r
T T
Q
t t t
+ +

=
-
Asteelpipeofinnerdiameter248mmandouter
diameter254mmcarriessteam.Toreduceheat
losses,thepipeislaggedwith3cmthick85%
magnesiaand5cmthickglasswoolontop.The
outersurfacetemperatureofthepipeandouter
surfacetemperatureofglasswoolaremeasured
152
o
Cand47
o
Crespectively.Find:
Heatlossfrom65mlengthofpipeline
Innersurfacetemperatureofthepipewall
K
steel
=54W/m.K,K
magnesia
=0.07W/m.K,
K
wool
=0.04W/m.K
Example2.3(Harimi2007)
SteadyConductionConvection
Heatconductedthroughabodymustfrequently
mustberemoved/deliveredbysomeconvection
process.
) (

-
= T T hA Q
S S conv
conv
S
conv
R
T T
Q

-

=
S
conv
hA
R
1
=
: h
Convection resistance of surface,
(W)
(
0
C / W)
Convection heat
transfer coefficient
Thethermalresistancenetworkforheattransfer
throughaplanewallsubjectedtoconvectiononboth
sidesandtheelectricalanalogy
Rate of
heat convection
into the wall
Rate of
heat conduction
through the wall
= =
Rate of
heat convection
from the wall
) ( ) (
2 2 2
2 1
1 1 1
-
=

= = T T A h
L
T T
kA T T A h Q
A h
T T
kA L
T T
A h
T T
Q
2
2 2 2 1
1
1 1
/ 1 / / 1

-

=

=
2 ,
2 2 2 1
1 ,
1 1
conv wall conv
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
Q

-

=

=
adding the numerators and denominators
total
R
T T
Q
2 1
-

=
Example32(Cengel,2006)
Considera0.8mhighand1.5mwideglass
windowwithathicknessof8mmandathermal
conductivityofK=0.78W/m.K.Determinethe
steadyrateofheattransferthroughthisglass
windowandthetemperatureofitsinnersurface
foradayduringwhichtheroomismaintainedat
20Cwhilethetemperatureoftheoutdoorsis
10C.Taketheheattransfercoefficientsonthe
innerandoutersurfacesofthewindowtobeh
1
=10W/m
2
.Candh
2
=40W/m
2
.Cwhichincludes
theeffectsofradiation.
ThermalResistanceNetwork(TwoLayerPlane)
TotalThermalResistance
(conductionconvection)
total
R
T T
Q
2 1
-

=
A h A k
L
A k
L
A h
R
R R R R R
total
conv wall wall conv total
2 2
2
1
1
1
2 , 2 , 1 , 1 ,
1 1
+ + + =
+ + + =
Multilayer
U=inverseoftheoverallthermalcoefficient
T UA Q A =
-
total
R
UA
1
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
A

=

=
-
N
i
i
i
final initial
h h K
X
A
T T
Q
1
2 1
1 1 1
Area,A
S
isthesurfaceareaforconvection
Fins(heatexchangerapplication)areusedto
increasethesurfacearea,thusincreasetheheat
transferrate.
S
conv
hA
R
1
=
) (

-
= T T hA Q
S S conv
Example33(Cengel2006)
Considera0.8mhighand1.5mwidedoublepane
windowconsistingoftwo4mmthicklayersof
glass(K=0.78W/m.K)separatedbya10mmwide
stagnantairspace(K=0.026W/m.K).Determine
thesteadystateofheattransferthroughthis
doublepanewindowandthetemperatureofits
innersurfaceforadayduringwhichtheroomis
maintainedat20Cwhilethetemperatureofthe
outdoorsis10C.Taketheheattransfercoefficients
ontheinnerandoutersurfacesofthewindowto
beh
1
=10W/m
2
.Candh
2
=40W/m
2
.Cwhich
includestheeffectsofradiation.
SteadyConductionConvection(Radial)
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
+
+

-
N
i
N i
i
h r h r K
r
r
L
T T
Q
1
1 1 1
1
1
2 1
1 1
ln
. 2
1
t
, T A U Q
j j
A =
-
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =

=
+
+
N
i
N i
i
j
j
h r h r K
r
r
r
U
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1
ln
1
Acastironcentralheatingpipehasaninner
diameterof100mmandawallthicknessof
5mm.Thepipefeedsaradiatorwithwaterat
temperatureof85
o
Candtheinnerwall
temperatureofthepipemaybeassumed
equaltothewatertemperature.Thethermal
conductivityofcastironis52W/m.Kandthe
outersurfaceheattransfercoefficientis
20W/m
2
.K.Calculatethesurfacetemperature
ofthepipeandtheheattransferrateper
meterofpipeinaroomat19
o
C.
Example2.4(Harimi2007)
Themasonrywallofabuildingconsistsofanouter
layeroffacingbrickofthermalconductivity,K=
1.32W/m.
o
Cand10cmthick,followedbya15cm
thicklayerofcommonbrick(K=0.69W/m.
o
C)and
followedbyanotherlayerof1.25cmmadefrom
gypsumplaster(K=0.48W/m.
o
C).Anoutside
coefficientof30W/m
2
.
o
Cmaybeexpected,anda
coefficientof8W/m
2
.
o
Cisareasonablevaluetouse
fortheinnersurfaceofaventilatedroom.Whatwill
betherateofheatgain,perunitarea,whenthe
outsideairis35
o
Candtheinsideairisconditioned
to22
o
C?Whatwillbethetemperatureofthe
surfaceoftheplaster?
Example2.5(Harimi2007)
CriticalThicknessofPipeInsulation
) 2 (
1
2
) / ln(
2
1 2
1 1
L r h Lk
r r
T T
R R
T T
Q
conv ins
t t
+

=
+

=

-
0 /
2
=
-
dr Q d
h
k
r
cylinder cr
=
,
show
ChoosingInsulationThickness
cr
cr
cr
r r
r r
r r
>
=
<
2
2
2
max
Before insulation check
for critical radius
h
k
r
sphere cr
2
,
=
Calculatethecriticalradiusofinsulationfor
asbestos(K=0.17W/m.
o
C)surroundingapipe
andexposedtoroomairat20
o
Cwith
h=3.0W/m
2
.
o
C.Calculatetheheatlossfroma
200
o
C,5.0cmdiameterpipewhencovered
withthecriticalradiusofinsulationand
withoutinsulation.
Example2.6(Harimi2007,Holman2010)